Harshen Basum

Basum
Yanki	Tibet, China
'Yan asalin magana	(2,500 cited 1989)
Dangin harshen	Sino-Tibetan Bodish (unclassified) Basum; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	basu1243

Basum (autonym: brag gsum 'dutse uku'; Basong 巴松话; Bake ^[3]) yare ne na Bodish wanda kusan mutane 2,500 ke magana a cikin Gongbo'gyamda County 工布江达县, Nyingtri Prefecture, Tibet, China . Kashi 13.5% na yawan mutanen Gongbo'gyamda County suna magana da Basum. Glottolog ya lissafa Basum a matsayin wanda ba a rarraba shi ba a cikin Bodish.

Wang (2020) bayanin ilimin lissafi ne da kuma bayanin Basum . ^[4]

Tarihi

Harshen Basum an san shi da Bäke, wanda aka samo daga brag-gsum ska, ma'ana 'harshe na duwatsu uku'. Akwai kimanin masu magana 3,000 a cikin garuruwan Zhoka da Tshongo, Gongbo'gyamda County 工布江达县, a bakin tekun Basum. Qu, et al. (1989) sun kuma ba da rahoton cewa ana magana da Basum a garin Cuogao 错高乡 da Xueka Township 雪卡乡 na Gongbo'gyamda County 工布江达县, Nyingtri Prefecture, Tibet, China. ^[5]

Rarraba

Tafkin Basum (Basum Tso) a Tibet

Qu, et al. (1989) ya lura cewa Basum ba shi da fahimta tare da juna kuma ya bambanta da Gongbu Tibetan (Chinese: 工布话Chinese: 林芝话: 工布话; masu magana 11,600), wanda shine nau'ikan harshen Tibet na Tsakiya wanda ke da alaƙa da Nyingchi Tibetan (Sidanci: 林芝话). Har ila yau, Basum ba shi da fahimta tare da Niangpu 母́话 (wanda ake kira Muqu 牧区话), wanda shine Khams Tibetan iri-iri da mutane 4,310 ke magana a Jiaxing 加兴 da Niangpú 母́́话 na Gongbo'gyamda County. , et al. (1989:61) ya lura da wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin Basum da Cuona Menba (Tawang Monpa), harshen Bodish na Gabas.

Suzuki & Nyima (2016) consider Basum to be a non-Tibetic language.

Tournadre (2014) ^[6] ya rarraba Basum (Bake) a matsayin harshen Bodish wanda ba a rarraba shi ba wanda ba na reshen Tibetic ba. Tourna (2014: 112) ya lura cewa Basum yana da mai musun a-, sabanin mai musun ma- ko myi- a cikin yarukan Tibetic. Har ila yau, ba kamar yarukan Tibetic ba, Basum ba ya jin daɗin Proto-Bodish *ti- da *si-.

A lissafin phylogenetic na harsuna daban-daban na Tibet by Jiang (2022) ya nuna cewa Basum ya bambanta, kuma kodayake yana nuna wasu kamanceceniya da yaren Medog na Khams Tibetan saboda hulɗa, da kuma harsunan Bodish na Gabas ("Menba" ko "Monpa").

^[5] & Suzuki (2023) sun ba da shawarar cewa Basum na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Dakpa (Tawang Monpa), yaren Bodish na Gabas, tunda harsunan biyu suna da siffofi da yawa da kuma nau'ikan nahawu.

Lexicon

^[5]Tournadre & Suzuki (2023) sun lissafa kalmomin Basum masu zuwa waɗanda ba su da ƙididdigar Tibetic.

Haske	Basum	Tarihin Tibet na gargajiya
bakwai	Sanya:	bdun
huɗu	Sanya	bzhi
nama	Sanya:	sha
jini	Qhichwa da Qhichwa	khrag
kafafu	'kiː	rkang
ja	'Yana zuwa	dmar
dutse	'tɐ luŋ	rdo
Na	'Yana da	nga
kai	Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru	Khyed, khyod
shi	Sanyafo	kho
musantawa	Sunan da za a iya amfani da shi	na

, et al. (1989: 50-51) sun lissafa kalmomin Basum masu zuwa ba tare da cognates a cikin makwabtaccen Harsunan Tibet ba.

Hasken kasar Sin	Hasken Ingilishi	Basum
Ƙafafu	kafa, kafa	ci14
Sanya mai	Yaki man shanu	ja55
gishiri	gishiri	npo53
一	daya	tɯʔ53
七	bakwai	Sanyi55
Tafiya	don tafiya	An yi amfani da shi a shekara ta 53
Fitowa	don duba	ɕẽ53
Barci	don barci	C.14
Tafiya	zama	Sanya55
Ni ne	I (1.SG)	shekara ta 1953
Kai	kai (2.SG)	Tushen 12
Shi ne	shi (3.SG)	po53
Ya kasance	cewa	A cikin 53
Da yawa	da yawa	pi55
Red	ja	Tun daga shekara ta 1953
Rashin jin daɗi	mai tsananin gaske	phe55mu53
Ɗaya daga cikin yara	dan kadan, dan kadan	ɐ55mi
Nan da nan	nan da nan, da sauri	a11lu53
Dukkanin	duk	ntaba 11 zuwa 15
Tushen	a zahiri	ɐ11nɐʔ53
Daidaitaccen	Tabbas, dole ne	sɯ̃11pa53

Manazarta

↑ Qu, Aitang and Gong, Que and Yi, Xi and Jie, Ang 瞿霭堂; 共确; 益西; 结昂. 1989. Wèi cáng fāngyán de xīn tŭyŭ: Bāsōng huà 卫藏方言的新土语——记最近发现的巴松话 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 3. 39–61.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Basum". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
↑ Wang, Sanchuan. 2020. Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du Baké. Doctoral dissertation, Université de Paris 3. (in French)
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Tibetic" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

[Qu-1] Qu, Aitang and Gong, Que and Yi, Xi and Jie, Ang 瞿霭堂; 共确; 益西; 结昂. 1989. Wèi cáng fāngyán de xīn tŭyŭ: Bāsōng huà 卫藏方言的新土语——记最近发现的巴松话 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 3. 39–61.

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Basum". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Tournadre20142-3] Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

[4] Wang, Sanchuan. 2020. Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du Baké. Doctoral dissertation, Université de Paris 3. (in French)

[Tibetic-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Tibetic" defined multiple times with different content

[Tournadre2014-6] Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

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