Halitta ta mutum
Halitta ta mutum, kuma ansa shi da Yanayin mutum suna amfani da ƙasa wajan rayuwa da kuma banbañce banbacen yanani kasar da banbace banbacen, yawanci halintu mutane sun kewaye ko'ina na duniya.
 Halitta ta mutum | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
biome (en)  |
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Asalin da juyin halitta na ra'ayin
gyara sasheErle Ellis da Navin Ramankutty ne suka fara kiran sunayen Anthromes kuma suka tsara su a cikin takarda ta 2008, "Sanya Mutane a cikin Taswira: Anthropogenic Biomes of the World".[1] Taswirar Anthrome yanzu sun bayyana a cikin litattafai da yawa. kuma a cikin National Geographic World Atlas. An buga taswirar anthrome na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2021.[2]
A cikin rarraba yanayin halittu na duniya na baya-bayan nan, an haɗa halittu na ɗan adam a cikin halittu masu aiki daban-daban a cikin yankunan ƙasa da na ruwa mai laushi, kuma an bayyana ƙarin raka'a don yankunan ruwa mai lawu, na ruwa, na karkashin kasa da na canji don ƙirƙirar cikakkiyar bayanin duk yanayin halittu da aka kirkira da kuma kiyaye su ta ayyukan ɗan adam. Tsarin Amfani da ƙasa mai zurfi ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu aiki na yanayin halittu guda biyar: makiyaya, amfanin gona, shuka-shuke, ƙungiyoyin aiki na yanayin birane da na halitta. Yankin ruwa na wucin gadi a cikin yankin ruwa mai laushi ya haɗa da manyan tafkuna da sauran wuraren ruwa da aka gina, shinkafa, aquafarms da cibiyoyin sadarwa na canals da rami. halittu na ruwa a cikin yankin ruwa ta haɗa da gine-ginen wucin gadi da wuraren kiwon ruwa. Halitta ta karkashin kasa ta mutum ta haɗa da binciken masana'antu ko tsarin kogo na wucin gadi. Akwai ƙarin halittu guda biyu a cikin sauye-sauye tsakanin yankuna: halittu na bakin teku na ɗan adam sun haɗa da bakin teku na wucin gadi; halittu na ruwa mai laushi na ɗan adam ya haɗa da bututun ruwa, hanyoyin ruwa na ƙasa da ma'adanai masu ambaliyar ruwa.
Canjin ɗan adam na Biosphere
gyara sasheFiye da ƙarni guda, an bayyana yanayi halittu dangane da sassan yanayin halittu na duniya da ake kira biomes, waɗanda nau'ikan ciyayi ne kamar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da wuraren ciyawa waɗanda aka gano dangane da yanayin yanayi na duniya. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa yawan jama'a da amfani da ƙasa sun canza tsarin duniya na tsarin halittu, tsari, da bambancin halittu, halittu masu rai suna samar da tsari don haɗa tsarin ɗan adam tare da biosphere a cikin Anthropocene.
Kafin 1700
gyara sasheMutane suna canza yanayin halittu tun lokacin da suka samo asali. Shaida ta nuna cewa kakanninmu suna ƙone ƙasa don share ta a cikin shekaru miliyan ɗaya da suka gabata. Shekaru 600,000 da suka gabata, mutane suna amfani da mashi don kashe dawakai da sauran manyan dabbobi a Burtaniya da China. A cikin dubban shekaru da suka gabata, mutane sun canza rayuwar shuka da dabba a duniya, daga irin rayuwar daji da shuka da ta mamaye zuwa irin yanayin halittu. Misalan sun haɗa da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka; sun canza gandun daji, ƙone ƙasar don share shi, sun zauna a cikin birane, suna rushe gandun daji da sauran yanayin halittu, da kuma gina abubuwan tunawa waɗanda ke buƙatar motsa ƙasa mai yawa, kamar abubuwan tunawa na Cahokia. [1] Ƙarin misalai sune wayewar duniya ta dā; sun haƙa adadi mai yawa na kayan aiki, sun yi hanyoyi, kuma musamman ga Rumawa, lokacin da hawan hakar ma'adanai, ya saki adadi mai girma na mercury da gubar cikin iska. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na ƙasar duniya an riga an zauna kuma an sake fasalin su da al'ummomin mutane har zuwa shekaru dubu goma shabiyu da suka gabata.[2]
Aikin noma (1700-yanzu)
gyara sasheMutane suna canza yanayin halittu tun kafin aikin gona ya fara, kuma yayin da yawan mutane ya karu kuma ya zama mafi ci gaba da fasaha a tsawon lokaci, amfani da ƙasa don dalilai na noma ya karu sosai. Halitta ta mutum a cikin 1700s, kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu, ta ƙunshi mafi yawan daji, ƙasar da ba a taɓa ta ba, ba tare da wani mazaunin ɗan adam da ke damun yanayin halitta ba.[3] A wannan lokacin, yawancin ƙasar da ba ta da kankara a duniya sun kunshi wuraren daji da wuraren halitta, kuma ba sai bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu a karni na shatara ba ne amfani da ƙasa don noma da mazaunan mutane suka fara ƙaruwa.[4] Tare da ci gaban fasaha da hanyoyin masana'antu suna zama masu inganci, yawan mutane sun fara bunƙasa, kuma daga baya suna buƙatar amfani da ƙarin albarkatun ƙasa. A shekara ta Dubu Biyu, sama da rabin ƙasar da ba ta da kankara a duniya an canza ta zuwa makiyaya, gonaki, ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu yawa, waɗanda suka bar ƙasa da rabin ƙasar duniya ba a taɓa su ba.[2] Canje-canje na ɗan adam tsakanin 1700 da 1800 sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda suka biyo baya, kuma saboda haka yawan canji ya karu a tsawon lokaci. A sakamakon haka, karni na 20 yana da saurin sauya yanayin halittu na shekaru 300 da suka gabata.[2][4]
Rarraba ƙasa
gyara sasheYayinda yawan mutane ke ƙaruwa a hankali a cikin tarihi, amfani da albarkatun kasa da ƙasa sun fara ƙaruwa, kuma rarraba ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita don dalilai daban-daban na noma da sulhu ya fara canzawa. Amfani da ƙasa a duniya ya canza daga yanayin halitta zuwa ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita don noma, ƙauyuka da makiyaya don ci gaba da yawan jama'a da buƙatun su masu girma. Rarraba ƙasa tsakanin anthromes ya sami canji daga anthromos na halitta da wuraren daji zuwa anthroms da suka canza mutane da muka saba da su a yau. Yanzu, yawancin wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a (ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu yawa) suna da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙasar da ba ta da kankara a duniya.[4] Daga shekara ta 1700-2000, ƙasashen da aka yi amfani da su don noma da ƙauyuka na birane sun karu sosai, duk da haka yankin da ke cike da filayen ya karu da sauri, don haka ya zama babban filin wasa a karni na 20.[1] A sakamakon haka, babban canjin amfani da ƙasa a duniya sakamakon juyin juya halin masana'antu, shine fadada makiyaya.[1][4]
Yawan jama'a
gyara sasheBayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yawan mutane ya sami karuwa cikin sauri. yawan jama'a a wasu anthromes sun fara canzawa, suna motsawa daga yankunan karkara zuwa ƙauyuka na birane, inda yawan jama'a ya fi girma.[3] Wadannan canje-canje a cikin yawan jama'a tsakanin yankuna sun canza alamu na duniya na fitowar anthrome, kuma suna da tasiri mai yawa a kan tsarin halittu daban-daban.[1] Rabin yawan mutanen duniya yanzu suna zaune a cikin birane, kuma yawancin mutane suna zaune a birane, tare da wasu jama'a da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan birane da garuruwa.[4] A halin yanzu, ana sa ran yawan mutane za su girma har zuwa aƙalla tsakiyar ƙarni, kuma ana sa ran sauyawar tarihin duniya za su bi wannan ci gaban.[5]
Yanayin yanzu na yanayin halittu na mutum
gyara sasheYanayin yanzu na yanayin halittu na duniya galibi anthropogenic ne.[3] Fiye da rabin yanayin halittu na ƙasa ya kasance ba a amfani da shi kai tsaye don noma ko ƙauyuka na birane, kuma daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashen da ba a amfani dasu ba har yanzu sun rage, ƙasa da rabi sune wuraren daji. Yawancin ƙasashen da ba a yi amfani da su ba yanzu suna cikin aikin gona da wuraren da aka zauna na rabin halitta, makiyaya, gonaki da ƙauyuka.[4]
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Manyan tatsuniyoyi
gyara sasheAnthromes sun haɗa da ƙauyuka masu yawa (birane da ƙauyukan da aka haɗu), ƙauyuka, gonaki, filayen da ƙasashe na ɗan ƙasa kuma an tsara su a duniya ta amfani da tsarin rarrabuwa daban-daban guda biyu, waɗanda za a iya gani akan Google Maps da Google Earth . [6] A halin yanzu akwai halittu 18 na ɗan adam, mafi shahara daga cikinsu an jera su a ƙasa.[5]
Gidaje masu yawa
gyara sasheƘauyuka masu yawa sune yankuna na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya.[6] An bayyana su a matsayin yankuna tare da yawan jama'a, kodayake yawan jama'ar na iya zama mai canzawa.[1] Yawan jama'a, duk da haka, ba ya taɓa faɗi ƙasa da mutane 100 / kilomita, har ma a cikin ɓangarorin da ba na birane ba na ƙauyuka masu yawa, kuma an ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan yankuna sun ƙunshi gefen manyan birane a cikin ƙasashe marasa tasowa, da ƙananan garuruwa masu tsawo a duk faɗin Yammacin Turai da Asiya.[1] Sau da yawa muna tunanin ƙauyuka masu yawa a matsayin birane, amma ƙauyuka Masu yawa na iya zama yankunan karkara, garuruwa da ƙauyuka na ƙauyuka tare da yawan jama'a amma raguwa.[7]
Ƙauyuka
gyara sasheƘauyuka suna da yawan jama'a a wuraren noma, da yawa daga cikinsu an zauna kuma an yi amfani da su sosai na ƙarni zuwa dubban shekaru.
Yankunan noma
gyara sasheYankunan shuke-shuke wani babban filin wasa ne a duk faɗin duniya. Yankunan nomawa sun haɗa da mafi yawan ƙasashen da aka noma a duniya, da kuma kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na bishiyoyi na duniya.[6] Yankunan amfanin gona waɗanda ake ban ruwa a cikin gida suna da mafi yawan yawan jama'a, [1] mai yiwuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa yana samar da amfanin gona tare da wadataccen ruwa. Wannan ya sa lokacin girbi da rayuwar amfanin gona ya fi tsinkaye. Yankunan da aka ci gaba da su galibi daga ruwan sama na gida sune mafi yawan wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a, [1] tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusa da 1000 mm a wasu yankuna na duniya. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, akwai isasshen ruwa da yanayin ke bayarwa don tallafawa dukkan fannoni na rayuwa ba tare da ban ruwa ba.[1] Koyaya, a yankunan bushewa, wannan hanyar noma ba za ta kasance mai amfani ba.
Yankunan daji
gyara sasheRangelands ƙungiya ce mai faɗi wanda aka bayyana bisa ga matakai uku na yawan jama'a: mazaunin, mazaunin da kuma nesa. Gidan zama yana da mahimman fasalulluka guda biyu: yawan jama'arta ba ta da ƙasa da mutane 10 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, kuma ana amfani da wani ɓangare na yankin don makiyaya.[6] Gidajen kiwo a cikin filayen sune mafi yawan wuraren da ke rufe ƙasa. Duniya mai tsabta tana da mahimmanci a cikin wannan filin wasa, yana rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar ga kowane murabba'in kilomita.[1] Rangeland anthromes ba su da canzawa fiye da gonaki, amma canjin su yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan jama'a.[3] Dabbobi masu kiwo na gida yawanci sun dace da ciyawa da savannah, don haka canjin waɗannan halittu ba su da tabbas.[2][3]
Ƙasashe masu al'adu
gyara sasheAl'adun al'adu sune shimfidar wurare waɗanda aka tsara ta ƙananan matakan amfani da ƙasa mai zurfi kuma suna da yawa ga ƙananan jama'a. An gabatar da rarrabawar al'adun gargajiya a cikin 2021 [8] don maye gurbin rarrabawar analog, "Seminatural" (2010 classification [2]) da "Forested" (asalin 2008 classification [1]). Al'adun gandun daji sune halittu na gandun daji waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar amfani da ƙasa da mazaunin ɗan adam, kuma yawan jama'arsu yawanci ƙasa da mutane 3 ne / km2.[6] Yawancin gandun daji masu al'adu sune gandun daji na biyu waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin sinks na carbon sakamakon ci gaba da sake girma na ciyayi masu katako. Wasu gandun daji masu al'adu an share su don noma, gami da dabbobi na gida, da kuma amfani da katako.[3] Al'adun wuraren da ba su da kyau sune wuraren da ba a amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da ƙasa da mazaunin mutum.
Cikin gida
gyara sasheMasana ilimin halitta kalilan ne suka yi nazarin tsarin juyin halitta a aiki a cikin gida.[9] Kimanin girman gine-ginen zama da na kasuwanci ya kasance tsakanin 1.3% da 6% na yankin duniya ba tare da kankara ba. Wannan yanki yana da yawa kamar sauran ƙananan halittu kamar ambaliyar ciyawa da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.[1] Yanayin cikin gida yana fadada cikin sauri. Tsarin cikin gida na Manhattan kusan sau uku ne, dangane da sararin ƙasa, kamar yadda yankin tsibirin kanta yake, saboda gine-ginen da ke tashi maimakon yadawa. Dubban jinsuna suna zaune a cikin gida, da yawa daga cikinsu da fifiko ko ma tilastawa.[1] Ayyukan da mutane ke ɗauka kawai don canza juyin halitta na cikin gida shine tare da ayyukan tsaftacewa.[10] Yankin halittu na cikin gida zai ci gaba da canzawa muddin al'adunmu za su canza.
Ruwa na ruwa
gyara sasheBa a yi nazarin halittu masu kula da ruwa ko kuma anthromes na ruwa kamar haka ba. Sun fito ne daga tafkunan kifi, Shrimp na ruwa da wuraren noma na benthic zuwa manyan yankuna na ƙasa kamar sassan Guadalquivir Marshes a Andalusia, Spain.[11]
Tasirin halittu na ɗan adam
gyara sasheMutane sun canza ainihin tsarin duniya na bambancin halittu da tsarin halittu.[1] Ba zai yiwu a bayyana ko hango tsarin muhalli ko matakai a duk faɗin Duniya ba tare da la'akari da rawar ɗan adam ba.[12] Al'ummomin mutane sun fara canza yanayin muhalli na duniya sama da shekaru 50 000 da suka gabata, kuma an gabatar da shaidar juyin halitta da ke nuna cewa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin mutum na biosphere sune zamantakewa da al'adu, ba na halitta ba, sunadarai, ko na jiki. [2] Anthropogenic biomes suna ba da sabuwar hanyar ci gaba ta hanyar amincewa da tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayin halittu na duniya da kuma motsa mu zuwa ga samfuran da bincike na yanayin halittu wanda ya haɗa tsarin ɗan adam da na muhalli.[1][1]
Kalubale da ke fuskantar bambancin halittu a cikin yanayin halittu na mutum
gyara sasheKashewa
gyara sasheA cikin ƙarni da ya gabata, girman anthrome da ƙarfin amfani da ƙasa sun karu da sauri tare da karuwar yawan mutane, suna barin wuraren daji ba tare da yawan mutane ko amfani da ƙasa ba a ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yanayin halittu na ƙasa.[7] Wannan babban canji na yanayin halittu na Duniya don amfani da ɗan adam ya faru tare da halaka ƙimar ƙarancin jinsuna. Mutane suna haifar da lalacewar jinsuna kai tsaye, musamman na megafauna, ta hanyar ragewa, ragargajewa da canza wuraren zama na asali da kuma wuce gona da iri.[1] Yawan lalacewa na yanzu ya bambanta sosai ta hanyar taxa, tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa, dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians musamman barazana; duk da haka akwai shaidar da ke ƙaruwa cewa yawan jama'a masu yawa, idan ba mafi yawan 'yan asalin ba, musamman tsire-tsire, na iya zama masu ɗorewa a cikin anthromes.[1] Baya ga nau'o'in da ke da rauni musamman, yawancin nau'o-in halitta na iya kiyaye yawan jama'a a cikin anthromes.
Karewa
gyara sasheAnthromes suna gabatar da wani ra'ayi na daban game da yanayin halittu na duniya ta hanyar nuna bambancin yanayin muhalli na duniya wanda aka kirkira kuma ya ci gaba da yawan jama'a da amfani da ƙasa yayin da suke haɗa alakarsu da al'ummomin halittu.[13] Biomes da ecoregions suna da iyaka saboda suna rage tasirin ɗan adam, kuma ƙaruwar masu ilimin halittu sun yi jayayya cewa dole ne a faɗaɗa kiyayewa halittu zuwa wuraren da mutane suka tsara kai tsaye. A cikin anthromes, gami da anthroms masu yawan jama'a, mutane ba sa amfani da duk ƙasar da ke akwai. A sakamakon haka, anthromes gabaɗaya mosaics ne na ƙasashe da aka yi amfani da su sosai da ƙasashe da ba a yi amfani da shi sosai ba.[1] Yankunan da aka kare da wuraren da ke da bambancin halittu ba a rarraba su daidai a fadin anthromes. Ƙananan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga suna ƙunshe da yawancin wuraren da aka kiyaye. Duk da yake an kare kashi 23.4% na filin daji mai nisa, an kare kashi 2.3% na filin wasan ƙauyen da ake ban ruwa.[1] Akwai ƙarin shaidu da ke nuna cewa kiyaye halittu masu yawa na iya zama tasiri a cikin anthromes da yawa da ba su da yawa. Haɗin raba ƙasa da adana ƙasa a cikin shimfidar wurare masu aiki da shimfidar wuri masu yawa suna ƙara shahara a matsayin dabarun kiyayewa.[7]
Dubi kuma
gyara sashe- Anthropocene
- Ilimin muhalli
- Tsaro na yanayin ƙasa
- Yanayin aiki
- Amfani da ƙasa
- Yanayi mai yawa
- Sabon tsarin halittu
- Ilimin ilimin halittu
- Tsarin halittu na fasaha
- Hanyoyin fasaha
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ellis, E. C.; Ramankutty, N. (2008). "Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 6 (8): 439–447. Bibcode:2008FrEE....6..439E. doi:10.1890/070062. S2CID 3598526.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ellis, Erle C.; Gauthier, Nicolas; Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Bliege Bird, Rebecca; Boivin, Nicole; Díaz, Sandra; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Kaplan, Jed O.; Kingston, Naomi; Locke, Harvey; McMichael, Crystal N. H.; Ranco, Darren; Rick, Torben C.; Shaw, M. Rebecca (27 April 2021). "People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 118 (17): e2023483118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823483E. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023483118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8092386 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33875599 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Ellis, E. C. (2011). Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 369(1938), 1010-1035. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Ellis, E. C., Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D., & Ramankutty, N. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(5), 589-606.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alessa, L., & Chapin, F. S. (2008). Anthropogenic biomes: a key contribution to earth-system science. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23(10), 529-531.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Anthrome Maps".
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ellis, E. C. (2013). Sustaining biodiversity and people in the world's anthropogenic biomes. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(3), 368-372.
- ↑ Ellis, Erle C.; Gauthier, Nicolas; Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Bliege Bird, Rebecca; Boivin, Nicole; Díaz, Sandra; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Kaplan, Jed O.; Kingston, Naomi; Locke, Harvey; McMichael, Crystal N. H.; Ranco, Darren; Rick, Torben C.; Shaw, M. Rebecca (2021-04-27). "People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 118 (17): e2023483118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823483E. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023483118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8092386 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33875599 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Martin, Laura J.; Adams, Rachel I.; Bateman, Ashley; Bik, Holly M.; Hawks, John; Hird, Sarah M.; Hughes, David; Kembel, Steven W.; Kinney, Kerry; Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis; Levy, Gabriel; McClain, Craig; Meadow, James F.; Medina, Raul F.; Mhuireach, Gwynne (2015). "Evolution of the indoor biome". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 30 (4): 223–232. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.02.001. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 25770744. S2CID 19246688.
- ↑ Bertone, Matthew A.; Leong, Misha; Bayless, Keith M.; Malow, Tara L. F.; Dunn, Robert R.; Trautwein, Michelle D. (2016). "Arthropods of the great indoors: characterizing diversity inside urban and suburban homes". PeerJ (in Turanci). 4: e1582. doi:10.7717/peerj.1582. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4727974. PMID 26819844.
- ↑ Ecosystem approach to Aquaculture management and biodiversity conservation in a Mediterranean coastal wetland: case study of Doniana marshes (Andalucia, Spain), United Nations Environmental Program / Mediterranean Action Plan, Tunis 2012.
- ↑ Ellis, E. C. (2015). Ecology in an Anthropogenic Biosphere. Ecological Monographs.
- ↑ Martin, L. J., Quinn, J. E., Ellis, E. C., Shaw, M. R., Dorning, M. A., Hallett, L. M., ... & Michel, N. L. (2014). Conservation opportunities across the world's anthromes. Diversity and distributions, 20(7), 745-755.