Harshe Dahalo
Dahalo yare ne na – da ke cikin haɗari wanda kusan mutane 500-600 na Dahalo ke magana a bakin tekun Kenya, kusa da bakin Kogin Tana. Dahalo ba sabon abu ne a tsakanin harsunan duniya ta amfani da dukkan hanyoyin iska guda huɗu da aka samu a cikin harshen ɗan adam: dannawa, implives, ejectives, da ƙwayoyin huhu.
| Harshe Dahalo | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 400 |
| |
| no value | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
dal |
| Glottolog |
daha1245[1] |
Yayin da ake sanin harshen da farko a matsayin " Dahalo " ga masana ilimin harshe, kalmar da kanta wani exonym ne wanda masu magana da Aweer ke amfani da shi wanda da gaske yana nufin "wawa" ko "marasa amfani." [2] Su kansu masu magana suna kiran harshen da numma guhooni .
Dubawa
gyara sasheDahalo, tsoffin mafarautan giwaye, sun tarwatse a tsakanin Swahili da sauran al’ummar Bantu, ba su da ƙauyuka nasu, kuma suna harsuna biyu a waɗannan harsuna. Yara ba sa koyon yaren, wanda zai sa ya yi rauni, kuma yana iya ƙarewa.
Dahalo yana da tsarin sauti daban-daban ta hanyar amfani da dukkan hanyoyin iska guda huɗu da ake samu a cikin yaren ɗan adam: dannawa, ejectives, da implosives, da kuma sautin huhu na duniya. Harsunan Nguni irin su Xhosa da Zulu suma suna amfani da dukkan hanyoyin watsa shirye-shiryen iska guda hudu, duk da cewa bak'on da ake fitar da su a cikin wadannan harsunan ba su da rauni, kuma sun bambanta tsakanin masu magana.
Bugu da kari, Dahalo yana yin bambance-bambancen da ba a saba gani ba. Ya bambanta tsayawar laminal da apical, kamar yadda yake a cikin harsunan Ostiraliya da California; epiglottal da glottal tsayawa da fricatives, kamar yadda a cikin Mideast, Caucasus, da Amurka Pacific Northwest; kuma watakila shine kawai harshe a duniya wanda ya bambanta alveolar lateral da palatal lateral fricatives da affricates.
Ana kyautata zaton cewa Dahalo sun taba yin yaren Sandawe - ko kuma yaren Hadza, kuma sun ci gaba da dannawa a wasu kalmomi lokacin da suka koma Cushitic, saboda yawancin kalmomin da aka latsa su ne ainihin ƙamus. Idan haka ne, dannawa suna wakiltar substratum .
Dahalo kuma ana kiransa Sanye, sunan da aka raba da makwabciyar Waata, wanda kuma tsoffin mafarauta ke magana. Wataƙila Waata ya taɓa yin yare kamar Dahalo kafin ya koma Oromo .
Rabe-raben Dahalo ba shi da tabbas. A al'adance an haɗa shi a cikin Kushitic ta Kudu, Tosco (1991) ya yi jayayya a maimakon haka shine Gabashin Cushitic, da Kießling (2001) sun yarda cewa yana da fasalin Gabas da yawa don zama Kushitic Kudu.
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheConsonants
gyara sasheDahalo yana da, bisa ga dukkan alamu, ɗimbin ƙididdiga masu yawa. Maddyson et al ne ya ruwaito baƙaƙe 62. (1993), yayin da Tosco (1991) ya gane 50. An gabatar da ƙididdiga bisa ga na farko a ƙasa:
- 1 Yawan danna haƙori an fi rubutawa ⟨ ǀ ⟩, amma ana iya kuskuren karanta hakan ⟩ ⟨ l . Don haka, don halacci, ana amfani da madadin harafin ⟨ ʇ ⟩ anan; Ana samun wannan a wasu ƴan tushe kamar Elderkin. Suna iya bambanta da yardar kaina azaman dannawa ta gefe .
Asusun Tosco ya bambanta ba tare da haɗa labialized clicks, palatal laterals, the palatal laterals, and the prenasalized consonants (wanda aka duba ƙasa), nazarin /t͇ʼ/</link> kamar /tsʼ/</link> , da kuma ƙara /dɮ/</link> , /ʄ/</link> kuma /v/</link> (wanda Maddieson et al. yi imani da zama allophone na /w/</link> ).
Wannan nau'i) yana haifar da tasiri mai tsawo daga ƙananan harsuna da kuma manyan harsuna,saboda dogon harshe biyu. Baƙaƙe 27 ne kawai (wanda aka nuna a cikin m ) ana samun su a matsayi na ƙarshe na mai tushe na magana, wanda Tosco ya nuna yana wakiltar ɓangaren Cushitic da aka gada na ƙididdigar baƙon.
Ana iya nuna alamomi da yawa a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru a kwanan nan a cikin harshe ta hanyar kalmomin aro:
- /z/ is only found in recent loans from Bantu and can be nativized as /d̪/.
- /tʃʼ/ is only found in loanwords from Swahili.
- /ʃ/ is only found in loanwords from Swahili and Somali.
Bugu da ƙari, baƙaƙe da yawa ba su da iyaka a cikin abin da ya faru. Biyar kawai an tabbatar da su a tushen guda ɗaya:
- /ⁿd͇ʷ/
- /ᶮdʒ/, in /kípuᶮdʒu/ 'place where maize is seasoned'
- /ᵑɡʷ/, in /háᵑɡʷaraᵑɡʷára/ 'centipede'
- /ɬʷ/, in /ɬʷaʜ-/ 'to pinch'.
- /j/, in /jáːjo/ 'mother'.
Kasa da misalan guda biyar kowanne an san su da /ᵑʇˀʷ, tʃ, tsʼ, tʃʼ, kʷʼ, dɮ, ʄ, ⁿd͇, ⁿdz/</link> .
An yi nazarin tasha marasa murya da aka riga aka yi amfani da su a matsayin hancin syllabic tare da tsayawa ta wasu masu bincike. Duk da haka, mutum zai yi tsammanin wannan ƙarin harafin zai ba da kalmomin Dahalo ƙarin damar tonic, kamar yadda Dahalo farar lafazin ya dogara da sila (duba ƙasa), da Maddieson et al. rahoton cewa da alama hakan ba haka yake ba. Tosco (1991) yayi nazarin waɗannan a matsayin gungu na baƙar fata, bisa dalilin cewa Dahalo yana ba da damar dogayen wasali a cikin buɗaɗɗen syllables kawai, kuma yayin da ana iya samun kalmomi irin su /tʃaːⁿda/ 'yatsa', gajerun wasula ne kawai ke faruwa kafin wanda ake zargi da rashin murya. prenasalized bak'i. Hakanan yana ba da rahoton gungu masu ɓarna da glottalized: /nf/</link> , /nt̪ʼ/</link> , /ntɬʼ/</link> da /nʔ/</link> .
Allophony
gyara sasheLaminal coronals su ne denti-alveolar, yayin da apicals alveolar ne masu kula da bayan alveolar .
Lokacin geminate, epiglottals suna tsayawa mara murya kuma masu jujjuyawa. A cikin furci-wuri na farko suna iya zama juzu'i mai sauti ( murya mara kyau lokacin farawa ) tsayawa da jujjuyawa. Koyaya, kamar guda ɗaya tsakanin wasulan, /ʡ/</link> murɗa ne ko ma kusanta tare da raunin murya, alhali /ʜ/</link> shine cikakken magana kusan. Sauran abubuwan toshewar ana shafa su ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki, ko da yake ba daidai ba.
/b d̪ d͇/ are often opened to approximants [[[:Samfuri:IPAplink]] Samfuri:IPAplink Samfuri:IPAplink] or weak fricatives [[[:Samfuri:IPAplink]] Samfuri:IPAplink Samfuri:IPAplink] between vowels (sometimes a retraction diacritic is used as in ⟨d̠⟩, serving merely to emphasize that it is further back than /d̪/). Initially, they and /ɡ/ are often voiceless, whereas /p t̪ t͇ k/ are fortis (perhaps aspirated). /w̜/ has little rounding.
Akwai sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin muryar dannawa, don haka wannan bambancin yana iya ɓacewa. Ana danna hancin hanci kafin sakin latsa kuma ana yin sauti a ko'ina; dannawa mara murya yawanci yana da kusan 30ms na lokacin farawa na murya, amma wani lokacin ƙasa. Babu motsin iska mara murya mara murya, amma bin wasula na iya samun farkon hanci. Don haka waɗannan dannawa suna kama da glottalized nasal clicks a wasu harsuna. Dannawa mara murya ya fi kowa fiye da danna murya.
Wasula
gyara sasheDahalo yana da tsarin ma'auni na wasali 5 na nau'i-nau'i na gajere da dogayen wasulan, jimla guda 10:
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Samfuri:IPA link / Samfuri:IPA link | Samfuri:IPA link / Samfuri:IPA link |
| Mid | Samfuri:IPA link / Samfuri:IPA link | Samfuri:IPA link / Samfuri:IPA link |
| Low | Samfuri:IPA link / Samfuri:IPA link | |
Wasan kwaikwayo
gyara sasheKalmomin Dahalo galibi suna da tsayin haruffa 2-4. Harsuna keɓantacce na tsarin CV, sai dai cewa baƙaƙe na iya kasancewa tsakanin wasulan. Kamar yadda yake da sauran yarukan Afroasiatic, gemination yana da amfani a nahawu. Baƙaƙe masu murya wani ɓangare na sadaukarwa, kuma an riga an riga an shigar da su suna dakatar da denasalize lokacin da aka fitar da su azaman ɓangare na aikin nahawu. Ko da yake, lexical prenasalised geminate yana faruwa.
Baƙaƙe /b/</link> da /d̠/</link> an cire su cikin tsari daga kalmar-matsayin farko.
(Wataƙila glottals da dannawa ba sa faruwa a matsayin geminates, ko da yake an san wasu ƴan kalmomi masu danna tsaka-tsaki, kamar /ʜáŋ̊|ana/</link> .)
Dahalo yana da lafazi mai sauti, yawanci tare da sifili zuwa manyan maɗaukakin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki ɗaya (da wuya fiye) kowace tushen kalmar. Idan akwai sauti mai tsayi, ya fi yawa akan silar farko; a wajen kalmomin da ba a yarda da su ba, wannan ita ce kawai yiwuwar: misali /ʡani/</link> kai, /pʼúʡʡu/</link> huda .
Matsayin dannawa
gyara sasheDahalo yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan harsuna a wajen kudancin Afirka don samun danna sautin murya (sauran su ne Sandawe da Hadza a Tanzaniya da Damin, rajistar bikin Lardil da ake magana da shi a tsibirin Mornington a Australia). Latsawa a cikin Dahalo ba asalin Cushitic ba ne, kuma yana iya zama ragowar saura daga yaren da ba na Cushitic ba. Ten Raa yana nuna wasu ƴan ƙaramar shaida cewa masu magana da harshen Dahalo sun taɓa yin magana da yare mai kama da Sandawe, wanda ke da dannawa. [3] Wannan na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa dannawa kawai ke kasancewa a cikin abubuwa kusan 40 na ƙamus, wasu daga cikinsu na asali ne (misali "nono," "saliva," da "daji"). [4]
Ehret ya ruwaito cewa kalmomi daban-daban suna da ko dai na haƙori da na gefe, yayin da Elderkin ya ruwaito cewa waɗannan allophones ne. Ba a bayyana ba idan tsohon bambanci ya haɗu, ko kuma idan wurin magana yana da canji saboda babu bambanci don kiyayewa.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshe Dahalo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ STILES, D. (1982). A HISTORY OF THE HUNTING PEOPLES OF THE NORTHERN EAST AFRICA COAST: Ecological and Socio-Economic Considerations. Paideuma, 28, 165-174. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/41409881
- ↑ Ten Raa, E. (1969). "Sanye and Sandawe: A common substratum?" African Language Review 8, 148–155.
- ↑ Sands, Bonny & Tom Güldemann (2009). "What click languages can and can't tell us about language origins". In Botha, Rudolf & Chris Knight (Eds.), The Cradle of Language, pp. 213–15. Oxford.