Edith Guerrier
Edith Guerrier (1870-1958)ya kasance majagaba a fannin kimiyyar laburare.An fi sanin Guerrier don haɓaka shirye-shiryen ɗakin karatu na ci gaba a cikin 1890s,gami da shirin karatu da ɗakin tukwane don 'yan matan Boston's North End,cibiyar baƙi na birni a lokacin Ci gaba Era.
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Tarihin Rayuwa
gyara sasheRayuwar farko
gyara sasheAn haifi Guerrier a cikin 1870 a New Bedford,Massachusetts.Mahaifinta,George Guerrier,Bature ɗan gudun hijira ne wanda ya yi aiki a yakin basasar Amurka a matsayin Laftanar Na Biyu na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.Mahaifiyar Edith,Emma Guerrier (Ricketson)ta mutu lokacin Guerrier yana ƙarami.Guerrier ya yi amfani da yarinta mai yawa wanda ya rabu da mahaifinta da kuma danginsa saboda wahalar samun aiki mai tsayi.Ta zauna a wasu lokuta tare da yayyen mahaifiyarta marigayi,Anna da Walton Ricketson da kuma kawunta Fox dattijo a bangaren mahaifinta.[1]Daga baya Guerrier ya ce game da bangaren Ricketson na iyali, rukuni na "masu kawo cikas, 'yan dabi'a, da masu kishin kasa,"cewa yana kama da "komawa ga jama'ata." [2]Rickets sun kasance abokai tare da mutane irin su Henry David Thoreau,Ralph Waldo Emerson,da dangin Amos Broson Alcott, wanda ya shafi ra'ayin duniya na Guerrier.
Matsa zuwa Boston
gyara sasheA 1887,mahaifin Guerrier ya aika Guerrier zuwa makaranta a Vermont Methodist Seminary and Female College a Montpelier, Vermont.Ta sauke karatu a ranar 25 ga Yuni,1881,bayan shekaru hudu.[1]Bayan kammala karatun, Guerrier ya koma Boston's North End.Guerrier ya fara komawa Boston yana fatan ya zama mai zane.Tare da taimakon kuɗi daga mahaifinta,ta halarci darussa a Gidan kayan tarihi na Fine Arts na Boston.Ta sadu da Edith Brown a can,ɗalibi,kuma su biyun sun kulla abota mai sauri.Abokan Brown da Guerrier ya rikide ya zama haɗin kai na rayuwa da ƙwararru.
Nursing Street North Bennett
gyara sasheKudaden da mahaifin Guerrier ya tanadar mata don zuwa makaranta na cikakken lokaci bai isa ba,don haka Guerrier ya sami aiki a makarantar gandun daji na North Bennett Street Industrial School. Gidan gandun daji, wanda ke kula da iyalai na ƙananan bakin haure,mai taimakon jama'a ne kuma malami Pauline Agassiz Shaw .[1]A lokacin,Ƙarshen Arewacin Boston na ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan jama'a na birane da cibiyoyin baƙi a Amurka.
Sabis na titin Bennett na Arewa "an yi sauye-sauye masu yawa" kama da sauran canje-canjen da aka gani a cikin shirye-shiryen jin dadin jama'a a lokacin Ci gaban Era.[2]Tun da farko ana nufin horar da "zawarawa da matan mazajen da ba su da karfin gwiwa" a fannin sana'a,amma a cikin shekarun 1890 lokacin da Guerrier ya shiga cikin gandun daji,shirye-shiryensa ya kasance mai tasowa don nuna ƙa'idodin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.[2]Guerrier ya zama mai kula da tashar isar da titin North Bennett na Laburaren Jama'a na Boston kuma ya zama mai gudanar da dakin karatunsa.
Sana'a
gyara sashe
Gidan gandun daji "ya ɓullo da shirye-shirye na tushen al'umma da nufin shawo kan matsalolin zamantakewa ga al'ummar baƙi" kuma ya taimaka wa iyalai baƙi su shiga cikin tsarin rayuwar Amurka.[2]Yayin da yake aiki akan waɗannan shirye-shiryen, Guerrier ya gano cewa shirye-shiryen yara da matasa a cikin gandun daji na North Bennett an fi kai hari ga yara maza.Ɗaliban shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyya ga 'yan mata sun kasance "masu kaifin gida" kuma "an tsara su don ƙarfafa tsammanin matsayin jinsi." [2]Sakamakon haka,a cikin 1899,Guerrier ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar karatun 'yan mata.
Ranar Asabar 'Yan Mata
gyara sasheƘungiyoyin karatun Guerrier da suka ci gaba sun zama sananne sosai ga 'yan mata a cikin al'umma,musamman ƙungiyar 'yan mata masu girma da suka kira kansu 'yan matan Asabar.'Yan matan Asabar na yamma sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin asali na Guerrier ya yi aiki da su.[3]Guerrier yana da ƙauna don ba da labari,wasanni,da labarun almara,wanda 'yan mata na Asabar Asabar suka shiga cikin tarurrukansu.[1] ’Yan matan sun koyi yadda ake shiryawa da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo,da suka haɗa da wasan operas, tatsuniyoyi, da wasan kwaikwayo. [1] Har ila yau,'yan matan Asabar sun yi nazarin adabi na yau da kullum,falsafar zamantakewa, da maganganun siyasa. Kulob din ba wai kawai yana da tasiri wajen inganta karawa ilimi ba, da guerrier ma ya inganta matsayin wakilan iyayen Boston don tattaunawa da kungiyar tauhidi, 'yan siyasa,marubuta,da masu siyar da al'umma. " [2]
Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi "'ya'yan Yahudawa, Gabashin Turai,da kudancin Italiyanci masu hijira,"waɗanda yawanci ba su haɗu a cikin al'umma ba saboda "iyakoki marar ganuwa sun wanzu" bisa harshe,addini, akida,da kuma ƙasa.Ga da yawa daga cikin 'yan matan,wannan shi ne karo na farko da suke zama tare da mutane daban-daban. [2]
Guerrier ya yi imanin ya kamata kungiyoyin su mallaki kansu. A sakamakon haka, 'yan mata na Asabar sun kirkiro wata jarida,The SEG News,wanda ya gudana daga 1913 zuwa 1917 kuma "ya ba da rahoto game da ayyukan kulob din," labarai na membobinsa, sake dubawa na abubuwan da suka faru,bayanan bayanai game da al'ummar Arewa End., Editorials,da kuma ainihin aiki.[2]
Tare da nasarar 'yan mata na yammacin Asabar,Guerrier ya haɓaka kulake na karatu don sauran ƙungiyoyin shekaru,daga masu aji huɗu zuwa 'yan mata masu karatun sakandare.[1]Kowace kungiya takan hadu a rana ta daban na mako da lokaci kuma suna kiran kansu bayan rana da lokacin taronsu.Ya zuwa 1915,akwai sama da 250 da suka yi rajista a kulab ɗin karatu na Guerrier.[2]Yin aiki tare da 'yan mata na yammacin Asabar ya jagoranci Guerrier don yin imani cewa ɗakunan karatu za su iya kuma ya kamata su aiwatar da ayyuka ga yara a cikin aikinsu.[1]
Paul Revere Pottery
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A wannan lokacin,Edith Brown da Guerrier sun shafe lokaci suna tafiya zuwa Turai.Yayin da suke wurin,sun lura da matan yankin da suke sayar da zane-zane da sana'o'in da suka kirkira.Bayan sun yi aiki tare da 'yan matan Asabar da yamma,sun yanke shawarar cewa mambobin za su iya samun kudi ta hanyar sayar da kayan da suka yi.Ba da da ewa,The Asabar Maraice Club branched fita don samar da wani kulob mai suna Paul Revere tukwane Club .[1]Edith Brown da Guerrier sun taimaka wajen samar da tukwane da 'yan matan suka yi.Hakan ya baiwa matan bakin haure damar ƙware a wani aiki,da fatan za su iya samar da abinci mai kyau ga iyalansu.Ayyukan tukwane da ɗaliban suka ƙirƙira da sayar da su sun zama muhimmin tushen samun kuɗi ga membobin ƙungiyar.
Sauran aiki
gyara sasheYayin gudanar da waɗannan kulake,Guerrier kuma ya zama ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu a Laburaren Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Arewa a Boston. A cikin 1917,Guerrier ya ɗauki hutun watanni shida na biya daga matsayinta a ɗakin karatu don ba da gudummawar lokacinta a Washington DC don Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Herbert Hoover.[4]A lokacin,ta kasance mai kula da tattarawa,tsarawa da rarraba bayanai ga dakunan karatu na jama'a da dama a duk fadin kasar,kuma ta fara Sabis na Bayanan Laburare na Kula da Abinci.[4]Ta ƙaddamar da wata sanarwa mai suna Bayanan Bayanan Abinci ga Ma'aikatan Laburare,wanda ya daɗe na batutuwa goma sha uku a lokacin 1917.[4]Guerrier ya yi imanin cewa ɗakin karatu zai iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummar Amurka fiye da yawancin tunanin mai yiwuwa:
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Matson, Molly. (1992). “An Independent Woman The Autobiography of Edith Guerrier”. xxiii-xxxix.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Chalmers
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Guerrier, Edith. (1992). “An Independent Woman The Autobiography of Edith Guerrier”. 3-135.