Farantin hasken rana
 solar panel | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
appliance (en)  da energy source (en) |
| Amfani |
energy transformation (en) |
| Color (en) | shuɗi |
| Uses (en) |
solar energy (en) |
farantin Hasken rana na'urar ce da ke canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki,ta hanyar amfani da sel na photovoltaic (PV). Ana yin ƙwayoyin PV da kayan da ke samar da lantarki masu farin ciki lokacin da aka fallasa su ga haske. Electrons suna gudana ta hanyar da'ira kuma suna samar da wutar lantarki ta yanzu (DC), wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da wutarৰণ na'urori daban-daban ko adanawa a cikin batir. An kuma san bangarorin hasken rana a matsayin bangarorin sel na hasken rana, bangarorin lantarki na hasken wuta, ko kuma tsarin PV.
farantin Hasken rana na'urar ce da ke canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki,ta hanyar amfani da sel na photovoltaic (PV). Ana yin ƙwayoyin PV da kayan da ke samar da lantarki masu farin ciki lokacin da aka fallasa su ga haske. Electrons suna gudana ta hanyar da'ira kuma suna samar da wutar lantarki ta yanzu (DC), wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da wutarৰণ na'urori daban-daban ko adanawa a cikin batir. An kuma san bangarorin hasken rana a matsayin bangarorin sel na hasken rana, bangarorin lantarki na hasken wuta, ko kuma tsarin PV.
Wasu fa'idodi na bangarorin hasken rana sune cewa suna amfani da tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa da tsabta, rage hayakin gas, da kuma rage kudaden wutar lantarki. Wasu rashin amfani sune cewa sun dogara da wadata da tsananin hasken rana, suna buƙatar tsaftacewa, kuma suna da tsada mai yawa. Ana amfani da bangarorin hasken rana don zama, kasuwanci, da dalilai na masana'antu, da kuma sararin samaniya, sau da yawa tare da batir.
Tarihi
gyara sasheA cikin 1839, ikon wasu kayan don ƙirƙirar cajin lantarki daga hasken haske ya fara lura da shi ne ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar Faransa Edmond Becquerel.[1] Kodayake waɗannan bangarorin hasken rana na farko ba su da inganci sosai ga na'urorin lantarki masu sauƙi, an yi amfani da su azaman kayan aiki don auna haske.[2]
Binciken da Becquerel ya yi ba a sake maimaita shi ba har zuwa 1873, lokacin da injiniyan lantarki na Ingila Willoughby Smith ya gano cewa cajin zai iya haifar da haske da ya buga selenium. Bayan wannan binciken, William Grylls Adams da Richard Evans Day sun buga "Aikin haske akan selenium" a cikin 1876, suna kwatanta gwajin da suka yi amfani da shi don kwaikwayon sakamakon Smith.[1][3]
A cikin 1881, mai kirkirar Amurka Charles Fritts ya kirkiro kwamiti na farko na hasken rana, wanda Fritts ta ruwaito a matsayin "ci gaba, dindindin kuma mai karfi ba kawai ta hanyar hasken rana ba har ma da hasken rana. " Koyaya, waɗannan bangarorin hasken rana ba su da inganci sosai, musamman idan aka kwatanta da tashoshin wutar lantarki.
A cikin 1939, Russell Ohl ya kirkiro ƙirar tantanin hasken rana wanda ake amfani da shi a yawancin bangarorin hasken rana na zamani. Ya ba da izini ga ƙirar sa a shekara ta 1941.[4] A shekara ta 1954, Bell Labs ne suka fara amfani da wannan ƙirar don ƙirƙirar sel na silicon na farko mai cin gashin kansa.[1]
Masu shigar da bangon hasken rana sun ga ci gaba mai mahimmanci tsakanin 2008 da 2013.[5] Saboda wannan ci gaban yawancin masu shigarwa suna da ayyukan da ba su da "mafi kyau" rufin hasken rana don yin aiki tare kuma dole ne su sami mafita ga rufin inuwa da matsalolin daidaitawa.[6] Wannan ƙalubalen da farko an magance shi ta hanyar sake fadada micro-inverters kuma daga baya kirkirar masu inganta wutar lantarki.
Masana'antun panel na hasken rana sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin micro-inverter don ƙirƙirar samfuran AC da kamfanonin inganta wutar lantarki da suka yi haɗin gwiwa da masana'antun samfuran don ƙirƙirar samfuri masu wayo.[7] A cikin 2013 yawancin masana'antun panel na hasken rana sun sanar kuma sun fara jigilar hanyoyin da suke amfani da su.[8]
Ka'ida da gini
gyara sashe
Modules na photovoltaic sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na sel na hasken rana kuma suna amfani da makamashi mai haske (photons) daga Sun don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar tasirin photovoltaic. Yawancin sassan suna amfani da sel na silicon mai laushi ko sel masu laushi. Tsarin (mai ɗaukar kaya) memba na wani tsari na iya zama ko dai saman Layer ko Layer na baya. Dole ne a kare sel daga lalacewar inji da danshi. Yawancin sassan suna da tsayi, amma wadanda ke da sassauci wanda ya dogara da sel masu laushi suna samuwa. Ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ta hanyar lantarki a cikin jerin, ɗaya zuwa ɗaya zuwa ƙarfin lantarki da ake so, sannan a layi ɗaya don ƙara halin yanzu. iko (a cikin watts) na tsarin shine ƙarfin lantarki (a cikin volts) da aka ninka ta halin yanzu (a cikin Amperes), kuma ya dogara da adadin haske da nauyin lantarki da aka haɗa da tsarin. Ana samun ƙayyadaddun masana'antu a kan bangarorin hasken rana a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, waɗanda yawanci ba yanayin aiki na gaskiya ba ne da aka fallasa bangarorin Hasken rana a wurin shigarwa.[9]
An haɗa akwatin haɗin PV a bayan bangon hasken rana kuma yana aiki azaman ƙirar fitarwa. Haɗin waje don mafi yawan tsarin photovoltaic suna amfani da haɗin MC4 don sauƙaƙe haɗin da ke hana yanayi zuwa sauran tsarin. Hakanan ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki ta USB.[10] Hakanan bangarorin hasken rana suna amfani da bangarorin ƙarfe waɗanda suka haɗa da kayan aiki, ƙuƙwalwa, siffofin mai nunawa, da kuma kwari don inganta tsarin panel. [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]
Hanyoyin haɗin sel
gyara sasheAna buƙatar haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin hasken rana tare don samar da tsarin, tare da wutar lantarki na gaba da ke toshe yankin hasken rana na gaba dan kadan. Don kara girman yankin da ke gaban hasken rana da kuma inganta ingancin tantanin hasken rana, masana'antun suna amfani da dabarun haɗin hasken rana na baya:
- Lantarki ta baya mai ba da haske (PERC) tana ƙara fim din polymer don kama haske
- Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) yana ƙara wani oxidation layer zuwa fim din PERC don kama ƙarin haske [11]
- Interdigitated back contact (IBC) [12]
Rukunin tsarin PV
gyara sasheTsarin hasken rana guda ɗaya na iya samar da iyakantaccen ƙarfin; yawancin shigarwa suna ƙunshe da ƙididdigar da ke ƙara ƙarfin lantarki ko ƙarfin lantarki. Tsarin photovoltaic yawanci ya haɗa da jerin tsarin photovoltaics, mai juyawa, batirin batir don ajiyar makamashi, mai kula da caji, haɗin kai, masu fashewa da kewayon, fuses, masu sauyawa, mita na ƙarfin lantarki, da kuma zaɓi na tsarin bin hasken rana. An zaɓi kayan aiki a hankali don inganta fitar da makamashi da ajiya, rage asarar watsa wutar lantarki, da canzawa daga halin yanzu kai tsaye zuwa halin yanzu.
Kayan hasken rana masu wayo
gyara sashe
Kayan aiki masu wayo sun bambanta da bangarorin hasken rana na gargajiya saboda kayan lantarki da aka saka a cikin tsarin suna ba da ingantaccen aiki kamar sa ido kan iyakar ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin, saka idanu, da ingantaccen aminci. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Kayan lantarki na wutar lantarki da aka haɗe da firam ɗin tsarin hasken rana, ko kuma an haɗa su da kewayon photovoltaic ta hanyar haɗin kai, ba a la'akari da su da kyau ba.[13]
Kamfanoni da yawa sun fara haɗa cikin kowane tsarin PV daban-daban na lantarki kamar:
- Matsakaicin sa ido na wutar lantarki (MPPT), fasahar canzawa ta DC-to-DC da aka haɓaka don haɓaka girbi na wutar lantarki daga tsarin hasken rana ta hanyar biyan diyya don tasirin inuwa, inda inuwa da ke faɗuwa a wani sashi na module ke haifar da fitar da wutar lantarki na ɗaya ko fiye na sel a cikin module ya faɗi kusa da sifili, amma ba tare da fitar da dukan module ya faɗi zuwa sifili ba.[14]
- Masu sa ido kan aikin hasken rana don bayanai da gano kuskuren
Fasahar
gyara sasheYawancin tsarin hasken rana a halin yanzu ana samar da su ne daga sel na hasken rana (c-Si) da aka yi da polycrystalline ko Monocrystalline silicon. A cikin 2021, silicon mai lu'u-lu'u ya kai kashi 95% na samar da PV a duniya, [15] [16] yayin da sauran kasuwar gabaɗaya ta ƙunshi fasahar fim mai laushi ta amfani da cadmium telluride (CdTe), jan ƙarfe indium gallium selenide (CIGS) da silicon amorphous (a-Si). [17]
Fasahar hasken rana mai tasowa, ƙarni na uku tana amfani da ƙwayoyin fina-finai masu tsayi. Suna samar da sauye-sauye mai inganci sosai don ƙananan farashi idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasahar hasken rana. Har ila yau, ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta masu tsada, masu inganci, da kuma kusanci da aka ɗora su a cikin bangarorin hasken rana a kan jirgin sararin samaniya, yayin da suke ba da mafi girman rabo na ƙarfin da aka samar da kowane kilogram da aka ɗaga cikin sararin samaniya. MJ-cells sune semiconductors kuma an yi su da gallium arsenide (GaAs) da sauran kayan semiconductor. Wata fasahar PV mai tasowa ta amfani da sel na MJ shine concentrator photovoltaics (CPV).
Fim mai laushi
gyara sashemanazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "April 25, 1954: Bell Labs Demonstrates the First Practical Silicon Solar Cell". APS News. American Physical Society. 18 (4). April 2009. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Christian, M. "The history of the invention of the solar panel summary". Engergymatters.com. Energymatters.com. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ↑ Adams, William Grylls; Day, R. E. (1 January 1877). "IX. The action of light on selenium". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (in Turanci). 167: 313–316. doi:10.1098/rstl.1877.0009. ISSN 0261-0523.
- ↑ Ohl, Russell (27 May 1941). "Light-sensitive electric device". Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- ↑ "Solar Industry Data". SEIA. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
- ↑ "California Rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) Resource Assessment and Growth Potential by County" (PDF). California Energy Commission. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
- ↑ "Solar Module OEMs Seeking Advantage With Inverter Electronics". Greentech Media. 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
- ↑ "Leading Solar Module OEMs To Display Next-generation Tigo Energy Technology During PV Expo Japan". Tigo Energy. 2012-02-28. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
- ↑ Kifilideen, Osanyinpeju; Adewole, Aderinlewo; Adetunji, Olayide; Emmanuel, Ajisegiri (2018). "Performance Evaluation of Mono-Crystalline Photovoltaic Panels in Funaab, Alabata, Ogun State, Nigeria Weather Condition". International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology. 5 (2): 8–20.
- ↑ Kinsella, Pat (2021-06-03). "Are solar chargers worth it: a useful tool or a flash in the pan gimmick?". advnture.com. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ↑ Chan, Keng Siew (2019-11-21). "What is a TOPCON solar cell? -" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ↑ "Solar Cell Technology BSF PERC TOPCON HJT IBC - Knowledge". DS New Energy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ↑ "Solar Electronics, Panel Integration and the Bankability Challenge". Greentech Media. 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
- ↑ "Do Solar Panels Work In The Shade? A Complete Guide To Solar Panel Shading, Its Effect, And Its Solutions | RenewableWise". www.renewablewise.com (in Turanci). 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ↑ "PHOTOVOLTAICS REPORT" (PDF).
- ↑ Teixeira, Bernardo; Centeno Brito, Miguel; Mateus, Antonio (2024). "Raw materials for the Portuguese decarbonization roadmap: The case of solar photovoltaics and wind energy". Resources Policy (in Turanci). 90 (104839). doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104839.
- ↑ "Photovoltaics Report" (PDF). Fraunhofer ISE. 28 July 2014. pp. 18, 19.