Harsunan Malaysia
Harsunan ƴan asalin Malaysia na cikin dangin Mon-Khmer da Malayo-Polynesian. Harshen ƙasa, ko na hukuma, shine Malay wanda shine yaren mahaifar mafi yawan ƙabilar Malay. Manyan kabilun da ke cikin Malaysia su ne al'ummar Malay, 'yan kabilar Han na kasar Sin da kuma mutanen Tamil, tare da sauran kabilu da yawa da ke da adadi kadan, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Manyan harsunan asali da ake magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia sune harsunan Iban, Dusunic, da Kadazan. Ana fahimtar Ingilishi da kuma magana a cikin biranen ƙasar; Harshen Ingilishi darasi ne na tilas a makarantun firamare da sakandare. Hakanan ita ce babbar hanyar koyarwa a cikin mafi yawan kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu. Turanci na iya zama fifiko a kan Malay a wasu yanayi na hukuma kamar yadda Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ta tanada, musamman a jihohin Sabah da Sarawak, inda mai yiwuwa ya zama harshen aiki na hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi, [1]yayin da dokokin da ba a rubuta ba na Malaysia ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama-gari ta yaren Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.[1]
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Malaysia ta ƙunshi masu magana da harsuna 137 masu rai, [2] 41 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Malesiya na Peninsular.[3] Gwamnati tana ba da makaranta a matakin firamare a cikin kowane manyan harsuna uku, Malay, Mandarin da Tamil. A cikin Malay da Tamil akwai bambance-bambancen yare da yawa.[4] Akwai harsunan Sinawa da dama da suka fito daga kabilar Han na kabilar Han wadanda suka samo asali daga Kudancin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da Yue, Min da Hakka na Sinanci.
Malay
gyara sasheHarshen hukuma na Malaysia shine "harshen Malay"[5] (Bahasa Melayu) wanda wani lokaci ana iya musanya shi da "harshen Malasiya" (Bahasa Malaysia).[6]. Ana haɓaka daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin alamar haɗin kai ga al'umma a duk ƙabilun, wanda ke da alaƙa da manufar Bangsa Malaysia (lit. 'Ƙasar Malaysia'). Matsayin matsayin harshen ƙasa an tsara shi a cikin sashe na 152 na kundin tsarin mulki, [7] ya ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar zartar da dokar Harshe ta ƙasa 1963/67. Wannan ma'auni na Malay sau da yawa yare na biyu ne bayan amfani da wasu harsunan Malayic masu alaƙa da ake magana a cikin Malaysia (ban da Ibanic) waɗanda malaman cikin gida suka bayyana a matsayin "harsuna" (loghat),[8] 10 daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a cikin Malaysia.[4] Bambancin Malay da ake magana da shi a Brunei kuma ana magana da shi a Gabashin Malesiya. Bayan waki'ar 13 ga Mayu, an maye gurbin Ingilishi a matsayin babban makarantar kindergarten zuwa matakin ilimi na kasa a hankali da Malay tun daga shekarun 1970.[6][9] Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta sake nanata cewa Malay shine ya zama "babban matsakaicin koyarwa a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin Tsarin Ilimi na Ƙasa", tare da wasu keɓancewa.
Sauran Harsunan Asali
gyara sasheJama'ar Minangkabau, Bugis ko asalin Javanese, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su da "Malay" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar tsarin mulki, suna iya magana da harsunan kakanninsu tare da Malay. Ƙabilun asali na Gabashin Malaysia suna da nasu harsuna, waɗanda ke da alaƙa amma ana iya bambanta su da Malay. Iban shi ne babban yaren kabilanci a Sarawak, yayin da harsunan Dusun da Kadazan ke magana a cikin Sabah.[10]Wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da ƙarfi, ana amfani da su a cikin ilimi da rayuwar yau da kullun.[4] Sabah tana da wasu yarukan ƙabilanci guda goma: Bajau, Bruneian, Murut, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, Rungus, Bisaya, Iranun, Sama, Suluk da Sungai. Akwai kabilu sama da 30, kowannensu yana da yarensa. Wadannan harsunan suna cikin hatsarin mutuwa ba kamar manya-manyan irinsu Kadazan-Dusun ba, wadanda suka samar da manhajojin ilimi. Iban kuma ya samar da tsarin koyarwa.[11] Harsunan da ke gabar teku za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukunoni uku: Negrito, Senoi, da Malayic, an ƙara raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi 18.[4] Ana amfani da yaren Semai wajen ilimi.[11] Har ila yau ana magana da Thai a sassan arewacin tsibirin, musamman a arewacin Langkawi da Kedah, Perlis, arewacin Perak, arewacin Terengganu, da arewacin Kelantan.[12]
Turanci
gyara sasheTurancin Malesiya, wanda kuma aka sani da Malesiya Standard English (MySE), wani nau'i ne na Ingilishi da aka samo daga Ingilishi na Biritaniya, kodayake akwai ɗan amfani da kalmar a hukumance sai dai dangane da ilimi. An yi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Majalisar a taƙaice bayan samun 'yancin kai (sa'an nan a matsayin Tarayyar Malaya), kafin a sami ci gaba a hankali kuma cikakke zuwa harshen Malay, kuma an ci gaba da amfani da shi a yau don takamaiman kalmomi tare da izini. Harshen Ingilishi, duk da haka, ya kasance harshen hukuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha da Kotunan Sabah da Sarawak.[13] [14][15]Turancin Malesiya ya bambanta kaɗan da daidaitaccen Ingilishi na Biritaniya.[7]
Har ila yau, Turancin Malesiya yana ganin amfani da yawa a cikin kasuwanci, tare da Manglish, wanda shine nau'in Ingilishi na taɗi tare da tasirin Malay, Sinanci, da Tamil. Yawancin Malesiya (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane) suna tattaunawa cikin Ingilishi, kodayake wasu suna iya magana da Ingilishi kawai. Gwamnatin Malaysia a hukumance ta hana yin amfani da harshen yaren Ingilishi[16]. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa a Malaysia suna gudanar da mu'amalarsu cikin Ingilishi, kuma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙun hukuma.
Kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya ya tanadi cewa Ingilishi zai ci gaba da zama harshen hukuma har na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan Merdeka har sai majalisar ta ba da wani tsari.[17] Ƙaddamar da Dokar Harshe ta Ƙasa ta sake nanata fifikon Malay a matsayin harshen hukuma don yawancin dalilai na hukuma, duk da haka dokar ta tanadi yin amfani da Ingilishi a wasu yanayi na hukuma. Daga cikin wadannan, sashe na 5 ya tanadi cewa ana iya amfani da turanci a majalisa da majalisun jihohi tare da izinin shugaban kasa. Mataki na 152(3) na kundin tsarin mulki da sashe na 6-7 na dokar Harsuna ta kasa sun tanadi cewa duk dokokin tarayya da na jihohi dole ne a samar da su cikin harshen Malay da Ingilishi.
Yarjejeniyar Malaysia, [18] ta tanadi ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak don kowane dalili na hukuma.[19] Karkashin sashe na 161(3) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, dokar tarayya da ta shafi amfani da Ingilishi a cikin Sabah da Sarawak ba za ta zama doka a wadannan jihohin ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokinsu sun amince da su. Sarawak bai amince da Dokar Harshen Ƙasa ba; A halin da ake ciki kuma Sabah ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkinta kwaskwarima don ba wa Malay damar zama "harshen hukuma na majalisar ministoci da majalisar dokoki"[20].
Turanci shi ne yaren da ya fi girma a cikin gwamnati har zuwa 1969.[9] Akwai gagarumin tashin hankali game da matsayi da amfani da Ingilishi a cikin ƙasar, kamar yadda ake ganin harshen duka a matsayin tarihin mulkin mallaka kuma a matsayin fasaha mai mahimmanci don nasarar ilimi da kasuwancin duniya.[7]Turanci ya kasance cibiyar koyarwa ga Maths da Kimiyya a duk makarantun gwamnati bisa ga manufar PPSMI, amma ya koma Bahasa Malaysia a makarantun ƙasa da harsunan uwa a cikin 2012.[21] Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Iyaye don Ilimi kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ya yi kira da a sake koyar da kimiyya da lissafi cikin Turanci.[4][22][23]
Harshen Ingilishi wani muhimmin al'amari ne na tsarin shari'a a ƙasar. Ana koyar da dokar Malaysia da karantawa a cikin Ingilishi,[1] yayin da dokokin Malaysia da ba a rubuta su ba ke ci gaba da samun wani bangare daga dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi kafin 1957, wacce gado ce ta mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da suka kafa Malaysia. Bugu da kari, ana ci gaba da samun nau'ikan dokokin tsarin mulki da na doka (rubuta dokokin Malaysia) a cikin Malay da Ingilishi.[1]
Harshen Sinanci da Regiolects
gyara sasheGabaɗaya, Standard Sinanci (Mandarin) da yaren Malaysian su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake magana da su a tsakanin Sinawa na Malaysia, saboda yare ne ga Sinawa waɗanda ke magana iri-iri waɗanda ba sa fahimtar juna; Har ila yau Mandarin harshe ne na koyarwa a makarantun kasar Sin kuma muhimmin harshe a cikin kasuwanci.[4]
Kamar yadda yawancin Sinawa 'yan kasar Malaysia suke da zuriyarsu daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, ana amfani da nau'o'in kudancin kasar Sin iri-iri a kasar Malaysia (ban da Standard Chinese (Mandarin) wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin kasar Sin kuma aka bullo da shi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Teochew, da Hokchew.[12]Hokkien galibi ana magana ne a Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Klang, Johor, Northern Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, da Malacca, yayin da Cantonese galibi ana magana a cikin Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban da Kuantan A Sarawak, yawancin kabilun Sinawa suna magana da Hokkien, Hokchew, ko Hakka, Hakka ta fi rinjaye a Sabah sai dai a birnin Sandakan inda ake yawan magana da Cantonese duk da asalin Hakka na Sinawa mazauna wurin.
Kamar yadda yake tare da matasan Malaysia na wasu ƙabilu, yawancin matasan Sinawa suna jin harsuna da yawa kuma suna iya magana aƙalla harsuna uku tare da aƙalla matsakaicin iya magana - Mandarin, Turanci, da Malay, da kuma yankinsu na Sinawa da/ko babban yankin Sinawa a yankinsu. Duk da haka, yawancin gundumomi na kasar Sin suna rasa damar yin amfani da Mandarin, saboda martabarsa da amfani da shi a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun yaren kasar Sin. Wasu iyaye suna magana kawai a cikin Mandarin tare da 'ya'yansu. Wasu daga cikin regiolects marasa magana, irin su Hainanese, suna fuskantar bacewa.
Tamil
gyara sasheTamil da yaren Malaysia galibi Tamil ne ke amfani da shi, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan Indiyawan Malaysia.[24] Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 ta tsara yadda ake amfani da Tamil a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa a matakin firamare a cikin "makarantu irin na ƙasa", da kuma ba wa yaran Tamil damar samun azuzuwan Tamil a makarantun firamare na ƙasa da makarantun sakandare na ƙasa (wanda ke amfani da Malay a matsayin matsakaici koyarwa), idan har "yana da ma'ana kuma yana da kyau a yi haka kuma idan iyayen akalla dalibai goma sha biyar a makarantar sun bukaci"[25].[26]
Baƙi da ke magana da Tamil zuwa Malaysia sun fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi biyu, Tamil na Sri Lanka waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Tamil na Sri Lanka kamar yaren Jaffna Tamil, da Tamilan Indiya waɗanda ke magana da yare daga Tamil Nadu. Waɗannan yarukan sun nuna bambance-bambancen aji, tare da Tamils na Sri Lanka sun fi ilimi da kuma kula da Tamil Tamils na Indiya, waɗanda suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin ma'aikata a kan gidajen roba. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu yarukansu daban-daban sun kasance mafi yawa a cikin Malaysia, suna samar da al'ummomin Tamil daban-daban guda biyu. Tamil ya zama kasa gama-gari a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil masu ilimi, galibin Ingilishi ne ke maye gurbinsu, kuma a cikin 'yan tsiraru daga Malay. Makarantun Tamil-matsakaicin ana ɗaukar su ba su da fa'ida fiye da makarantun Ingilishi-matsakaici, yana kawo ƙarancin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yayin da gwamnatin Malesiya ke ba da ƙarancin tallafi ga makarantar firamare ta Tamil, ana koyar da makarantar sakandare a cikin Malay kawai, kuma babu makarantu masu zaman kansu na Tamil. Amfani da Tamil ya kasance ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummar Tamil marasa ilimi, waɗanda galibi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin al'ummominsu akan ko kusa da shuka, ko kuma a cikin ƙauyukan ƴan ƙauyen birni.[27]
Wani ƙaramin rukuni na tsoffin masu magana da Tamil, Chitty, kusan gaba ɗaya suna jin Malay.[27]
Sauran Harsunan Indiya
gyara sasheMalayalee a Malaysia an san su su ne ƙabilar Indiya ta biyu mafi girma bayan Tamil[28]. Ana iya samun Malayalee a cikin jihohin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, galibi a Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca da Johore. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikatan gidaje. Ma'aikatan Malayalee galibi 'yan Hindu ne daga yankunan Palakkad da Cannannore a Malabar. Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi magana da yaren Malabar ta Kudu da yaren Kannur. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da ba su da alaƙa da tsarin Kangani an sanya su a cikin wuraren da ke da ƙabilanci, yawancin Tamil. Don haka, waɗannan ma'aikatan suna cuɗanya da Tamils kuma daga ƙarshe sun yi amfani da ƙamus na Tamil a cikin yarensu. Wasu ma sun sami ilimi na Tamil, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai su ga rashin jin Malayalam a matsayin yaren farko amma Tamil. ’Yan kasuwa masu yaren Malayalam da suka zo Malaya galibinsu daga al’ummar Musulmi ne a Malabar. Suna magana da yaren Moplah, wanda ke da tasirin Larabci da Farisa. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan yare a tsakanin musulmin Malabari na yau. Bayan haka, Malayalees waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ƙasa da ƙwararru a cikin Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan sun ƙunshi Hindu da Kirista daga Cochin da Travancore, yayin da suke karatun. Waɗannan mutane suna magana da yarukan Malayalam waɗanda suke kama da daidaitattun Malayalam da ake magana da su a yau. a matsayin yare na Indiyawan Malaysia.[29]A yau, akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Malayalam sama da 200,000 a Malaysia.
Hakanan ana amfani da wasu harsunan Kudancin Asiya kamar Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Sinhala da Telugu.
Creoles
gyara sasheƘananan Malesiya suna da kakannin Eurasian kuma suna magana da yarukan ƙwararru, irin su Malaccan Creoles na tushen Fotigal.[30]Creole mai tushen Sipaniya, Zamboangueño Chavacano, ya bazu zuwa Sabah daga kudancin Philippines.[31]
Harsunan alamar
gyara sasheHarsunan alamar sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Malesiya da tsohuwar Harshen Alamar Selangor da Harshen Alamar Penang. Ba a yin amfani da yaren kurame wajen koyar da kurame. Madadin haka, ana amfani da Malay Codeed da hannu.
Jerin Harsuna
gyara sasheHarsunan asali a cikin Peninsular Malaysia
Harsunan asali a cikin Malaysian Borneo
gyara sasheSauran harsunan da aka gane a matsayin Na asali
gyara sasheAdadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:[32]Samfuri:Better source needed
| Language | Code | Speakers | Family |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | ace | 84,000 | Chamic (Austronesian) |
| Banjarese | bjn | 26,000 | Malayic (Austronesian) |
| Buginese | bug | 143,000 | South Sulawesi (Austronesian) |
| Cham | cja | 13,000 | Chamic (Austronesian) |
| Javanese | jav | 661,000 | Javanese (Austronesian) |
| Kerinci | kvr | Malayic (Austronesian) | |
| Mandailing | btm | 31,000 | Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands (Austronesian) |
| Minangkabau | min | 931,000 | Malayic (Austronesian) |
Harsunan Sinanci na Malaysia
gyara sasheAdadin masu magana da yarukan China a Malaysia har zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka:[32]Samfuri:Better source needed
| Language | ISO 639-3 code | Speakers | Family |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cantonese | yue | 1,443,000 | Sino-Tibetan |
| Foochow | 260,000 | Sino-Tibetan | |
| Hakka | hak | 1,787,000 | Sino-Tibetan |
| Hainanese | nan | 405,000 | Sino-Tibetan |
| Hokkien | nan | 1,966,000 | Sino-Tibetan |
| Mandarin | cmn | 1,019,000 | Sino-Tibetan |
| Min Bei | mnp | 397,000 | Sino-Tibetan |
| Teochew | nan | 1,038,000 | Sino-Tibetan |
Harsunan Indiyawan Malaysia
gyara sasheAdadin masu magana a Malaysia har zuwa 2019:[32]Samfuri:Better source needed
| Language | Code | Speakers | Family |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gujarati | guj | 29,000 | Indo-European |
| Hindi | hin | 59,000 | Indo-European |
| Bengali | Ben | 81,000 | Indo-European |
| Malayalam | mal | 344,000 | Dravidian |
| Punjabi | pan | 69,000 | Indo-European |
| Tamil | tam | 1,856,000 | Dravidian |
| Telugu | tel | 117,000 | Dravidian |
| Urdu | urd | 15,000 | Indo-European |
Harsunan waje
gyara sasheDuba Wannan
gyara sasheManazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true
- ↑ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar
- ↑ http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/
- ↑ https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests
- ↑ https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/
- ↑ https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/
- ↑ http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-17
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-19
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia#cite_ref-20
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC
- ↑ http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf
- ↑ https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html
- ↑ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139
- ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Malaysia". Joshua Project.
Don Fadada Karatu
gyara sashe- Asmah Haji Omar, ed. (2016). Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings (in Turanci). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-66947-2.
Mahadan Waje
gyara sashe- Languages of Malaysia at Muturzikin.com
- borneodictionary.com - Dictionary of Borneo Languages
Samfuri:Languages of Malaysia Samfuri:Malaysia topics Samfuri:Navboxes