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Harshen Filipino

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Filipino harshe ne a ƙarƙashin dangin harshen Australiya. Harshen ƙasa ne (Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika) na Philippines, kuma ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma guda biyu na ƙasar, tare da Ingilishi.[1] Daidaitacce iri-iri ne na Tagalog[2] dangane da yare na asali, magana da rubuce-rubuce, a cikin Metro Manila, Babban Birnin Ƙasa, da sauran cibiyoyin birane na tsibiran.[4] Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1987 ya ba da umurni cewa sauran harsunan Philippines su ƙara wadata da haɓakawa.[3]

Filipino, kamar sauran harsunan Austronesian, yawanci suna amfani da odar fi'ili-abu, amma kuma suna iya amfani da oda-fi'ili-abun abu. Filipino yana biye da tsarin faɗakarwa na jeri na morphosyntactic wanda kuma ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin harsunan Australiya. Yana da shugabanci-farko shugabanci. Yare ne mai ban tsoro amma kuma yana iya nuna juzu'i. Ba yaren tonal ba ne kuma ana iya la'akari da yaren lafazin lafazin harshe da yaren da aka tsara lokaci. Yana da sassa guda tara na magana.

Tarihi

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Philippines kasa ce mai harsuna da yawa mai harsuna 175 da suka samo asali kuma ƙungiyoyin kabilanci daban-daban ke magana. Yawancin waɗannan harsuna sun fito ne daga yaren Malayo-Polynesia na gama gari saboda ƙaura daga Australiya daga Taiwan. Harshen Malayo-Polynesia na gama gari ya rabu zuwa harsuna daban-daban, kuma yawanci ta hanyar yaren Malay, yaren teku na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, waɗannan sun sami damar yin amfani da kalmomin da suka samo asali daga wasu yarukan kamar Jafananci, Hokkien, Sanskrit, Tamil, da Larabci. . Yaren Malay gabaɗaya masu mulki da 'yan kasuwa daga jahohi da al'adu daban-daban a cikin tsibiran Philippine suna amfani da shi don sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tekun kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A gaskiya ma, ’yan Philippines sun fara hulɗa da Mutanen Espanya ta amfani da yaren Malay. Ban da wannan, malaman tarihi na ƙarni na 16 na lokacin sun lura cewa sarakuna da sarakunan tsibiran suna magana kusan harsuna biyar.

Kutsawar Mutanen Espanya a cikin tsibiran Philippine ya fara ne a cikin 1565 tare da faduwar Cebu. Babban birnin da Spain ta kafa don zama a Philippines shine Manila, wanda ke cikin yankin masu magana da Tagalog, bayan da aka kwace Manila daga Masarautar Musulmi ta Luzon da Raja Matanda ke mulki tare da magajin Raja Sulayman da Masarautar Hindu-Buda. na Tondo wanda Lakan Dula ya mulki. Bayan faduwarta ga Mutanen Espanya, Manila ya zama babban birnin mazaunan Mutanen Espanya a Asiya saboda arzikin kasuwancin birnin da tasirinsa, da dabarun wurin da yake da shi, da kuma tsoron da Mutanen Espanya suka yi na kai hari daga Portuguese da Dutch[4]. Kamus na farko na Tagalog, wanda aka buga a matsayin Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura ne ya rubuta, [5] kuma ya buga a cikin 1613 ta "Uban Buga Filipino" Tomás Pinpin a Pila, Laguna. Wani ɗan’uwa na Jesihut ɗan ƙasar Czech Paul Klein (wanda aka fi sani da Pablo Clain) ya rubuta na ƙarshe na wannan suna a farkon ƙarni na 18. Klein ya yi magana da Tagalog kuma ya yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin littattafansa da yawa. Ya rubuta ƙamus, wanda daga baya ya wuce zuwa Francisco Jansens da José Hernández.[8] Juan de Noceda da Pedro de Sanlúcar ne suka shirya ƙarin tattara mahimman aikinsa kuma aka buga su azaman Vocabulario de la lengua tagala a Manila a cikin 1754 sannan aka sake gyara [6] akai-akai, tare da sabon bugu da aka buga a 2013 a Manila. [7]

Mutanen Espanya sun yi aiki a matsayin harshe na gwamnati a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Spain. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, Ingilishi ya zama ƙarin harshen hukuma na Philippines tare da Mutanen Espanya; duk da haka, adadin masu magana da Mutanen Espanya ya ragu a hankali.[8]

Nadi a Matsayin Harshen ƙasa

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Yayin da ake ɗaukar Mutanen Espanya da Ingilishi "harsuna na hukuma" a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, babu "harshen ƙasa" da farko. Mataki na XIII, sashe na 3 na kundin tsarin mulkin 1935 da ya kafa Commonwealth of the Philippines inde cewa:

Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa za ta dauki matakai wajen bunkasa da kuma karbe harshen kasa daya bisa daya daga cikin harsunan kasar da ake da su. Har sai in ba haka ba doka ta ba da izini, Ingilishi da Mutanen Espanya za su ci gaba da zama harsunan hukuma.

Ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1936, Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta farko ta Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta Philippine ta amince da Dokar Commonwealth mai lamba 184; ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Harshen Ƙasa (daga baya Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ ko SWP) da kuma ba shi aiki tare da yin nazari da bincike akan kowane harshe na asali na yanzu, da fatan zabar wanda zai zama tushen daidaitaccen harshe na ƙasa[9]. Daga baya, Shugaba Manuel L. Quezon daga baya ya nada wakilai na kowane babban harshe na yanki don kafa NLI. Jagoranci Jaime C. De Veyra, wanda ya zauna a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar kuma a matsayin wakilin Samar-Leyte-Visayans, mambobin Cibiyar sun hada da Santiago A. Fonacier (wakiltar yankunan Ilokano-magana), Filemon Sotto (da. Cebu-Visayans), Casimiro Perfecto (Bikolanos), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (Panay-Visayans), Hadji Butu (harsunan Filipinos Musulmi), da Cecilio Lopez (Tagalogs)[10].

Cibiyar Harshen Ƙasa ta amince da wani ƙuduri a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1937 yana ba da shawarar Tagalog ya zama tushen harshen ƙasa. A ranar 30 ga Disamba, Shugaba Quezon ya ba da umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 134, s. 1937, amincewa da ɗaukar Tagalog a matsayin harshen Philippines, kuma ya yi shelar harshen ƙasar Philippines don haka bisa yaren Tagalog. Quezon kansa an haife shi kuma ya girma a Baler, Aurora, wanda yanki ne na yaren Tagalog. Umurnin ya bayyana cewa zai fara aiki ne shekaru biyu daga kaddamar da shi.[11] A ranar 31 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar, Quezon ya shelanta Tagalog a matsayin tushen Wikang Pambansâ (Harshen Ƙasa) yana ba da abubuwa masu zuwa:[12]

Tagalog ana magana da ita kuma shine yaren da aka fi fahimta a duk Yankunan Philippine.

Ba a raba shi zuwa ƙananan yarukan mata, kamar yadda Visayan ko Bikol suke.

Al'adar wallafe-wallafenta ita ce mafi wadatar duk harsunan Philippine, mafi haɓaka kuma mafi girma (wanda ke nuna na Tuscan yaren vis-à-vis Italiyanci). Daga aƙalla kafin 1935, an rubuta littattafai da yawa a cikin Tagalog fiye da kowane yare na Philippine.

Tagalog ya kasance yaren Manila koyaushe, cibiyar siyasa ta Philippines a yawancin tarihinta a matsayin ƙasa mai yawan kabilu da kuma babbar cibiyar tattalin arziƙin tsibiran Philippine tun a tarihi.

Katipunan gabaɗaya suna amfani da yaren Tagalog don gudanar da ayyukansa, kuma juyin juya halin Philippine da Jamhuriyar Philippines ta farko sun yi amfani da Mutanen Espanya bayan haka, amma yawancin jagororin juyin juya halin suna magana da Tagalog, fiye da haka tsakanin kabilu daga tsakiya zuwa kudancin Luzon ciki har da wasu tsibiran da ke kusa da su. . Har ila yau, Tagalog ya zama zaɓi ga wasu jagororin juyin juya hali na Filipino da masu kishin ƙasa a cikin wasu littattafansu, musamman idan za su buga a Manila. Katipunan ya ba da ma'anar kalmar Tagalog ga duk mutanen da ke zaune a tsibirin Philippine, ciki har da Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Kapampangans, da dai sauransu, kuma ya tsawaita kalmar Katagalugan ga dukan tsibiran Philippine ba kawai yankunan da ake magana da Tagalog ba, gina Jamhuriyar Tagalog. dalilin kasancewar hadaddiyar adawa da mulkin Spain.

A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1940, Majalisar Dokokin Philippines ta zartar da dokar Commonwealth mai lamba 570 tana bayyana cewa za a ɗauki harshen ƙasar Filifin a matsayin harshen hukuma a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1946[13] (daidai da ranar da ake sa ran ƙasar ta samu 'yancin kai daga Amurka). . A wannan shekarar, Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (Turanci: Grammar of the National Language) na nahawu Lope K. Santos ya gabatar da haruffa Abakada mai haruffa 20 waɗanda suka zama ma'auni na harshen ƙasa[14]. Cibiyar Harshen Ƙasa ta Tagalog ta karɓi haruffa a hukumance.

Karin Tarihi

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A cikin 1959, harshen ya zama sunan Pilipino a ƙoƙarin ware shi daga ƙabilar Tagalog.[15] Sauya sunan bai haifar da karɓuwa a duniya a tsakanin waɗanda ba Tagalog ba, musamman Cebuanos waɗanda a baya ba su karɓi zaɓi na 1937 ba[16].

1960s sun ga haɓakar ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi inda aka ƙirƙira sababbin kalmomi don maye gurbin kalmomin lamuni. Wannan zamanin na "tsarkakewa" na SWP ya haifar da suka daga mutane da yawa. Hanyoyi biyu na gaba-gaba sun bayyana a wannan lokacin na “tsarkakewa”: daya ya yi kamfen a kan Tagalog da sauran yakin neman karin hadewa cikin harshen kasa. A cikin 1963, ɗan majalisa Negros Occidental Innocencio V. Ferrer ya ɗauki ƙarar da ta kai ga Kotun Koli tana tambayar tsarin tsarin mulki na zaɓin Tagalog a matsayin tushen harshen ƙasa (wani shari'ar da aka yanke hukunci game da harshen ƙasa a 1970). Da yake zargin yaren ƙasa da zama Tagalog kawai kuma ba shi da wani muhimmin bayani daga wasu harsunan Philippine, ɗan majalisa Geruncio Lacuesta a ƙarshe ya jagoranci “Modernizing the Language Approach Movement” (MOLAM). Lacuesta ta dauki nauyin taron "anti-purist" da dama kuma ya inganta "Manila Lingua Franca" wanda zai fi dacewa da kalmomin lamuni na harsunan waje da na gida. Lacuesta ya yi nasarar samun 'yan majalisa tara don gabatar da kudirin da ke nufin soke SWP tare da Akademia ng Wikang Filipino, don maye gurbin balarila da Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino, don maye gurbin Abakada mai haruffa 20 da haruffa 32, da kuma haramtawa. Ƙirƙirar neologisms da sake rubuta kalmomin lamuni. Wannan motsi ya yi shuru bayan mutuwar Lacuesta.[17][18][19]

An sake farfado da batun harshen ƙasa sau ɗaya yayin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta 1971. Yayin da akwai ɗimbin wakilai da ke goyon bayan ci gaba da riƙe harshen ƙasar Tagalog, yawancin wakilan da ba 'yan Tagalo ba ma sun yarda da soke ra'ayin "harshen ƙasa" gaba ɗaya[20]. An cimma matsaya kuma kalmomin da aka yi akan kundin tsarin mulkin 1973 ba su yi maganar watsi da harshen Pilipino ba ko kuma yin wani ambaton Tagalog. Madadin haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1973, a cikin sigarsa ta asali da kuma kamar yadda aka gyara a 1976, ya ayyana Turanci da Pilipino a matsayin harsunan hukuma da kuma samar da ci gaba da karbuwa a hukumance na harshen gama gari, wanda ake kira Filipino, don maye gurbin Pilipino. Ba ainihin asali ko sigar da aka gyara ba ta bayyana ko dai Tagalog ko Pilipino a matsayin tushen Filipino; A maimakon haka, ɗora wa Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa:[21][22]

Ɗaukar matakai don haɓakawa da kuma ɗaukar harshen gama gari na ƙasa wanda za a san shi da Filipino.

A cikin 1987, sabon tsarin mulki ya ayyana Filipino a matsayin harshen ƙasa kuma, tare da Ingilishi, a matsayin harshen hukuma.[24] Kundin tsarin mulkin ya ƙunshi tanadi da yawa da suka shafi harshen Filipino.[2]

Mataki na XIV, Sashe na 6, ya bar duk wani ambaton Tagalog a matsayin tushen Filipino, kuma ya bayyana cewa: [2]

kamar yadda Filipino ke tasowa, za a ƙara haɓakawa da haɓaka ta bisa tushen Philippine da sauran harsunan da ake da su.

Hakanan yana cewa a cikin labarin:

Dangane da tanade-tanaden doka kuma kamar yadda Majalisa ta ga ya dace, Gwamnati za ta ɗauki matakai don farawa da dorewar amfani da Filipino a matsayin hanyar sadarwar hukuma da kuma a matsayin harshen koyarwa a cikin tsarin ilimi.

kuma:

Harsunan yanki su ne harsunan hukuma na taimako a cikin yankuna kuma za su zama kafofin watsa labarai na koyarwa a ciki.

Sashe na 17 (d) na odar zartarwa ta 117 na ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1987 ya sake suna Cibiyar Harshen Ƙasa a matsayin Cibiyar Harsunan Philippine.[23]Dokar Jamhuriya mai lamba 7104, wacce aka amince da ita a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1991, ta kirkiro Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Hukumar Harshen Filipino, ko KWF), wanda ya maye gurbin Cibiyar Harsuna Philippine. KWF tana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Shugaban ƙasa kuma an ba shi alhakin aiwatarwa, daidaitawa da haɓaka bincike don haɓakawa, yaɗawa da adana Filipino da sauran harsunan Philippine.[24]A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1992, hukumar ta fitar da kuduri mai lamba 92-1, inda ta ayyana cewa Filipino ne

harshen asalin rubutu da magana na Metro Manila da sauran cibiyoyin birane a cikin Philippines ana amfani da su azaman harshen sadarwa na kabilu.[25]

Duk da haka, kamar yadda yake a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1973 da 1987, 92-1 ba ta kai ga tantance filla-filla ba, kuma har zuwa nuna rashin amincewa da wannan harshe a matsayin Tagalog. Tabbatacciyar, cikakkiyar fassarar 92-1 ita ce haƙƙin Kotun Koli idan babu umarni daga KWF, in ba haka ba shine kawai mai daidaita doka na harshen Filipino.

An gabatar da Filipino kuma an yi rajista tare da International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), ta ɗalibin Jami'ar Ateneo de Manila Martin Gomez, kuma an ƙara shi cikin rajistar harsunan ISO a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2004, tare da karɓar fil ɗin lambar ISO 639-2. [26]

A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2007, an ba da rahoton cewa kotunan shari'a na yankin Malolos City uku a Bulacan sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da Filipino, maimakon Ingilishi, don haɓaka harshen ƙasa. Ma'aikata goma sha biyu daga reshe na 6, 80 da 81, a matsayin kotunan koyi, sun sami horo a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Marcelo H. del Pilar na Jami'ar Jihar Bulacan bisa umarnin Kotun Koli ta Philippines. De la Rama ya ce babban alkalin alkalan kasar Reynato Puno ne burin aiwatar da shirin a wasu wurare kamar su Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Rizal, da Metro Manila, wadanda aka ambata a asali na yaren Tagalog ne. [27]

Tunawa da Juna

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Tun daga 1997, ana yin bikin tsawon wata guda na harshen ƙasar a cikin watan Agusta, wanda aka sani a cikin Filipino kamar Buwan ng Wika (Watan Harshe). A baya can, wannan ya ɗauki mako guda kawai kuma an san shi da Linggo ng Wika (Makon Harshe). Bikin ya zo daidai da watan da aka haifi shugaban kasar Manuel L. Quezon, wanda ake yi wa kallon "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Uban harshen kasa).

A shekara ta 1946, shela mai lamba 35 ta ranar 26 ga Maris ta ba da damar yin bikin yaren ƙasar na tsawon mako guda.[15] wannan bikin zai kasance daga Maris 27 har zuwa Afrilu 2 kowace shekara, ranar ƙarshe da ta zo daidai da ranar haihuwar marubucin Filipino Francisco Baltazar, marubucin Tagalog epic Florante a Laura.

A shekara ta 1954, shela mai lamba 12 na ranar 26 ga Maris ta tanadi cewa makon bikin zai kasance daga 29 ga Maris zuwa 4 ga Afrilu kowace shekara.[28] Shugaba Ramon Magsaysay ya gyara wannan shela a shekara mai zuwa ta hanyar sanarwa mai lamba 186 na Satumba 23, yana mai da kwanakin bikin zuwa Agusta 13-19, kowace shekara.[29] Yanzu daidai da ranar haihuwar shugaban kasar Manuel L. Quezon. Dalilin daukar wannan mataki dai ana ganin cewa, bikin na asali shi ne lokacin da ake gudanar da bukukuwan "a wajen shekarar karatu, wanda hakan ya hana makarantu shiga cikin bukukuwan nasa"[30].

A shekara ta 1988, shugaba Corazon Aquino ya rattaba hannu kan wata sanarwa mai lamba 19, inda ya sake tabbatar da bikin a duk ranar 13 zuwa 19 ga watan Agusta. A shekarar 1997, an tsawaita bikin daga mako guda zuwa wata guda ta hanyar shela ta 1041 ta Yuli 15 da Shugaba Fidel V. Ramos ya sanya wa hannu.[31]

Kwatanta Filipino da Tagalog

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Yayin da ra'ayi na hukuma (gwamnati ta raba, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, da kuma malamai da yawa) shine cewa Filipino da Tagalog ana ɗaukar harsuna daban-daban, a zahiri, ana iya ɗaukar Filipino sunan hukuma na Tagalog, ko ma ma'ana. daga gare ta.[32] Yaren Filipino na yau an fi siffanta shi da " tushen Tagalog "[33]. Yawanci ana kiran harshen Tagalog a cikin Filipinas da kuma a tsakanin Filipinas don bambanta shi da sauran harsunan Philippine, amma kuma an san shi da Filipino don bambanta shi da harsunan wasu ƙasashe; na farko yana nufin asalin yanki, na ƙarshe na ƙasa. Wannan yayi kama da kwatanta tsakanin Castilian da Mutanen Espanya, ko Mandarin da Sinanci.

Nade-naden siyasa a gefe, Tagalog da Filipino a fannin harshe iri ɗaya ne; raba, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, tsarin nahawu iri ɗaya. A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, shugaban KWF kuma kwararre a fannin ilimin harshe, ya yarda a cikin wani muhimmin jawabi a yayin taron NAKEM a Jami'ar Jihar Mariano Marcos da ke Batac, Ilocos Norte, cewa Filipino ya kasance Tagalog ne kawai a cikin syntax da nahawu, tare da kamar duk da haka babu wani nau'i na nahawu ko ƙamus da ya fito daga Ilokano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, ko kowane ɗayan harsunan Philippine. Ya ci gaba da cewa hakan ya sabawa kudirin dokar jamhuriya mai lamba 7104, wadda ta bukaci a inganta harshen kasa ta hanyar kamus na sauran harsunan kasar, wani abu da hukumar ke aiki a kai.[34] [35]A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2007, Nolasco ya yi karin bayani game da alakar Tagalog da Filipino a wata kasida ta daban, kamar haka:

Shin "Tagalog," "Pilipino" da "Filipino" harsuna daban-daban? A'a, iri ne na fahimtar juna, don haka suna cikin harshe ɗaya. A cewar KWF, Filipino shine ire-iren maganganun da ake magana a cikin Metro Manila da sauran cibiyoyin birane inda kabilu daban-daban ke haduwa. Shi ne mafi daraja iri-iri na Tagalog kuma yaren da kafafen yada labarai na kasa ke amfani da shi. Sauran ma’auni don bambance harshe da yare shine: nahawu daban-daban, harshe daban-daban. "Filipino", "Pilipino" da "Tagalog" suna raba nahawu iri ɗaya. Suna da ma'auni iri ɗaya (ang, ng da sa); irin wannan karin magana (siya, ako, niya, kanila, da sauransu); guda nunin karin magana (ito, iyan, doon, da sauransu); masu haɗin kai guda ɗaya (na, at and ay); guda barbashi (na da pa); da kuma maƙallan baki iri ɗaya -a, -an, i- da -um-. A takaice, nahawu iri daya, harshe daya[3].

Dangane da amfani da Filipino, ko musamman haɓaka harshen ƙasa, ana yawan amfani da kalmar Tagalista mai alaƙa. Yayin da kalmar Tagalista a zahiri tana nufin "wanda ya ƙware a harshen Tagalog ko al'ada" ko "kwararre na Tagalog", a mahallin mahawara kan harshen ƙasa da kuma "Imperial Manila", kalmar Tagalista ana amfani da ita azaman nuni ga "mutane". waɗanda ke haɓaka ko za su haɓaka fifikon Tagalog tare da kashe wasu harsuna [Philippine] na asali.[36]

Misali

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Mai magana da Filipino, an yi rikodin a cikin Philippines

Wannan fassarar Mataki na 1 ne na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya.[37] Yawancin lokaci, ba a rubuta yarukan ba, kuma jigo da nahawu suna dogara ne akan na Tagalog.

Misali

Mai magana da Filipino, an yi rikodin a cikin Philippines

Wannan fassarar Mataki na 1 ne na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya.[38] Yawancin lokaci, ba a rubuta yarukan ba, kuma jigo da nahawu suna dogara ne akan na Tagalog.

Turanci Filipino

Sanarwar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya

Yanzu, saboda haka,

Babban taron ya shelanta

wannan SANARWA TA HAKKIN DAN ADAM na duniya a matsayin mizani na gama gari ga dukkan al'ummomi da dukkan al'ummomi, don haka kowane mutum da kowane bangare na al'umma, tare da kiyaye wannan sanarwar a koyaushe, za su yi ƙoƙari ta hanyar koyarwa da ilimi don haɓaka mutunta waɗannan hakkoki. da 'yanci da kuma ta matakan ci gaba, na kasa da na duniya, don tabbatar da amincewa da kuma kiyaye su a ko'ina cikin duniya, a tsakanin al'ummomin kasashe membobin su kansu da kuma a tsakanin al'ummomin yankunan da ke karkashin ikonsu.

Ngayón, samakatuwyd,

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An haifi dukkan ’yan Adam ’yantattu kuma daidai da mutunci da hakki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata su yi wa junanmu cikin ruhin ’yan’uwantaka. Báwat táo'y isinílang na may láyà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silgkaloóban ng pangangatwíran at budhî na kailángang gamítin nilá sa pagtuturíngan nilá sa díwà ng pagkakapatíran.

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#CITEREF1987_constitution_art_14_sec_6%E2%80%937
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20140522052247/http://svillafania.philippinepen.ph/2007/08/articles-filipino-and-tagalog-not-so.html
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#CITEREFCommission_on_the_Filipino_Language_Act1991
  4. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130150/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html#:~:text=Legazpi%20selected%20Manila%20for%20the,Philippine%27s%20agricultural%20or%20mineral%20resources.
  5. ↑ http://opinion.inquirer.net/77034/vocabulario-de-la-lengua-tagala
  6. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#cite_ref-8
  7. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books
  8. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#cite_ref-10
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230409062012/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/13/commonwealth-act-no-184/
  10. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#cite_ref-aspillera_13-0
  11. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210924180022/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/
  12. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#cite_ref-aspillera_13-0
  13. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210924180022/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/
  14. ↑ https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/7/77471
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20070616101625/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf
  16. ↑ http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf
  17. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20180827184315/http://kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/FAQ_2.4.15-1.pdf
  18. ↑ http://opinion.inquirer.net/77916/behind-filipino-2
  19. ↑ https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/65477-national-language-philippine-constitutions
  20. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#CITEREFConstitution_of_the_Philippines1973
  21. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#CITEREFAmended_Constitution_of_the_Philippines1976
  22. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language#CITEREFConstitution_of_the_Philippines1987
  23. ↑ https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/5/8126
  24. ↑ http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7104.htm#.VFm4vzxxnDc
  25. ↑ http://wika.pbworks.com/Resolusyon%20Blg%2092-1
  26. ↑ http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=fil
  27. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130604230158/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20070822-84080/3-Bulacan-courts-to-use-Filipino-in-judicial-proceedings
  28. ↑ https://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1954/proc_12_1954.html
  29. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200618120800/https://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1955/proc_186_1955.html
  30. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2023-10-09. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  31. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC
  32. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC
  33. ↑ http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/911-the-filipino-language-that-might-have-been.html
  34. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080703172807/http://www.asianjournal.com/?c=53&a=20983
  35. ↑ http://wika.pbworks.com/w/page/8021683/Maraming%20Wika%2C%20Matatag%20na%20Bansa%20-%20Chairman%20Nolasco
  36. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
  37. ↑ https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html
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