Harshen Xam

ǀXam , a cikin Ingilishi kamar yadda / ˈkɑːm / KAHM KAHM wani yare ne da ba a taɓa gani ba (ko wataƙila tarin harsuna) na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ǀXam-ka ǃʼē ke magana a da. Yana daga cikin reshen ǃUi na harsunan Tuu kuma yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da yaren Nǁng moribund . Yawancin aikin ilimi a kan ǀXam ya yi ta Wilhelm Bleek, masanin harshe na Jamus na karni na 19, wanda ya yi nazarin nau'o'in ǀXam da ke magana a Achterveld, da (tare da Lucy Lloyd ) wani magana a Strandberg da Katkop yayin da yake aiki tare da ǁKábbo, Diaǃkwāin. ǀAǃkúṅta, ƃKwéite̥n ta ƁKēn, ǀHaꞌƁkassʼō da sauran masu magana. Ƙungiyar da ta tsira ta ǀXam ta fito ne daga labarun da aka bayar da kuma ƙamus da aka rubuta daga waɗannan mutane a cikin Tarin Bleek da Lloyd.

Harshen Xam
ǀXam
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Khoisan Harshen Xam
Baƙaƙen rubutu	no value
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	xam
Glottolog	xamm1241

Suna

Bututu a farkon sunan "ǀXam" yana wakiltar latsa hakori, kamar interjection na Ingilishi tsk, tsk! ana amfani da su don nuna tausayi ko kunya. ⟨ x ⟩ yana nuna alamar latsa mara murya mara sauti .

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran harsunan Khoisan, akwai ɗan bambanci wajen fassara sunan, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana ganinsa tare da sauƙaƙan bambance-bambancen rubutu ǀKham, da kuma nau'i na nahawu daban-daban, ǀKhuai .

Dokokin

Güldemann (2019) ya lissafta waɗannan rukunan a matsayin isassun shedar shaida don gano su ǀXam.

Lakabi	Mai bincike	Kwanan wata	Asalin	Bayanan kula
Ƙausa	Krönlein	1850s	Ƙananan Kogin Orange	= D. Bleek lakabin SVIa.
Ƙusa	Lloyd	1880	Kogin Orange ta Tsakiya
Ƙaddamarwa	W. Bleek	1866	Achterveld	= Tambarin Bleek SI.
Ƙaddamarwa	W. Bleek/Lloyd	1870s	Karoo (Strandberg-Katkop)	= Tambarin Bleek SI.
Ƙau	W. Bleek	1857	Colesberg
Ƙau	W. Bleek	1857	Burghersdorp
Ƙau	Lloyd	1880	Aliwal North

Nǀusa a fili yake ǀXam, amma Güldemann ya haɗa da ƙa'idodin eaastern ǃUi guda uku (wanda ke faɗaɗa zuwa Lesotho) a ƙarƙashin kalmar "Wider ǀXam".

Fassarar sauti

Consonants

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran harsunan Tuu kamar Taa, ǀXam yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na baƙaƙe musamman maƙallan dannawa, inda akwai jerin rakiyar dannawa guda 8 kawai, ƙasa da ta Gabas ǃXoon Taa's 18. Ƙirar baƙar fata ta farko ta ǀXam, gami da tasha mai banƙyama, daɗaɗaɗɗen kai, da affricates gami da dannawa mai ƙima, an jera su a ƙasa.

ǀHam baƙaƙe

		M				M
		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal	Labial	Dental	Na gefe	Alveolar	Palatal
Nasal	plain	m	n	ŋ		ᵑʘ	ᵑǀ	ᵑǁ	ᵑǃ	ᵑǂ
	<small id="mwnQ">Glottalized</small>					ᵑʘˀ	ᵑǀˀ	ᵑǁˀ	ᵑǃˀ	ᵑǂˀ
	<small id="mwrw">Jinkirin buri</small>					ᵑʘh	ᵑǀh	ᵑǁh	ᵑǃh	ᵑǂh
M	tenuis	( p )	t	k	ʔ	ᵏʘ	ᵏǀ	ᵏǁ	ᵏǃ	ᵏǂ
	murya	b	d	ɡ		ᶢʘ	ᶢǀ	ᶢǁ	ᶢǃ	ᶢǂ
Haɗin kai	<small id="mw7w">Mai sha'awa</small>		t͡sʰ	k͡x		ʘ͡kʰ	ǀ͡kʰ	ǁ͡kʰ	ǃ͡kʰ	ǂ͡kʰ
	Tashin hankali		tx ~ t͡sx			ʘ͡kx	ǀ͡kx	ǁ͡kx	ǃ͡kx	ǂ͡kx
	Kwakwalwa mai ma'ana		tʼ ~ t͡sʼ	k͡xʼ		ʘ͡kxʼ	ǀ͡kxʼ	ǁ͡kxʼ	ǃ͡kxʼ	ǂ͡kxʼ
Ƙarfafawa			s	x	h
Sonorant		w	ɾ ~ l	j

Wasula

Ana lura da sautunan wasali guda biyar kamar [i e a o u]</link> kuma ana samun su tare da nasalization [ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ]</link> , pharyngealization [ḭ ḛ a̰ o̰ ṵ]</link> , da glottalization [iˀ eˀ aˀ oˀ uˀ]</link> .

Jawabin haruffan tatsuniyoyi

Bleek ya lura cewa wasu fitattun dabbobi a cikin tatsuniyar xam suna da salon magana na musamman. Misali, Tortoise yana maye gurbin dannawa da labial ba dannawa ba, Mongoose yana maye gurbin dannawa da ts, tsy, ty, dy da sauransu, kuma Jackal yana amfani da danna "baƙi" labial dannawa, "wanda ke kaiwa ga labial labial click ʘ, dangantaka. a cikin sauti mai kama da wanda palatal danna ǂ ɗauka zuwa cerebral danna ǃ". Watan, da kuma watakila Kurege da Anteater, har ma suna amfani da danna "mafi yawan furtawa" a maimakon duk dannawa ya ceci bilabial. Sauran canje-canjen da aka lura sun haɗa da jawabin Blue Crane, wanda ya ƙare farkon syllable kusan kowace kalma tare da /t/.

"Rashin magana game da danna dabba da hanyoyin yin magana Bushman"

• Jackal yana da lebur danna lebe.
• Wani irin danna gefe a tsakiyar baki. (yana nufin jackal?)
• Watan yana da haɗin gwiwar harshe yana jujjuya sama yana komawa rufin baki. Wannan danna yana da nau'in dannawa na palatal tare da shi.
• Zakin yayi magana tare da danna (?) gefe da kuma (?) guttural da shi.
• Kurayen yana da dannawa lebur.

Taken Afirka ta Kudu

An yi amfani da Xam don taken Afirka ta Kudu kan rigar makamai da aka karbe a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2000:

ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke</link>

Ma'anar da ake nufi shine mutane daban-daban sun haɗu ko, a kan ma'auni na gama gari, Haɗin kai a Bambance-bambance . Fassarar kalma-da-kalma mutanen da suka bambanta suna haduwa. Duk da haka, ba a san ko waccan magana ta kasance mai ban mamaki ba a cikin ǀXam. Domin ya bace, ǀXam baya ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma goma sha biyu na Afirka ta Kudu . Masu magana da shi na ƙarshe sun mutu a cikin 1910s.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Taskar Bleek da Lloyd na rubutun ǀxam da ǃkun akan layi
• Tarin Bleek da Lloyd
• Tufafin makamai na Afirka ta Kudu Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine