Hjuki da Bil
A cikin tarihin Norse, Hjúki ( Tsohon Norse, : [ˈhiu̯ːke], mai yiyuwa ma'anar "mai dawowa lafiya" [1] ) da Bil (ON: [ˈbil], a zahiri "nan take" [2] ) ɗan'uwa ne da 'yar'uwa biyu na yara waɗanda ke bin ƙayyadaddun wata, Máni,a sararin sama. Dukansu Hjúki da Bil an tabbatar da su a cikin Prose Edda, wanda Snorri Sturluson ya rubuta a ƙarni na 13. Ka'idodin masana da ke kewaye da su biyun sun shafi yanayinsu ne, da matsayinsu na abubuwan da za su iya bayyana ramukan da ke kan wata ko yanayin sa, da kuma dangantakarsu da tatsuniyoyi na baya-bayan nan a Turai ta Jamus . An gano Bil da Bilwis, mutum ne mai alaƙa da aikin noma wanda galibi ana tabbatar da shi a cikin tarihin yankunan masu magana da Jamusanci na Turai.
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Shaida
gyara sasheA cikin babi na 11 na littafin Prose Edda Gylfaginning, wanda aka naɗa na High ya ce yara biyu masu suna Hjúki da Bil su ne Viðfinnr ya haife su. Sau ɗaya yayin da su biyun suke tafiya daga rijiyar Byrgir (Tsohon Norse "Maboyin Wani abu" [3] ) - dukansu biyu suna ɗauke da sandar Simul (Tsohon Norse, mai yiwuwa ma'anar "madawwami" [4] ) wanda ke riƙe da pail . Sæg a tsakãninsu - Máni ya ɗauke su daga ƙasa, kuma sun bi Máni a cikin sammai,"kamar yadda ake gani daga ƙasa." [5]
Hjúki ba a ambata ba, amma Bil ya sami karɓuwa. A cikin babi na 35 na Gylfaginning, a ƙarshen jerin alloli da yawa a cikin tarihin Norse, duka Sól (rana da aka bayyana) da Bil an jera su tare a matsayin alloli "wanda aka riga an kwatanta yanayinsu" [6] Bil ya bayyana sau biyu a cikin littafin Prose Edda Skáldskaparmál . A cikin babi na 75, Bil ya bayyana a cikin wani jerin alloli, [7] kuma sunanta ya bayyana a babi na 47 a cikin kenning na "mace". [8]
Ka'idoji
gyara sashe
Ganewa da wakilci
gyara sasheKamar yadda ba a tabbatar da su biyun ba a wajen Snorri's Prose Edda,an ba da shawarwarin cewa Hjúki da Bil na iya zama ƙananan mahimmancin tatsuniyoyi, ko kuma Snorri ne ya yi su kai tsaye, yayin da Anne Holtsmark (1945) ta ce Snorri na iya sani ko sun sami damar samun tushen ayah da ta ɓace a yanzu inda Hjúki da Bil suka kwatanta wata da ke shuɗewa. Holtsmark ya kara da cewa Bil yana iya zama dís (nau'in abin bautar mata). [9]
Masana, sun yi hasashen cewa Hjúki da Bil na iya wakiltar ayyukan wata, gami da cewa suna iya wakiltar sassan wata ko kuma suna wakiltar ramukan wata . Masanin karni na 19 Jacob Grimm ya yi watsi da shawarar cewa Hjúki da Bil suna wakiltar sassan wata, kuma ya bayyana cewa Hjúki da Bil suna wakiltar ramukan wata da ake gani daga doron ƙasa. Grimm ya ce shaidar wannan "a bayyane take daga adadi kanta. Babu wani canjin wata da zai iya nuna hoton wasu yara biyu da aka rataye a kafaɗunsu . Bugu da ƙari, har wa yau mutanen Sweden suna gani a cikin wuraren wata mutane biyu ɗauke da babban guga a kan sandar sanda ." [10] Grimm ya kara da cewa:
- Abin da ya fi muhimmanci, a gare mu, daga arna zato na wani satar mutum na wata, wanda, ban da Scandinavia, shi ne shakka a Vogue a duk faɗin Teutondom, idan ba da nisa, akwai ya samo asali kanta tun da Kirista karbuwa. Sun ce mutumin da ke cikin wata mai satar itace ne, wanda a lokacin Ikilisiya a ranar Asabar mai tsarki ya aikata wani laifi a cikin itace, sannan aka kai shi wata a matsayin hukunci; a can za a iya ganinsa da gatari a bayansa da dam din buroshi (dornwelle) a hannunsa . A bayyane yake an rikitar da igiyar ruwa ta labarin arna, ta koma gatari ta gatari. An kiyaye ra'ayin sata na gaba ɗaya, amma damuwa na musamman da aka aza akan kiyaye hutun Kiristanci; Mutumin yana shan azaba ba sosai don yanke itace ba, domin ya yi hakan ne a ranar Lahadi. [10]
Grimm, ya ba da ƙarin misalai daga tarihin Jamusanci har zuwa lokacin rubuce-rubucensa (ƙarni na 19) kuma ya lura da yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin kalmar Jamusanci wadel (ma'anar cikakken wata) da aikin yare na kalmar don "brushwood, twigs daure a cikin daure, musamman [musamman] fir-twigs, wadeln don ɗaure itacen goge baki", da kuma al'adar yanke itace a cikin cikakken wata. [10] Benjamin Thorpe ya yarda da ka'idar Hjúki da Bil a matsayin keɓaɓɓen siffofi na raƙuman wata. [11]
Rudolf Simek, ya bayyana cewa duhun sunayen abubuwan da ke cikin tatsuniyar Hjúki da Bil na iya nuni da cewa Snorri ya samo su ne daga tatsuniyar tatsuniya, da kuma sigar tatsuniyar Mutumin da ke cikin, wata (wanda ya nuna wani mutum mai sanda da sandar sanda). mace mai bulo) kuma ana samunta a cikin tatsuniyoyi na zamani a Scandinavia, Ingila, da Arewacin Jamus. [12]
A cikin duka labarin Hjúki da Bil da aka samu a cikin Icelandic Prose Edda da waƙar renon Ingilishi " Jack da Jill ", yara biyu, namiji ɗaya da mace ɗaya, sun ɗauko palon ruwa, kuma ma'auratan suna da sunayen da aka gane a matsayin sauti. kama. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da ra'ayoyin da suka haɗa biyun, [13] kuma ra'ayi ya sami ɗan tasiri, yana bayyana a cikin littattafan makaranta don yara daga karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20. [14] Sigar al'ada ta waƙar tana karantawa:
Jack and Jill went up the hill
to fetch a pail of water
Jack fell down and broke his crown
and Jill came tumbling after.
Up Jack got and home did trot
as fast as he could caper.
He went to bed to mind his head
with vinegar and brown paper.[15]
Bilwis
gyara sasheAn, tabbatar da wani adadi mai suna Bilwis a sassa daban-daban na Turai masu magana da Jamusanci tun daga karni na 13. Wani masani Leander Petzoldt ya rubuta cewa wannan adadi ya fito ne daga gunkin Allah kuma bayan lokaci ya ga sauye-sauye da yawa, daga baya kuma ya haɓaka “wani yanayin elfin, dwarfish da ikon gurgunta mutane ko shanu da harbin kibiya” (kamar a cikin Wolfram von Eschenbach). Waƙar karni na 13 " Willehalm "). Petzoldt ya kara nazarin ci gaban adadi:
A cikin karni na goma sha uku, Bilwis ba a cika yin la'akari da shi azaman ikon allahntaka ba amma ana ƙara gano shi a matsayin ɗan adam mai mugun nufi, mayya .Har yanzu daga baya, tare da tashin hankalin mayya a ƙarshen tsakiyar zamanai, Bilwis ya zama aljanu; ta zama jiki na shaidan ga boka da boka. Ci gaba na ƙarshe ya faru tun daga karni na sha shida, musamman a arewa maso gabashin Jamus, an ɗauki Bilwis a matsayin ruhun hatsi yana kawo arziki; amma duk da haka wannan sabuwar bayyanar Bilwis tana da gefenta mai cutarwa, mai yankan Bilwis, wanda ake zargi da sifofin da ba a bayyana ba da aka samu a cikin layuka na hatsin tsaye. Mai yankan boka ne ko mayya mai yanka masara da sila da aka daure a kafa. An lasafta shi azaman ainihin ruhin Masara na mugunta. Don haka, Bilwis yana da nau'i-nau'i da yawa, yana ɗaukar bayyanuwa da ma'ana da yawa a duk yankunan da ake magana da Jamusanci a cikin tsakiyar zamanai. Bilwis daya ce daga cikin mafi ban mamaki da ban mamaki a cikin dukkan tatsuniyoyi; nau'ikansa daban-daban suna nuna damuwar al'adun noma, kuma yana yin bayani game da mummunan bayyanar layuka na tsire-tsire a cikin gonar masara. [16]
Toponys
gyara sasheƘauyen, Bilsby a cikin Lincolnshire, Ingila (wanda sunan Ingilishi ya samo asali) an gabatar da shi azaman sunan Bil. [13]
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- Sinthgunt, allahn Jamusanci mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da wata
- Jerin abubuwan bautar wata
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Simek (2007:151).
- ↑ Cleasby (1874).
- ↑ Byock (2005:156).
- ↑ Orchard (1997:147).
- ↑ Byock (2005:20).
- ↑ Byock (2005:44).
- ↑ Faulkes (1995:157).
- ↑ Faulkes (1995:47).
- ↑ Lindow (2001:78) referencing Holtsmark (1945:139–154).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Grimm (1883:717).
- ↑ Thorpe (1851:143).
- ↑ Simek (2007:201).
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Streatfield (1884:68).
- ↑ Judd (1896:39–40) features such a retelling entitled "JACK AND JILL. A SCANDINAVIAN MYTH". The theory is repeated in the late 20th century by Jones (1998:6).
- ↑ Jones (1998:6).
- ↑ Petzoldt (2002:393—394).