Harshen Biak

Biak (wós Vyak ko 'Yaren Biak'; wós kovedi ko 'harshenmu'; Indonesian: bahasa Biak), kuma aka sani da Biak-Numfor, Noefoor, Mafoor, Mefoor, Nufoor, Mafoorsch, Myfoorsch da Noefoorsch, yaren Australiya ne na kasar Australiya. Rukunin rukunin Kudancin Halmahera-Yamma New Guinea na harsunan Malayo-Polynesian na Gabas.

A cewar Ethnologue, kusan addin mutane 70,000 ne ke magana da shi a Biak da Numfor da ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a cikin tsibirin Schouten, dake lardin Papua na yammacin New Guinea, arewa maso gabashin Indonesia.

Yaruka

Akwai yaruka daban-daban na Biak da ake magana da su a tsibirai daban-daban, wanda aka fi sani da Biak-Numfoor, wanda ake magana a tsibirin Numfoor. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen yare ƙanana ne kuma galibi an iyakance su ga ƴan canje-canjen sauti na yau da kullun. Mafi yawan masu magana da Biak suma suna iya magana da harshen Malay na gida, amma ba duka ba ne suka kware a daidaitaccen Indonesiya.

Rarraba yanki na yarukan Biak a cikin Raja Ampat Regency (Ronsumbre 2020):

Yaren Betew

• Gundumar Waigeo Selatan: Saonek, Saporkren, Yenbeser, Yenwaupur, Sawinggrai, Kapisawar, da ƙauyukan Arborek.
• Gundumar Waigeo Barat: Mutus, Biantsyi, Waisilip, Manyaifun, Meos Manggara, da kauyukan Pam.
• Gundumar Kofiau: Kauyukan Barewa, Balal, da Tolobi.
• Gundumar Misool: Pulau Tikus, Solol, Meos Kapal, da kauyukan Umkabu.
• Gundumar Samate: kauyen Jeffman.
• Gundumar Teluk Manyalibit: ƙauyen Mumes.

Yaren Kafdaron

• Gundumar Samate: Yensawai, Amdui, Yenanas, da ƙauyukan Aresi

Yaren Karon

• Gundumar Sausapor: ƙauyen Sausapor
• Bikar (Biak Karon), gundumar Tambrauw

Yaren usba

• gundumar Waigeo Utara: kauyen Rauki.
• Gundumar Ayau: Dorekar da Meosbekwan kauyuka.

Yaren Wardo

• Gundumar Waigeo Timur: Yensner, Urbinasopen, Yembekaki, da Puper kauyuka.
• Gundumar Waigeo Utara: Menir, Warwanai, Boni, Asukweri, da Kabare kauyuka.
• Gundumar Ayau: Rutung, Reni, da Yenkawir.

Halin zamantakewa

Duk da yawan masu magana da aka kwatanta da wasu yarukan Australiya, Biak har yanzu yana cikin hatsarin bacewa. A cikin manyan garuruwan, tsarar masu magana da ke tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 50 suna da ilimin harshe kawai kuma ba safai suke amfani da yaren sosai ba, maimakon haka sun gwammace su yi amfani da Malay. Matasan ba su ma da ilimin harshe gabaɗaya. Biak kawai ake amfani da shi azaman yaren magana da membobin al'umma sama da shekaru 50 ko makamancin haka kuma har ma suna canza sheka zuwa Malay akai-akai. Duk da haka, a cikin ƙauyukan da ke kusa da garin har yanzu akwai yara waɗanda ke ƙware a Biak. Waƙoƙin Biak suma sun shahara sosai a cikin tsibiran.

Akwai wani yunƙuri mai ƙarfi don haɓaka amfani da yaren Biak, tare da fassarori na littattafai daban-daban da littattafan koyarwa da gidan rediyo da kuma hidimar coci da yawa a duk shekara ana gudanar da su a cikin Biak kaɗai. Tun daga 2002, an kuma yi wani yunƙuri na gabatar da Biak da ake koyar da shi a da a makarantu a tsibirin.

Fassarar sauti

Biak yana da lissafin wayar sauti wanda ya ƙunshi baƙaƙe 13 da wasula 5, wanda tsayin wasalin sauti ne. A cikin rubutun kalmomi an rubuta dogayen wasula tare da babban lafazi. Wayar wayar /t/ ba ta da yawa a amfani da ita kuma wasu tsofaffin lasifikan har yanzu suna gane shi kamar [s] a cikin kalmomin lamuni.

Bakake

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	Samfuri:IPAlink		Samfuri:IPAlink
Plosive	Samfuri:IPAlink Samfuri:IPAlink		Samfuri:IPAlink Samfuri:IPAlink		Samfuri:IPAlink
Fricative	Samfuri:IPAlink	Samfuri:IPAlink	Samfuri:IPAlink
Lateral			Samfuri:IPAlink
Trill			Samfuri:IPAlink
Semivowel	Samfuri:IPAlink			Samfuri:IPAlink

Wasula

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Samfuri:IPAlink Samfuri:IPAlink		Samfuri:IPAlink Samfuri:IPAlink
Mid	Samfuri:IPAlink Samfuri:IPAlink		Samfuri:IPAlink Samfuri:IPAlink
Open		Samfuri:IPAlink Samfuri:IPAlink

Ilimin Halitta

Karin magana da alamomin mutum

A cikin karin magana na Biak da labarai suna da alaƙa da yanayin halittar jiki, tare da duka suna sanya ɗan takara ta hanyar nuna maganganun danginsu ko sararin samaniya (misali matsayin jagora ko motsi). Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne ga Harsunan Australiya.[10] Sunaye a cikin Biak ana yiwa lamba da haɗin kai.

Wakiklin Suna

		Singular	Dual	Paucal	Plural
1st person	exclusive	aya	nu		inko
	inclusive		ku		ko
2nd person		aw	mu		mko
3rd person		i	su	sko	si (alienable) na (inalienable)

Sunaye na sirri na kyauta a cikin Biak suna raba manyan kaddarorin rarraba su tare da sunaye; duk da haka, an ɗan taƙaita su. Ana iya amfani da su a matsayin madaidaicin ma'auni ko preposition amma ba za a iya amfani da su azaman batutuwa ba. A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, ana iya ganin amfani da sunan farko na mutum na farko aya don haɗa kalmar aiki, yayin da misali na biyu ya nuna yadda ba za a iya amfani da karin magana na sirri kyauta, a cikin wannan sashe na mutum na uku na i a matsayin batu:

(1) Badir

2sg.sanarwa

i

3sg ku

ku

ku

aya

1sg ku

'Ka sanar da ni.'

(2)

• i

3sg ku

d-irin

3sg-tsayi

'Ya tsaya.'

Bayanin suna A cikin Biak, bayanan suna na iya haɗawa tare da fi'ili a cikin nau'ikan juzu'i guda uku (an ba da su a cikin tebur ɗin da ke ƙasa), waɗanda ke da sharadi na sauti.

	Set 1	Set 2	Set 3
1SG	ya-	y-	ya-
2SG	wa-	w-	Samfuri:Angbr
3SG	i-	d-	Samfuri:Angbr
1DU.I	ku-	ku-	ku-
1DU.E	nu-	nu-	nu-
2DU	mu-	mu-	mu-
3DU	su-	su-	su-
3PC	sko-	sk-	sko-
1PL.I	ko-	k-	ko-
1PL.E	(i)nko-	(i)nk-	(i)nko-
2PL	mko-	mk-	mko-
3PL.AN	si-	s-	s-
3PL.INAN	na-	n-	n-

Saboda mutumin da ke yin alamar yanayin waɗannan maƙallan, an soke buƙatar kasancewar ainihin jumlar suna a cikin sashe ɗaya. Don haka jumlar da ke gaba har yanzu tana da nahawu ba tare da NP Rusa nanine ba, kamar yadda kalmar fi’ili tana da maƙalli mai suna wanda ke ba da bayanai iri ɗaya.

(3) (Rusa

barewa

nan ina)

giv-3sg.spc-wannan

d-irin

3sg-tsayi

'Wannan barewa ta tsaya.'

Waɗannan alamomin suna alamomin mutum ne kuma ana samun su a matsayi na ƙarshe na jimlar suna da suka ƙaddara. Suna haɗawa da fi'ili tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai wanda ke mannewa bayan maƙalar ma'anar; saboda kaddarorinsu na rarraba wadannan alamomin ya kamata a yi la'akari da su clitics. Akwai alamomi guda biyu na musamman, -ya da -i, inda za a iya amfani da -ya a kowane matsayi kuma -i an iyakance shi zuwa matsayi kafin tsayawa.[13] A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa labarin ya danganta da kalmar aikatau vebaya, maimakon fi’ili ifrúr domin ita ce fi’ili na ƙarshe a cikin jimlar suna da take jagorantar ta[.

(4) i-fur

3sg- yi

domin

wuta

ve-ba=ya

rel.big=3sg.spc

'Ya yi babbar wuta.'

Unspecificity, wanda ke nufin abubuwan da ba su wanzu a wannan duniyar ba, ko kuma ana amfani da su don tambaya ko musun kasancewar wani mahaluƙi, an yi masa alama da kasidu –o don muɗaɗɗa da –no don jimlolin sunaye. Ana nuna wannan a cikin misalan da ke ƙasa:

Ba takamaiman ba (5) I-fur

3sg- yi

yuk=o

ukulele=nspc.sg

fa

CONS

y-ún

1 sg-yiwa

i

3sg ku

ku

ku

Waranda.

Kasar Holland

'Yana yin / zai yi ukulele domin in kai shi zuwa Netherlands' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako);

Musamman (6) I-fur

3sg- yi

yuk=ya

ukulele=3sg.spc

fa

CONS

y-ún

1sg ku

i

3sg ku

ku

ku

Waranda.

Kasar Holland

'Ya yi ukulele domin in kai shi zuwa Netherlands' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako);

Zanga-zangar Biak yana da nau'i iri ɗaya a cikin mashahuran mashahurai da masu magana, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin harsunan Australiya. A cikin Biak, ana iya amfani da nunin a zaman wani yanki na rikitattun labarai masu ƙunshe da tushen nuni da alamomin motsi da kwatance. Rukunin labaran, duk da haka, ba su da duka alamar jagora da alamar motsi.

3SG complex articles

		giv	person- SPC	dir	motion marker	dm	meaning
bare demonstrative article	close S:ne		i		(ma/fa/ra)	ne	'this'
	close A:ya~yi		i		(ma/fa/ra)	ya ~yi	'that'
	not S/A:wa~wu		i		(ma/fa/ra)	wa ~wu	'that over there'
demonstrative article, given	close S:ne	an	i		(ma/fa/ra)	ne	'this'
	close A:ya~yi	an	i		(ma/fa/ra)	ya	'that'
	not S/A:wa~wu	an	i		(ma/fa/ra)	wa	'that over there'
(given) demonstrative- directional article	close S:ne	(an)	i	pur	?	ne	'this at the back'
	close A:ya~yi	(an)	i	pur	?	ya	'that at the back'
	not S/A:wa~wu	(an)	i	pur	?	wa	'that at the back over there'

Teburin da ke sama yana ƙuntata mutum-SPC zuwa alamar 3SG don bayani, amma ana iya maye gurbin alamar i-3SG sui- (DU), skoi- (TR), da si- (PL.AN) ko na- (PL.INAN) . Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa gawar ba ta ƙunshi wani misali na ƙayyadaddun labaran da ke ɗauke da alamar jagora da alamar motsi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da yi da wu azaman allomorphs na ya da wa, bi da bi, amma an tabbatar da su a matsayi na ƙarshe kawai.

A cikin Biak, dangantakar da ke tsakanin karin magana na mutum na uku da nuni ba su da alaƙa da nuni, wanda ba a saba gani ba a cikin harsunan Australiya. Koyaya, Biak yana bin yanayin duniya dangane da alaƙar.

Haka kuma, ya danganta da nisan dangi na mai magana, Biak yana da bambance-bambancen tazara ta hanyoyi uku na zanga-zangar masu mulki, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin harsunan Australiya. An taƙaita kwatancen don amfani na yanki kawai saboda wasu harsuna ba sa bayyana bambance-bambancen nisa iri ɗaya a cikin mashahuran masu mulki da na furci.

Idan labari mai rikitarwa ya ƙunshi abin nunawa, mutum-SPC ya riga ya gabatar da shi, kamar yadda i-ne '3SG.SPC-this' da i-wa '3SG.SPC-over.there' suka nuna, bi da bi. Har ila yau, a cikin misalan da ke ƙasa, an nuna yanayin amfani da abubuwan nunawa.

(7) Ruwa

r<w>a

<2sg>go

ma

ma

zuwa.nan

kawokors

w-aka-ors

2sg-kuma-tsaya

ra

ra

tare

var

var

3sg.spc-wannan

ine.

ina-ne

'Ku zo nan ku tsaya a wannan gefen kuma.' Rashin daidaituwa a cikin adadin kalmomin tsakanin layi: 6 kalmomi (s) a layi na 1, kalmomi 6 a cikin layi na 2, kalmomi 5 (s) a cikin layi na 3 (s) taimako);

(8) Mov

motsi

wuri

iwa

i-wa

3sg.spc-over.akwai

snori

sno-ri

suna-pos.G

Munbei

Munbei

Munbei

(...)

(...)

' Wurin da ke can sunansa Mnubei (...)'[16] Unknown short glossing (s) (taimako);

Siffar rikitattun labarai tana kafa tushen sunaye masu ƙayatarwa, karin magana mai tsinkaya, da kuma wuraren-existentials.

Deictic sunaye Ana samun sunaye masu ƙayatarwa ta hanyar amfani da “wuri” da aka tsara a matsayin da ke gaban nuni, kamar yadda di-pur-wu ‘place-back-over.there’ da di-ne ‘wuri-nan’ suka kwatanta.

(9) Skovark

sko-vark

3 PC - karya

ro

ro

wuri

dipurwu.

di-pur-wu

wuri-baya-over.can

'Suna zaune a can.' Ba a sani ba gajarta (s) (taimako);

(10) Mankroder

mankroder

kwadi

ine

ina-ne

3sg.spc-wannan

duk

d-ún-uk

3sg-dauka-biyu

ro

ro

wuri

cin abinci.

di-ne

wuri-nan

"Wannan kwado ya wuce ta nan."

Ana ganin yanayin amfani da nuni a cikin (9). A gefe guda, (10) yana nuna -ne 'wannan' azaman amfani da yanayi na nuni da -ne 'a nan' azaman amfani da anaphoric na nuni.

Maganganun tsinkaya Ana samar da karin magana ta hanyar yin amfani da maƙasudin tsinkaya shine 'PRED' a matsayin da ba haka ba wanda alamar baiwa an.An kwatanta wannan ta is-i-ne '3SG.PRED-SPC-this' a duka (11) da (12).

(11) Isine

ni-ni-ne

3sg.pred-spc-wannan

indiya

indiya

haka

mamel.

m

2sg.duba

'Ga shi (sago porridge) yana nan, don haka duba!'.

(12) Betawaya

betawe=ya

rogo=3sg.spc

aiki.

ni-ni-ne

3sg.pred-spc-nan

'Wannan a nan rogo ne.'

A cikin (11), ya dogara da mahallin ko halin da ake ciki ko rashin amfani na nunin shine. An ba da yanayin amfani da nunin a cikin (12).

Wuraren- wanzuwa Locative-existentials ya bambanta da karin magana na tsinkaya saboda ba su mallaki takamaiman alamar alama ba, wanda i-is-wa '3SG.PRED-over.there' ya kwatanta.

(13) Kariya

karui=ya

dutse=3sg.spc

ina-wa

ina-wa

3FG.pred-over.akwai

kaker.

kaker

har yanzu

'Dutsen yana nan har yanzu.' Unknown gajarta (s) (taimako);

A cikin (13), amfani da nunin ya dogara da mahallin.

Harsuna

Zanga-zangar

Use of demonstratives, where Viewpoint (V)= speaker(S), R= Relatum, A=addressee

form	gloss	used to refer to entities conceived as:	Levinson's terminology
ne	this	close to S, but not closer to A than to S	close to V (usually S) =R
ya~yi	that	relatively close to S (and A), but not closer to S than to A	Relatively close to V (usually S) =R1, not closer to V than to R2 (usually A).
wa~wu	that over there	away from shared area of both S and A	Away from R1 (usually S) and R2 (usually A)

Domin Semantic halayen nuni, ya kamata a san wani ɓangare na kalmomin Levinson don fahimtar bambanci tsakanin Hoto da Ground ko Relatum. Hoton yana nufin mahaluƙi da aka sanya a wani wuri a cikin sarari, yayin da Ground ko Relatum ke zayyana mahallin dangane da inda mahaluƙi yake.

A matsayin ƙarin bayani, akwai mahimman bayanai guda uku game da kalmomin Levinson. Na farko, za'a iya rarraba 'firam na tunani' azaman tsarin ma'anar tunani, tsarin dangi, da cikakken tsarin tunani. Na biyu, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci origo na tsarin daidaitawa. Cibiyar deictic da ake kira origo tana kusan daidai da matsayin mai magana. Na uku, yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar deixis. Don deixis na sararin samaniya, fassarar abubuwan da ke tattare da harsunan sararin samaniya an ayyana su ta wurin wurin abubuwan karin harshe.

Game da amfani da nunin, ƙila [[mai nuni] zai biyo baya, kamar nunin lebe, nunin kai, ko nuna yatsa. Daidaitawa Zanga-zangar Daga mahangar tsarin ma'auni, sunaye na Deictic yawanci suna saita madaidaicin gabatarwa. Wannan ya fito fili daga sifar di-ne 'wuri-a nan,' di-wa 'wuri-over.there' a cikin (14) da (15), bi da bi. Duk da haka, ana amfani da sunaye masu nuna wurin da kansu, ba tare da wani abin da ya gabata ba[18]. An kwatanta wannan ta di-ne 'wuri-nan' a cikin (16).

(14) Ivyovr

i-vyovr

3 sg - zuw

ku

ku

ku

cin abinci

di-ne

wuri-nan

mayi.

m-yas

zuwa.nan-up

"(Babban igiyar ruwa) ya karkata zuwa wurin nan zuwa sama."

(15) Ikun

ku - ku

3sg ku

si

si

3 pl.anim

ro

ro

wuri

diwa.

di-wa

wuri-over.can

Ya kona su (fatansa) a can.[18]

(16) Cin abinci,

di-ne

wuri-nan

randakya

randak=ya

farkon=3sg.spc

kari

kari

dutse

wata.

ba-ba

mai girma

'A nan, tun da farko akwai manyan duwatsu.'[18].

A cikin (14), (15), da (16), waɗannan sun ƙunshi yanayin amfani da nuni.

Mallaka Kama da sauran harsunan Austronesian, Biak yana ba da bambance-bambancen nahawu tsakanin abin da ba za a iya mallaka ba.

Mallaka mai iyaka A cikin abin mallaka, ana ƙirƙirar pronominal mai mallaki tare da alamar mallaka ve don nuna mutum, lamba da jinsi na mai shi, kuma ana biye da labarin mai magana da ke alamar jinsi da adadin abin da aka mallaka. Maganganun labarin ya ƙunshi ƙayyadaddun alamomi -i da -ya, tare da -i ana amfani da su kawai a cikin wuraren da aka riga aka dakatar.[19] Teburin da ke gaba yana misalta mallakar gini mai ma'ana.

Possessed-> Possessor:	SG	DU	TR	PL.AN	PL.INAN
1SG	(a)ye=d-i/=d-ya	(a)ye=su-ya/-i	(a)ye=sko-ya/-i	(a)ye=s-ya/-i	(a)ye=na
2SG	be=d-i/=d-ya	be-=su-ya/-i	be=sko-ya/-i	be=s-ya/-i	be=na
3SG	v<y>e=d-i/=d-ya	v<y>e=su-ya/-i	v<y>e =sko-ya/-i	v<y>e =s-ya/-i	v<y>e =na
1DU.INCL	Ku-ve=d-i/=d-ya	ku-ve=su-ya/-i	ku-ve=sko-ya/-i	ku-ve=s-ya/-i	ku-ve=na
1DU.EXC	nu-ve=d-i/=d-ya	nu-ve=su-ya/-i	nu-ve=sko-ya/-i	nu-ve=s-ya/-i	nu-ve=na
2DU	mu-ve=d-i/=d-ya	mu-ve=su-ya/-i	mu-ve=sko-ya/-i	mu-ve=s-ya/-i	mu-ve=na
3DU	su-ve=d-i/=d-ya	su-ve=su-ya/-i	su-ve=sko-ya/-i	su-ve=s-ya/-i	su-ve=na
3PC	sko-ve=d-i/=d-ya	sko-ve=su-ya/-i	sko-ve=sko-ya/-i	sko-ve=s-ya/-i	sko-ve=na
1PL.INCL	ko-ve=d-i/=d-ya	ko-ve=su-ya/-i	ko-ve=sko-ya/-i	ko-ve=s-ya/-i	i ko-ve=na
1PL.EXC	(i)nko-ve=d-i/=d-ya	(i)nko-ve=su-ya/-i	(i)nko-ve=sko-ya/-i	(i)nko-ve=s-ya/-i	(i)nko-ve=na
2PL	mko-ve=d-i/=d-ya	mko-ve=su-ya/-i	mko-ve=sko-ya/-i	mko-ve=s-ya/-i	mko-ve=na
3PL.AN	se=d-i/=d-ya	se=su-ya/-i	se=sko-ya/-i	se=s-ya/-i	se=na
3PL.INAN	nbe=d-i/d-ya	nbe=su-ya/-i	nbe=sko-ya/-i	nbe=s-ya/-i	nbe=na

Yawanci, Biak yana bin tsarin mallaka-mallaka don ginin mallakar mallaka, tare da maɗaukakiyar maɗaukaki a cikin matsayi:

(17) ikak

maciji

ina-ne

giv-3sg.spc-wannan

snon

suna

v<y>e=d-ya

<3sg>poss=3sg-spc

Kormsamba

Kormsamba

'Sunan maciji Kormsamba'[21]

Duk da haka, ana iya samar da abin da za a iya mallaka a cikin tsari na mai mallakar, ko da yake wannan ba shi da yawa:

(18) romawa

ɗa

ina

'yar

manseren

Ubangiji

v<y>e=s-ya

3sg>poss=3pl.an-spc

'Ya'yan Ubangiji maza da mata'

Mallaka mara iyaka Gine-ginen da ba za a iya sakewa ba ya bambanta da abin da ba za a iya raba shi ba domin babu wani tsarin mabuɗin mallaka, sai dai saitin affixes da ke kan kayan. Sabanin mallaka na baƙon abu, abin da ba zai iya mallaka ba zai iya ɗaukar tsari na mallake-mallaka kawai. Biak yana ƙunshe da ɓangarori uku na rashin daidaituwa: sassan jiki, dangi, da wuri.

sassan jiki Ba duk sassan jiki ba ne ake ganin ba za a iya raba su ba. Waɗanda su ne tushen kalmomin da za su samo wasu sassan jiki daga gare su ta hanyar hadawa. Misali, gwiwa da ba za a iya raba shi ba yana samuwa ta hanyar tushe mara iyaka da mu ('ƙafa') da mahaɗar pur ('baya') don samar da cirer. Ginin da aka mallaka don sassan jiki masu banƙyama yana bin tsari iri ɗaya da sauran sharuddan da ba za a iya raba su ba.Tsarin jujjuyawar sassan jikin da ba za a iya raba su ba shine kamar haka:

Vru 'head'

	SG	DU	TR	PL
1SG	Vru-ri	-	-	-
2SG	Vru-m-ri	-	-	-
3SG	Vru-ri	-	-	-
1DU.INCL	-	ku-vru-s-na
1DU.EXC	-	nu-vru-s-na
2DU	-	mu-vru-m-s-na
3DU	-	su-vru-s-na
3TR	-	sko-vru-s-na
1PL.INCL	-	ko-vru-s-na
1PL.EXC	-	nko-vru-s-na
2PL	-	mko-vru-m-s-na
3PL.AN	-	si-vru-s-na

Sabanin harsunan Austronesian na yankin, Biak yana ƙunshe da tsarin juzu'i na juzu'i don kunna sassan jikin da ba za a iya raba su ba. Domin jam'i, suffix -s yana nuna jam'i da rayayyiyar ma'abucinsa da kuma suffix na bayyana jam'i da rashin sanin abin mallaka. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mallakar da ba za a iya raba shi ba tana samuwa ta hanyar tsarin mallaki-mallaka:

(19) zan-ri

mamacin ciki.sg

i-ba

3sg - babba

'Tana da ciki (cikinta yana da girma)'.

Sharuddan zumunta Hakazalika ga sassan jiki, ba duka kalmomin dangi ba ne da ba za a iya raba su ba. Sharuɗɗan zumunta masu alaƙa suna samuwa ne ta hanyar haɗakarwa iri ɗaya kamar sassan jiki masu banƙyama, kuma suna bin ƙa'idodin gine-gine iri ɗaya kamar sauran sharuɗɗan bangaranci. Wannan tebur yana misalta tsarin jujjuyawa don kalmomin dangi maras iyaka:

Me 'cross-uncle'

	SG	DU	TR	PL
1SG	imem(=i)	imem(=su)	imem(=sko)	-
2SG	me-m(=i)	me-m(=su)	me-m(=sko)	-
3SG	me-r(=i)	me-r(=su)	me-r(=sko)	-
1DU	-	-	-	-
2DU	-	-	-	-
3DU	-	-	-	-
3TR	-	-	-	-
1PL	-	-	-	-
2PL	-	-	-	-
3PL	-	-	-	-

Duk sunaye da ke bin tsarin tebur suna da nau'i na ban mamaki ga mutum na farko, ta amfani da ɗan gajeren lokaci ga mutum na biyu da na uku. (REF shafi na 244) Ga misalin yadda ake amfani da juzu'in dangin da ba za a iya yankewa ba:

(20) s<y>ewar

<3sg>nema

km-r=i

uba-mallaki.3sg=3sg

'Ya nemi mahaifinsa'.

Sunayen wuri Sunaye na wuri su ne bambancin rashi na ƙarshe da aka samu a cikin Biak. Sunayen wuri suna nufin wuraren da ke da alaƙa da wani mahaluƙi. Misali, itace a Biak ana kiranta da 'bangare na sama' da 'bangaren kasa', da kwalekwale 'gaba', 'tsakiya' da 'baya'.Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna tsarin jujjuyawar sunaye na wurin da ba za a raba su ba:

bo ‘upper part/ area above’

	SG	DU	TR	PL.ANIM	Pl.INAN
1	-	-	-	-	-
2	bo-m-ri	-	-	-	-
3	bo-ri	bo-n-su	bo-n-sko	bo-n-si	bo-n-na

Suffix -n yana bayyana jam'i da rashin rai na abin mallaka (REF shafi na 250). An kwatanta tsarin mallakar wurin suna a cikin wannan misali:

(21) bal

ball

ina-ne

3sg.spc-wannan

v<y>arko

<3sg> karya

ro

wuri

karui=su-ya

dutse=3du-spc

bonsu

juye-nsg.inan-3du

'Wannan kwallon tana kan duwatsu biyu'.

Negation Biak yana bambanta tsakanin rashin gaskiya da na wajibi (haramta). Alamar rashin gaskiya ta gaskiya shine va. Don haramtawa abin tsoro ne.

Gaskiyar magana: va Negator va yana faruwa juzu'i-ƙarshe a cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa da juzu'i.

Intransitive (22) Isyor

ina-siyar

3sg-kasa-kasa

ba.

ba

neg

'Ba karamin ruwa ba ne'

Mai canzawa (23) Dan

d-an

3sg- cin

(i) mai

(i) myef=ya

banana=3sg.sp

ba.

ba

neg

'Ba ya cin ayaba'.

(24) Yafar

ya-far

1sg-gaya

kam

kam

duka

i

i

3sg ku

ba.

ba

neg

“Ban fadi komai ba”.

(25) Roma

romawa

ɗa

vyanine

v<y>=an-i-ne

<3sg>pos=giv-3sg.spc-wannan

kura

d- uwa

3sg ku

babba

babba

uba

isne

ba-ne

3sg.pred-wannan

ba,

ba

neg

yakramu

ya-kram=u

1sg-store=U

seno

ina = o

cent = nspc.sg

ba.

ba

neg

'Dan nasa ya ce, "Baba nan, ba ni da ko kwabo." ' Ba a san gajarta (s) mai sheki ba (taimako);

A cikin juzu'i tare da hujjojin da ba na asali ba, va yana bin gardamar da ta ƙi.

(26) Denf

d-enf

3sg- barci

ro

ro

wuri

cin abinci

di-ne

wuri-wannan

ba.

ba

neg

'Ba ya barci a nan' (amma wani wuri dabam).

(27) Denf

d-enf

3sg- barci

ba

ba

neg

ro

ro

wuri

cin abinci.

di-ne

wuri-wannan

'Ba ya barci a nan' (amma yana yin wani abu a nan).

Ana kuma amfani da Va don ƙetare jumlar ƙididdiga.

(28) Guruna

guru=ba

malami=nspc.nsg

ba.

ba

neg

'Babu malamai'.

Gaskiyar rashin gaskiya a cikin hadadden jumla A cikin hadaddun juzu'i tare da fa, haɗin gwiwa yana bayyana sakamako, da alama cewa negator va koyaushe yana faruwa a ƙarshe a cikin jumlar. A cikin sashin magana na kwatsam wanda van den Heuvel ya tattara, babu misalai da va ya bayyana a ƙarshen sashe na farko.

(29) Mansren

Manseren

Ubangiji

Yesu

Yesu

Yesu

ipok

zan-pok

3sg- iya

fa

fa

CONS

yafarander

v<y>e-farander

<3sg>vbz-manta

ku

ku

1 pl. hada

ba.

ba

neg

'Ubangiji Yesu ba zai iya manta da mu ba.' Ba a sani ba gajarta (s) (taimako);

A cikin wasu hadaddun sashe mai banƙyama na iya bin sashe na farko ko na ƙarshe.

(30) Dar

d-ar

3sg-kuka

ku

ku

kamar yadda

randip

randip

alade

ba

ba

neg

voi,

voi

amma

jira

d-ar

3sg-kuka

ku

ku

kamar yadda

snokaku.

snokaku

mutum.zamani

“Ba wai ya yi kuka kamar alade ba, sai a matsayin mutum.

(31) Sansun

sansun

tufafi

vyena

v<y>e=na

<3sg>pos=3pl.inan.spc

naisa

na-is-ya

3pl.inan-pred-cewa

voi,

voi

amma

daknayu

d-aka-na-yu

3sg-kuma-da-YU

sarako

aiki=o

munduwa=nspc.sg

ba.

ba

neg

' Tufafinsa na nan, amma ba shi da wani munduwa.' Unknown short glossing (s) (taimako);

(32) Vyeurus

v<y>e-urus

<3sg>vbz-shirya

pyum

pyum

mai kyau

bakn

bakn

jiki

vyedine

v<y>e=d-i-ne

<3sg>vbz=3sg-spc-wannan

ba

ba

neg

rao

rao

har zuwa

isofro

isofro

3sg-scabi

mai girma.

d-armakar

"Bai kula da jikinsa sosai ba, har sai da ya samu ciwon kai." Rashin daidaito a cikin adadin kalmomi tsakanin layi: 8 kalmomi (s) a layi na 1, 8 kalmomi (s) a layi na 2, 7 kalma. (s) a layi na 3 (taimako);

Da bukan Bukan lamuni ne daga Malay/Indonesiyan. A cikin Indonesiya, yin amfani da bukan, a wajen aikinsa na ƙeta kalmomin suna, yana nuna fifiko. Yin amfani da bukan a cikin Biak kuma ya bayyana yana nuna girmamawa - a cikin misalan da van den Heuvel ya bayar, yana amfani da shi lokacin da aka ba da bambanci. Ana amfani da Bukan a hade tare da va. Bukan ya gabaci fi’ili na farko kuma va yana wurin da ya saba a karshen sashe.

(33) Indiya

indiya

haka

bukan

bukan

neg

kokain

ko-kain

1pl.hada-zauna

kofafyar

ko-fafiyar

1pl.incl-gaya

son zuciya

son zuciya

saba

ba.

ba

neg

"Saboda haka ba mu (kawai) muna zaune muna ba da labari a nan (amma a yi taro mai tsanani)".

(34) Pendeta

pendeta

minista

kura

d- uwa

3sg ku

"a,

a

a

bukan

bukan

neg

yakofn

ya-kofn

1sg - magana

ku

ku

ku

ku

ku

1 pl. hada

vape

vape

amma

yakofn

ya-kofn

1sg - magana

ku

ku

ku

warga

warga

memba

jematsi.

jemat=s-i

coci=3pl.anim-spc

“Wazirin ya ce: “Ah, ban faɗa mana haka ba, amma ga ’yan ikilisiya!”

Muhimmiyar rashin fahimta: awer Ana amfani da maƙarƙashiyar alama don warware jayayya a cikin mutum 1st, 2nd da 3rd .

Mutum na 1 (36) Voi

voi

amma

kowa

ku-myof

1pl.hada-kare

saitin

saitin

rabi

awar

awar

proh

i

i

3sg ku

voi

voi

amma

kowa

ku-myof

1 pl. hada-

kaku

kaku

kare

i

i

gaskiya

kam

kam

3sg ku

fa…

fa

duka

CONS

"Kuma kada mu kare rabinsa, amma bari mu kare gaba dayansa, domin..." Rashin daidaituwa a cikin adadin kalmomin tsakanin layi: kalmomi 11 (s) a cikin layi na 1, 11 kalma (s) a layi 2, 12 kalmomi (s) a layi na 3 (taimako); Ba a sani ba gajarta (s) mai sheki (taimako);

Mutum na 2 (37) Wenf

w-enf

2sg-barci

awar!

awar

neg

'Kada ku yi barci!'

Mutum na 3 (38) Ipok

zan-pok

3sg- iya

vyunk v<y>ku

<3sg>shafa.kashe

awar

awar

ba

mnor

mnor

gamsai

vyena.

v<y>e=na

<3sg>pos=3pl.inan.spc

"Ba a yarda da shi ya goge gabobinsa ba". Sauran masu adawa Don bayyana 'ba tukuna' ba, Biak yana amfani da alamar vanim/vaim. Domin 'ba'a ƙara yin amfani da ita ba.

(39) Ono

ku zo

indef.pl

sibur

sa-bur

3pl.anim-bari

ku

ku

ku

movo

mov=o

wuri = nspc.sg

movo

mov=o

wuri = nspc.sg

wata

wata

tukuna

kam

kam

duka

vo

vo

sim

(…)

Har yanzu ba a sami wasu mutanen da suka tafi wasu wurare da kuma (...).

(40) Sikafkif

si-kaf~kif

3pl.an-maimaita~ karba

fa

fa

CONS

sukewar

s-sewar

3pl.an-nema

aiki

aiki

munduwa

ini.

ina-ne

3sg.spc-wannan

Ma

ma

kuma

sisrow

za-zama

3pl.an-nemo

i

i

3sg ku

banza.

banza

tukuna

'Su (kaji) suna karba don nemo wannan munduwa. Kuma ba su same shi ba tukuna.'[43] Unknown short glossing (s) (taimako);

(41) Bukuno

buku=ba

littafin = nspc.nsg

waje.

wani-e

tukuna

'Babu littattafai tukuna'[36].

(42) Isyor

I-siyar

3sg-kasa-kasa

wata

wata

sake

ba.

ba

ba

"Ba a sake yin guguwa ba.".

Ra'ayin nau'in nau'i A cikin harsunan Austronesian, ƙetare yawanci yakan riga da abin da aka gani. Don haka Biak, tare da saɓani na ƙarshe, yana da kama da wannan fasalin. Ƙarshe na ƙarshe, duk da haka, siffa ce ta gama gari a yankin Gabashin Tsuntsayen Tsibirin Gabas, a cikin harsunan Austronesian da Papuan. Ya bayyana asalin Papuan ne.

Lambobi

Biak numerals

	Biak
1	eser/oser
2	suru
3	kyor
4	fyak
5	rim
6	wonem
7	fik
8	war
9	siw
10	samfur
11	samfur sesr oser
20	samfur di suru
100	utin
1000	syáran

Kamus

ANIM animate GIV given INAN inanimate INCL inclusive INDEF indefinite LOC locative NEG negator NSG non-singular NSP nonspecific PL plural POS possessive marker PRED predicate REL relativiser SG singular SIM simultaneous SPC specific U ‘filler’ VBZ verbaliser