Wikipedia

Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo

Tsohon Birnin Aleppo (Larabci: مدينة حلب القديمة, romanized: Madīnat Halab al-Qadīma) birni ne mai tarihi na Aleppo, Siriya. Kafin yakin basasar Siriya, yawancin gundumomi na tsohon birnin sun kasance da gaske ba su canza ba tun lokacin da aka gina shi a cikin karni na 12 zuwa na 16. Kasancewar ana ci gaba da kai hare-hare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, an tilasta wa mazauna birnin gina rukunin gidaje da gundumomi masu zaman kansu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kowace gunduma tana da halaye na addini da kabilanci na mazaunanta.

Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo
 UNESCO World Heritage Site
Wuri
ƘasaSiriya
Governorate of Syria (en) FassaraAleppo Governorate (en) Fassara
District of Syria (en) FassaraMount Simeon District (en) Fassara
BirniAleppo
Coordinates 36°11′N 37°09′E / 36.18°N 37.15°E / 36.18; 37.15
Map
History and use
List of World Heritage in Danger2013 -

2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
Karatun Gine-gine
Yawan fili 364 ha
Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya
Criterion (iii) (en) Fassara da (iv) (en) Fassara
Reference 21
Region[upper-roman 1] Arab Countries
Registration 1986 (X. )
  1. ↑ According to the UNESCO classification
Aleppo a 1912

Tsohon birnin Aleppo - wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon birni a cikin ganuwar da kuma tsohon yanki mai kama da tantanin halitta a wajen bangon - yana da kusan yanki mai girman hekta 350 (acres 860; 3.5 km2), yana da gidaje fiye da 120,000.[1]

An siffanta shi da manyan gidajenta, kunkuntar lunguna, rufaffiyar souqs da tsohowar ayari, Tsohuwar birnin Aleppo ta zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO a cikin shekara ta alif 1986.[2]

An ruguje da rugujewa ko kona bangarori da dama a Al-Madina Souq da wasu gine-gine na zamanin da na tsohon birnin, sakamakon arangamar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Larabawa na Siriya da dakarun 'yan tawaye na Jabhat al-Nusra, a wani abin da ake kira yakin Aleppo. Da 'yan adawar JN suka kaddamar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2012.[3] A cikin watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2014, kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Islamic Front sun dauki alhakin lalata wasu manyan gine-ginen tarihi da sojojin Siriya ke amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin kagara a tsohon birnin ciki har da adalci. fadar, otal din Carlton da tsohon ginin majalisar birnin.[4][5][6]

An lalata kashi 30%[7] na tsohon birnin Aleppo a fadan.

Asalin da kafuwar

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Tsarin tsohuwar Aleppo
 
Masallacin Khusruwiyah, Khan al-Shouneh da Carlton Citadel Hotel duk sun lalace a yakin Aleppo.

Kwance yake a gefen hagu na Kogin Queiq tsohon birnin yana kewaye da da'irar tsaunuka takwas da ke kewaye da wani fitaccen tsauni na tsakiya wanda aka gina katangar (asali haikalin da ya yi daidai da karni na 2 BC) a cikin siffar acropolis. Rajin da'irar yana da kusan kilomita 10 (6 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmin (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta.[8] Tare da kusan kadada 160 (kadada 400; 1.6 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 5 (3 mi) a zagaye wanda Mamlukes suka sake ginawa a ƙarshe. Katangar ta bace tun daga lokacin. Tana da kofofi tara (5 daga cikinsu an kiyaye su sosai) kuma an kewaye shi da wani babban rami mai zurfi.[8]

A farkon karni na 15 Kiristoci ne suka fara gina sabon rukunin Jdeydeh na tsohon birnin a yankin arewacin tsohon birnin, bayan janyewar Mongol daga Aleppo. Jdeydeh yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan kwata kamar tantanin halitta a Aleppo. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arziki, an kafa wasu sassa da yawa a wajen bangon tsohon birnin a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16.

Tsarin lokaci na tarihi

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A cikin tarihinta, Aleppo na cikin jihohi masu zuwa:

*ca. 2400 BC – tsakiyar karni na 23 BC, Masarautar Armi
  • tsakiyar. Karni na 23 BC – tsakiyar karni na 22 BC, Daular Akkadiya
  • Karni na 21 BC-karni na 19 BC, Masarautar Eblaite
  • ca. 1800 BC-1595 BC, Masarautar Amorite ta Yamhad
  • 1595 BC–ca. 1500 BC, Tsohon Mulkin Hittiyawa
  • ca. 1500 BC-ca. 1450 BC, Mitanni
  • ca. 1450 BC–ca. 1350 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Masar
  • ca. 1350 BC- farkon karni na 12 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Hittiyawa
  • Karni na 11 BC, Masarautar Syro-Hitti ta Palistin
  • karni na 10 BC, daular Syro-hitti ta Bit Agusi
  • Karni na 9 BC-karni na 7 BC, Daular Neo-Assyrian
  • farkon karni na 6 BC – tsakiyar karni na 6 BC, Daular Neo-Babila
  • ca. 550 BC–ca. 350 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa
  • 333 BC-312 BC, Daular Makidoniya
  • 312 BC-88 BC, Daular Seleucid
  • 88 BC-64 BC, Daular Armeniya
  • 64 BC-27 BC, Jamhuriyar Rum
  • 27 BC-395 AD, Daular Rum
  • 476–608, Daular Byzantine
  • 608-622, Sassanid Farisa
  • 622–637, Daular Byzantine (an maidowa)
  • 637–661, Rashidun Caliphate
  • 661–750, Umayyad Khalifanci

 *750–878, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa
  • 878-905, Tulunids
  • 905-941, Halifancin Abbasiyawa (maidowa)
  • 941–944, Daular Ikhshidid
  • 944–1003, Daular Hamdanid
  • 1003-1038, Fatimid Khalifan
  • 1038-1080, Daular Mirdasid
  • 1080–1086, Daular Uqaylid
  • 1086-1118, Daular Seljuq
  • 1118-1128, Artuqids
  • 1128-1183, daular Zengid
  • 1183-1260, Daular Ayyubid
  • 1260 Maris-Oktoba, Mongol Empire
  • 1260–1400, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira)
  • 1400 Daular Timurid
  • 1400–1516, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira) (an maidowa)
  • 1516-1918, Daular Usmaniyya
  • 1920 Maris-Yuli, Larabawa Masarautar Syria
  • 1920-1924, Jihar Aleppo karkashin wajabcin Faransa
  • 1924-1946, Wajen Faransawa na Siriya da Labanon
  • 1946-1958, Jamhuriyar Siriya (1946-1963)
  • 1958-1960, United Arab Republic
  • 1960-Yanzu, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya

Prehistoric da pre-classical zamanin

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Tsohon Aleppo
 
Hadad Temple a cikin Aleppo Citadel

Da kyar masu binciken kayan tarihi suka taba Aleppo, tun da birni na zamani ya mamaye tsohon wurinsa.

Shekarun Farkon Bronze

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Aleppo ya bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin muhimmin birni da ya wuce Damascus. Rikodin farko na Aleppo na iya kasancewa daga karni na uku BC idan an bayyana Aleppo a matsayin Armi, jihar birni mai alaƙa da Ebla daidai. An kuma gano Armi da Tell Bazi na zamani.[9] Giovanni Pettinato ya kwatanta Armi a matsayin canjin Ebla. Naram-Sin na Akkad (ko kakansa Sargon) ya halaka Ebla da Arman a karni na 23 BC.[10][11]

Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya

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A zamanin tsohuwar Babila, sunan Aleppo ya bayyana a matsayin Halab (Halab) a karon farko.[11] Aleppo ita ce babban birnin daular Amoriyawa ta Yamhad. Masarautar Yamhad (kimanin 1800-1600 BC), wanda aka fi sani da 'ƙasar Halab,' ita ce mafi ƙarfi a Gabas Kusa da ita a lokacin.[12]

Hittiyawa a karkashin Mursilis I sun halaka Yamhad a karni na 16 BC. Sai dai kuma nan ba da jimawa ba Aleppo ya koma kan gaba a kasar Siriya lokacin da ikon Hittiyawa a yankin ya ragu saboda rikicin cikin gida.[11]

Zamanin Bronze na karshe

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Da yake cin gajiyar rashin iko a yankin, Parshatatar, sarkin daular Hurrian ta Mitanni, ya ci Aleppo a karni na 15 BC. Bayan haka, Aleppo ya sami kansa a fagen daga a gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin Mitanni da Hittiyawa da Masar.[11]

Hittiyawa Suppiluliumas I sun ci Mitanni na dindindin kuma sun ci Aleppo a karni na 14 BC. Aleppo yana da mahimmancin al'ada ga Hittiyawa don kasancewa cibiyar bautar guguwa-Allah.[11]

Zaman ayan

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Lokacin da mulkin Hittiyawa ya ruguje a karni na 12 BC, Aleppo ya zama wani yanki na masarautar Syro-Hitti na Palistin,[13] sannan masarautar Aramaean Syro-Hittite ta Bit Agusi (wanda ke da babban birninta a Arpad),[14] ta kasance wani yanki na wannan masarauta har sai da aka ci nasara. Ta Assuriyawa A karni na 9 BC, kuma ya zama wani yanki na Daular Neo-Assuriyawa har zuwa karshen karni na 7 BC, kafin ya wuce ta hannun Babila Babila da Farisa Achamenid.

Na gargajiya tsoho

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Alexander the Great ya mallaki birnin a shekara ta 333 BC. Seleucus Nicator ya kafa wurin zama na Hellenic a cikin rukunin tsakanin 301-286 BC. Ya kira ta Beroea (Βέροια), bayan Beroea ta Makidoniya.

Arewacin Siriya ya kasance cibiyar nauyi na ayyukan mulkin mallaka na Hellenistic, don haka al'adun Hellenistic a cikin Daular Seleucid. Kamar yadda sauran garuruwan Hellenized na mulkin Seleucid suka yi, wataƙila Beroa ta ji daɗin ɗan ƴancin yankin, tare da taron jama'a na gida ko boulē wanda ya ƙunshi Hellenes 'yanci.[15]

Biriya ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Seleucid kusan shekaru 300 har zuwa lokacin da aka mika hannun Pompey na ƙarshe na daular Seleucid a shekara ta 64 BC, lokacin da suka zama lardin Romawa. Kasancewar Roma ya ba da kwanciyar hankali a arewacin Siriya sama da ƙarni uku. Ko da yake wani ɗan majalisa ne daga Roma ne ke gudanar da lardin, Roma ba ta tilasta wa rukunin masu mulki da ke jin Hellenanci ba.[15]

An ambaci Beroea a cikin 2 Macc. 13:3.

Zamanin daular da kuma fadada garin

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Gidan sarautar kagara ya gyara zama a lokacin Mamluk

Sarkin Sassanid Khosrow na I ya washe kuma ya kona Aleppo a shekara ta 540 AZ.[16][17] Daga baya, Farisawa Sassanid sun mamaye Siriya a takaice a farkon karni na 7. Jim kadan bayan Aleppo ta fada hannun Larabawa karkashin Khalid bn al-Walid a shekara ta 637 miladiyya. A shekara ta 944 AZ, ta zama wurin zama na Masarautar mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin yarima Hamdanid Sayf al-Daula, kuma ta sami ci gaba mai girma.

A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1138 bayan haihuwar Yesu, wata girgizar ƙasa mai kisa ta abkawa birnin da kewaye. Ko da yake alkaluma daga wannan lokaci ba su da tabbas, amma an yi imanin cewa mutane 230,000 ne suka mutu, wanda ya zama girgizar kasa ta biyar mafi muni a tarihi.

Bayan da Tamerlane ya mamaye Aleppo a shekara ta 1400 kuma ya lalata shi, Kiristoci sun yi hijira daga ganuwar birnin suka kafa nasu cell a shekara ta 1420, a yankunan arewa maso yammacin birnin, ta haka ne suka kafa sassan Jdeydeh. Mazaunan Jdeydeh sun kasance dillalai ne da ke saukaka kasuwanci tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje da 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida. An gina wasu gundumomi da yawa a wajen bangon tarihi a ƙarni na 15 da 16.

An ambaci birnin, ta ɗaya daga cikin mayu, a cikin William Shakespeare's Macbeth, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 1603 AZ da 1607 AZ.[18]

Babban abubuwan gani

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Aleppo tana da nau'ikan gine-gine masu gauraye, waɗanda aka yi musu mulkin, a tsakanin sauran, ta Rumawa, Rumawa, Seljuqs, Mamluk da Ottomans.[19]

Gine-gine iri-iri na ƙarni na 13 da na 14, kamar su ayari, caeriya, makarantun kur’ani, hammams da gine-ginen addini ana samun su a tsohon birni. Yankunan gundumar Jdeydeh gida ne ga gidaje masu yawa na ƙarni na 16 da na 17 na Aleppin bourgeoisie, waɗanda ke ɗauke da zanen dutse.

Souqs da Khans

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Bawabet al-Yasmin kusa da kasuwar ulu, Jdeideh
 
Tsohon Aleppo, ƙofar Al-Madina Souq

Matsayin kasuwanci mai mahimmanci na birnin ya jawo hankalin mazauna kowane jinsi da imani waɗanda suke son cin gajiyar hanyoyin kasuwanci da suka hadu a Aleppo daga China da Mesofotamiya zuwa gabas, Turai zuwa yamma, da Crescent mai albarka da Masar a kudu. . Mafi girman kasuwar souq-kasuwa a duniya yana cikin Aleppo, tare da kimanin tsawon kilomita 13 (mil 8.1).[20]

Al-Madina Souq, kamar yadda aka sani a cikin gida, cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci da ake shigowa da ita daga waje, kamar danyen siliki daga Iran, kayan yaji da rini daga Indiya, da kofi daga Damascus. Souq al-Madina kuma gida ne da kayayyakin gida kamar su ulu, kayan noma da sabulu. Yawancin sukuwan sun samo asali ne tun a karni na 14 kuma ana kiran su da sana’o’i da sana’o’i daban-daban, don haka sukuwar ulu, da tagulla, da sauransu. Banda fatauci, sukuwa ya ba 'yan kasuwa da kayansu a cikin khans (wasu caravanserais) suka watse a cikin souq. Sauran nau'ikan ƙananan wuraren kasuwa ana kiran su caeserias (قيساريات). Caeserias sun fi khans girma a girmansu kuma suna aiki azaman bita na masu sana'a. Yawancin khans sun ɗauki sunayensu bayan wurin da suke a cikin souq da aiki, kuma an siffanta su da kyawawan kayan ado da ƙofar shiga tare da katangar kofofin katako.

Manyan khans a ciki da wajen yankin Souq al-Madina da aka rufe sune: Khan al-Qadi daga 1450, Khan al-Saboun daga farkon karni na 16, Khan al-Nahhaseen na 1539, Khan al-Shouneh daga 1546, Khan al Jumrok daga 1574, Souq Khan al-Wazir daga 1682, Souq al-Farrayin, Souq al-Dira', Souq al-Hiraj, Souq al-Attarine, Souq az-Zirb, Souq Marcopoli, Souq as-Siyyagh, The Venetian' Khan,*Souq Khan al-Harir daga rabin na biyu na karni na 16, Suweiqa, da sauransu.

Sauran souqs na gargajiya da khans a cikin kwata na Jdeydeh (a wajen birni mai katanga):

  • Souq al-Hokedun or "Khan al-Quds". Hokedun yana nufin "gidan ruhaniya" a cikin Armeniya, kamar yadda aka gina shi don zama wurin zama ga mahajjatan Armeniya akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Urushalima. Tsohon ɓangaren Hokedun ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen 15th da farkon ƙarni na 16 yayin da aka gina sabon ɓangaren a cikin karni na 17. A zamanin yau, an mayar da ita wani katon souq mai tarin shaguna masu sana’ar sayar da tufafi.
  • Souq as-Souf ko kasuwar ulu, dake kan titin Salibeh, kewaye da tsoffin majami'u na kwata.
  • Bawabet al-Qasab, cibiyar kasuwancin kayayyakin katako.[21]

Gine-ginen tarihi

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Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na tsohon birnin sun hada da:

 
Citadel na Aleppo
 
Babban Masallacin Aleppo
 
Cocin-Makarantar Al-Shibani
 
Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, 1354
 
Hasumiyar Agogo Bab al-Faraj
 
Dar Basile alley cikin Jdeydeh, karni na 18
  • Babban Masallacin Aleppo

Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Larabci: جَـامِـع حَـلَـب الْـكَـبِـيـر, Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) shi ne mafi girma kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a birnin Aleppo na kasar Siriya. Yana cikin gundumar al-Jalloum na tsohon birnin Aleppo, wurin tarihi na duniya, kusa da kofar shiga Al-Madina Souq. An yi zargin cewa masallacin gida ne ga gawar Zakariyya, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma, wadanda dukkansu abin girmamawa ne a Musulunci da Kiristanci. An gina shi a farkon karni na 8 AZ. Duk da haka, ginin na yanzu ya koma ƙarni na 11 zuwa 14. An gina minaret a cikin masallacin a shekara ta 1090, kuma an lalata shi a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya a watan Afrilun 2013.

  • Citadel, wani katon kagara da aka gina a saman wani katon tudun wucin gadi wanda ya tashi sama da mita 50 (164 ft) sama da birnin, ya samo asali ne tun karni na farko BC. Hane-hane na baya-bayan nan ya gano wani haikali da mutum-mutumi 25 tun daga karni na farko BC.[22] Yawancin tsarin da ake ciki yanzu sun kasance daga karni na 13. Girgizar kasa ta lalata Citadel sosai, musamman a cikin 1822.
  • Al-Matbakh al-Ajami, wani gidan sarauta na farko na ƙarni na 12 da ke kusa da kagara, wanda sarkin Zengid Majd ad-Din bin ad-Daya ya gina. An gyara ginin a ƙarni na 15. Gidan Tarihi na Mashahuri ne tsakanin 1967-1975.
  • Cocin Al-Shibani-Makarantar karni na 12, tsohuwar coci ce kuma makarantar Franciscan Mishan na Maryamu dake cikin tsohon birni, a halin yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman cibiyar al'adu.
  • Khanqah al-Farafira, gidan sufi na ƙarni na 13 wanda Dayfa Khatun ya gina a 1237.
  • Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, mafaka ya yi aiki daga 1354 har zuwa farkon karni na 20.
  • Dar Rajab Pasha, wani katon gidan da aka gina a karni na 16 kusa da titin al-Khandaq. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, an gyara gidan tare da mayar da shi wata muhimmiyar cibiyar al'adu tare da babban dakin wasan kwaikwayo na kusa.
  • Fadar Junblatt, wacce sarkin Kurdawa a Aleppo kuma wanda ya kafa dangin Janpolad (Jumblatt) ya gina a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16; Janpolad bek bin Qasim.
  • Beit Marrash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine dake cikin kwata na al-Farafira, wanda dangin Marrash suka gina a ƙarshen karni na 18.
  • Hasumiyar agogon Bab al-Faraj, wanda 1898-1899 mai zanen Austriya na Chartier ya gina.[23]
  • Grand Serail d'Alep, tsohon wurin zama na gwamnan Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1920s kuma ya buɗe a cikin 1933.
  • National Library na Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1930s kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1945.[24]

Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na Jdeydeh Kirista kwata sun hada da:[25]

  • Beit Wakil, wani katafaren gidan Aleppin da aka gina a shekara ta 1603, tare da kayan ado na musamman na katako. An kai ɗaya daga cikin kayan adonsa zuwa Berlin kuma an nuna shi a gidan kayan tarihi na Pergamon, wanda aka sani da ɗakin Aleppo.
  • Beit Ghazaleh, wani tsohon katafaren gida na ƙarni na 17 mai cike da kyawawan kayan adon, wanda ɗan ƙasar Armeniya Khachadur Bali ya sassaƙa a 1691. An yi amfani da shi azaman makarantar firamare ta Armeniya a ƙarni na 20.
  • Dar Zamaria, wanda aka gina a ƙarshen karni na 17 kuma mallakar dangin Zamaria ne tun farkon ƙarni na 18. A zamanin yau, an mayar da gidan ya zama otal boutique.
  • Beit Achiqbash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine da aka gina a shekara ta 1757. Ginin yana gida ne ga Shahararriyar Al'adun Gargajiya tun 1975, yana nuna kyawawan kayan adon fasahar Aleppin.
  • Dar Basile, gidan Aleppine na ƙarni na 18, yana aiki a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kansa tun 2001.
  • Beit Dallal ko Dallal House, wanda aka gina a cikin 1826 akan wurin tsohuwar coci da gidan zuhudu, a zamanin yau yana aiki azaman otal otal.

Madrasa

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  • Madrasa Al-Halawiyyah, wacce aka gina a shekara ta 1124 a wurin babban cocin Byzantine na Saint Helena na Aleppo na karni na 5, inda, bisa ga al'ada, haikalin Roman ya taɓa tsayawa. Saint Helena, mahaifiyar Constantine Mai Girma, ta gina babban babban cocin Byzantine a nan. A lokacin da 'yan Salibiyya suke wawushe yankunan karkara, babban alkalin birnin ya mai da babban cocin cocin masallaci. A shekara ta 1149, Nur al-Din ya mayar da ita madrasah; mazhabar Musulunci-addini.[26] A zamanin yau, ana iya ganin ginshiƙan Byzantine na tsohon babban coci na karni na 6 a cikin zauren.
  • Madrasa Al-Muqaddamiyah, wacce ke cikin layin Khan al-Tutun, asalin coci ce kafin 1123. Alkalin Aleppo Ibn-Khashab ya mayar da ita masallaci, sannan ta zama madrasah a shekara ta 1168 na Izz Eddin Abdal Malek al-Muqadam. a zamanin Nurul Din. Ita ce madrasah mafi tsufa a Aleppo.[27]
  • Madrasa Al-Shadbakhtiyah, ɗaya daga cikin madrasa na farko na Ayyubid, wanda Jamal al-Din Shadbakht ya gina a shekara ta 1193, wani ƴantaccen bawa na sarkin Zengid Nur al-Din.[28]
  • Madrasa Al-Zahiriyah, wadda aka gina a shekara ta 1217 a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudancin Bab al-Maqam, na Az-Zahir Ghazi.[29]
  • Madrasa Al-Sultaniyah, wanda gwamnan Aleppo Az-Zahir Ghazi ya fara kuma ya kammala tsakanin 1223-1225 da dansa Malek al-Aziz Mohammed ya kammala. Ginin ya fi shahara da mirgine dakin sallah. Yana dauke da kabarin sultan Malik al-Zaher dan Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.[30]
  • Madrasa Al-Firdaws, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mafi kyawun masallatan Aleppo".[31] An gina ta a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudu maso yammacin kofar Bab al-Maqam, ta Dayfa Khatun; Matar gwamna Az-Zahir Ghazi a shekara ta 1235-1236, sannan kuma mai jiran gadon sarautar Ayyubid An-Nasir Yusuf. An san shi da babban iwan ( tsakar gida) tare da tafki a tsakiya kewaye da arches da ginshiƙai na daɗaɗɗen, manyan wasanni tare da tsarin saƙar zuma. Irin wannan salo ne ke siffanta kufaifan dakin sallah. An yi mihrab ɗin da farin marmara mai jijiyar jijiya, jan porphyry da koren diorite.[32]
  • Madrasa Al-Kamiliyah, wacce Fatima Khatun diyar Ayyubid Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil ta gina tsakanin 1230-37 a wajen katangar garin.[33]
  • Madrasa Al-Sharafiyah, dake arewa maso gabashin babban masallacin, wanda Abd al-Rahim bn al-'Ajami da dansa Sharaf al-Din 'Abdul Rahman suka assasa a shekara ta 1242.[34]
  • Madrasa Al-Turantaiyah, wacce ke wajen katangar birnin zuwa gabashin Bab al-Nairab, wanda masanin tarihin Aleppine Ibn al-Udaym ya gina tsakanin 1241-51.[35]
  • Madrasa Al-Ahmadiyah, wacce aka bude a shekara ta 1724 a gundumar al-Jalloum. Yana da tsarin gine-gine na tsarin Tekyes.[36]
  • Madrasa Al-Uthmaniyah, da ke kusa da Bab al-Nasr, wanda Ottoman pasha Al-Duraki ya kafa a 1730, kuma asalin sunansa Madrasa Ridaiya.[37]

Wuraren ibada

gyara sashe
 
Masallacin Khusruwiyah
 
Arba'in Shahidai Cathedral Armeniya
  • Masallacin Al-Shuaibiyah, wanda kuma aka fi sani da al-Omari, al-Tuteh da kuma al-Atras masallacin, shi ne masallaci mafi dadewa a Aleppo, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 637. Ya mamaye tsohuwar tarihi na nasara na Romawa, wanda ya taba nuna farkon decumanus. An sake gyara ginin gaba ɗaya a cikin 1146 da 1401. An san shi da rubutun kufic na ƙarni na 12 da kayan ado.
  • Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Jāmi' Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), wanda aka kafa c. 715 na Umayyad halifa Walid I kuma mai yiwuwa magajinsa Sulaiman ya kammala. Ginin ya ƙunshi kabari mai alaƙa da Zachary, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma. An fara gina ginin na yanzu na Nur al-Din a shekara ta 1158. Duk da haka, ya lalace a lokacin mamayar Mongol na 1260, kuma an sake gina shi. Hasumiyar tsayin mita 45 (148 ft) (wanda aka kwatanta da "babban abin tunawa na Siriya ta tsakiya")[31] an gina shi a cikin 1090-1092 a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Seljuk na farko, Tutush I. Yana da facade huɗu masu salo daban-daban.
  • Masallacin Al-Qaikan ("Masallacin Crow") na karni na 12, wanda aka yi masa ado da tsoffin ginshiƙai guda biyu a cikin basalt a ƙofar. A jikin bangon masallacin, ana iya ganin wani katafaren dutse da ke dauke da rubuce-rubucen hiroglyph na Anadolu.
  • Masallacin Altun Bogha na zamanin Mamluk, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1318.
  • Masallacin Al-Sahibiyah na 1350, wanda aka gina kusa da Khan al-Wazir.
  • Masallacin Al-Tawashi da aka gina a shekara ta 1398 kuma an sake gyara shi a shekara ta 1537. Yana da katafaren facade da aka yi wa ado da kayan kwalliya.
  • Masallacin Al-Otrush, wanda aka gina a 1398 a cikin salon Mamluk. Ya shahara da kawata fuskar bangon waya da kuma kofar shiga wanda aka lullube da muqarnai na Musulunci na gargajiya. An dawo da shi a cikin 1922.
  • Masallacin Al-Saffahiyah, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1425 kuma an sake gyara wani sashi a 1925. Ya shahara da kyan ganimar da aka yi masa ado.
  • Masallacin Khusruwiyah da aka kammala a shekara ta 1547, wanda shahararren masanin Ottoman Mimar Sinan ya tsara.
  • Masallacin Al-Adiliyah, wanda gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Aleppo Muhammed Pasha ya gina a shekarar 1557.[38] Yana da zauren addu'o'in da ke gabansa da arcade, mai dome, mihrab mai tile faience na gida.
  • Arba'in Shahidai Armeniya Apostolic Cathedral na 1429, dake cikin kwata na Jdeydeh.
  • Cocin Mar Assia al-Hakim Cocin Katolika na Syria na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh.
  • Dormition of Our Lady Greek Orthodox Church na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh.
  • Cocin Jdeydeh Kirista kwata kamar Maronite Saint Elias Cathedral, Armeniya Katolika Cathedral na Uwar Mu Reliefs da Melkite Greek Katolika Cathedral na Budurwa Mary.
  • Majami'ar tsakiyar birnin Aleppo ko majami'ar al-Bandara, an kammala tun farkon karni na 9 ta kokarin al'ummar Yahudawa. An lalata majami'ar sau da yawa har zuwa 1428 lokacin da aka maido da shi. Kwanan nan, an gyara ginin da kokarin Yahudawa masu hijira na Aleppin a Amurka.

Kofofi

gyara sashe
 
Ganuwar birnin Aleppo da Ƙofar Qinnasrin, wanda An-Nasir Yusuf ya gyara a shekara ta 1256.

An kewaye tsohon yankin da katanga mai tsawon kilomita 5 (mile 3.1), wanda kofofin tarihi tara suka huda (yawancinsu suna da kyau) na tsohon garin. Waɗannan su ne, a gefen agogo daga arewa-maso-gabas na kagara:

  • Bab al-Hadid (Kofar Ayan)
  • Bab al-Ahmar (Kofar Jar, ta lalace gaba daya)
  • Bab al-Nairab (Kofar Nairab, ta lalace gaba daya)
  • Bab al-Maqam (Kofar Shrine)
  • Bab Qinnasrin (Kofar Qinnasrin)
  • Bab Antakeya (Ƙofar Antakiya)
  • Bāb Jnēn (Ƙofar Lambuna, ta lalace gaba ɗaya)
  • Bab al-Faraj (Ƙofar Ceto, ta lalace gaba ɗaya)
  • Bab al-Nasr (Kofar Nasara, wani bangare ya lalace)

Hammams

gyara sashe
 
Hammam al-Nahhasin

Aleppo ya kasance gida ga hammams 177 a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, har zuwa mamayewar Mongol lokacin da aka lalata wasu muhimman gine-gine a birnin. A halin yanzu, kusan 18 hammams suna aiki a tsohon birni.

  • Hammam al-Sultan wanda Az-Zahir Ghazi ya gina a 1211.
  • Hammam al-Nahhasin ya gina a karni na 12 kusa da Khan al-Nahhasin.
  • Hammam Bab al-Ahmar da Ottoman suka gina.
  • Hammam al-Bayadah na zamanin Mamluk wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1450.
  • Hammam Yalbugha ya gina a cikin 1491 da Sarkin Aleppo Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri.[39]
  • Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, da dai sauransu.

Gundumomi da yankuna

gyara sashe
 
Ragowar tsohuwar katangar dake kofar Bab Al-faraj
 
Tsohon titin da ke kewaye da kagara a Oghlubek, gundumar Altunbogha

Tsofaffin wuraren da ke kewaye da kagara a cikin ganuwar tsohon birni:

  • Gundumar Al-A'jam (الأعجام) tare da unguwar ad-Dahdileh (الدحديلة).
  • Gundumar Altunbogha (ألتونبوغا) tare da unguwannin Oghlubek (أوغلبك) da Sahet al-Milh (ساحة الملح).
  • Gundumar Aqabeh (العقبة) tare da unguwannin Bahsita (بحسيتا), Khan al-Harir (خان الحرير), al-Masaben (المصابن) da Jebb Asad Allah (جب أسد الله).
  • Gundumar Bayadah (البياضة) tare da unguwannin Jbeileh الجبيلة, Keltawiyeh (الكلتاوية) da kuma Mustadamiyeh (المستدامية).
  • Gundumar Farafira (الفرافرة) tare da unguwannin Bandara (البندرة), Qastal Hajjarin (قسطل الحجارين), ad-Dabbagha al-Atiqa (الدباغة العتيقة), Suweiqat Ali (سويقة علي) da Suweiqat Hatem (سويقة حجارين).
  • Gundumar Jalloum (الجلوم) mai makwabtaka da Saffahiyeh (السفاحية), Khan al-Wazir (خان الوزير) da kuma Souq al-Madina (سوق المدينة).
  • Gundumar Qal'at al-Sharif (قلعة الشريف) tare da unguwar Tallet Alsauda (تلة السودا).
  • Gundumar Al-Qasileh (القصيلة) tare da unguwar al-Hawraneh (الحورانة).
  • Gundumar Sahet Bizzeh (ساحة بزة) tare da unguwar Magazleh (المغازلة).

Tsofaffin wurare a wajen bangon tsohon birni:

 
Dandalin Al-Hatab a cikin kwata na Jdeideh
  • Gundumar Abraj (الأبراج) tare da unguwannin Haret al-Pasha (حارة الباشا) da Shaker Agha (شاكر آغا).
  • Gundumar Agyol (أقيول) tare da unguwar Shmesatiyeh (الشميصاتية).
  • Almaji (ألمه جي) tare da unguwannin Qastal Harami (قسطل الحرامي), Wakiliyeh (الوكيلية) da kuma Shara'sous (شرعسوس).
  • Gundumar Bab al-Maqam (باب المقام) tare da unguwannin al-Maghayer (المغاير) da kuma Maqamat (المقامات).
  • Ballat (البلاط) tare da unguwannin Qattaneh (القطانة) da Sahet Hamad (ساحة حمد).
  • Gundumar Ad-Dallalin (الدلالين).
  • Ad-Dudu (الضوضو) tare da unguwannin Safsafeh (الصفصافة), Jubb al-Qubbeh (جب القبة), Jubb Qaraman (جب قرمان) da Barriyet al-Maslakh (برية المسلخ).
  • Fardos (الفردوس) gundumar.
  • Hazzazeh (الهزازة) tare da unguwannin at-Tadribeh (التدريبة) da Zuqaq al-Arba'in (زقاق الأربعين).
  • Gundumar Ibn Ya'qoub (ابن يعقوب) tare da unguwannin Banqusa (بانقوسا) da Mushatiyeh (المشاطية).
  • Gundumar Beit Meheb ko Jdeideh kwata (بيت محب أو الجديدة) tare da unguwannin Sissi (سيسي), Salibeh (الصليبة), Bawabet al-Qasab (بوابة القصب), Basatneh (البساتنة), al-Muballet (البساتنة), al-Muballet (المبhet-at) da kuma Sa'a. Tananir (ساحة التنانير).
  • Gundumar Kalaseh (الكلاسة).
  • Gundumar Muhammad Bek (محمد بك) tare da unguwannin Badenjk (بادنجك), Baggara (البكارة) da Sakhaneh (السخانة).
  • Gundumar Qadi Askar (قاضي عسكر) tare da unguwar Hamza Bek (حمزة بك).
  • Qarleq (قرلق) gundumar.
  • Gundumar Qastal al-Mosht (قسطل المشط) tare da unguwannin al-Aryan (العريان), Trab al-Ghuraba (تراب الغرباء) da kuma Mawardi (الماوردي).
  • Gundumar Sajlikhan (صاجليخان) tare da unguwar Aghajek (أغاجك).
  • Gundumar As-Salheen (الصالحين).
  • Gundumar Tatarlar (تاتارلار).

Kiyaye tsohon birni

gyara sashe

A matsayin tsohuwar cibiyar ciniki, manyan souqs na Aleppo, khans, hammams, madrasas, masallatai da majami'u duk suna buƙatar ƙarin aikin kulawa da kiyayewa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an sake fasalin birnin sosai; a cikin 1954 Masanin ginin Faransa André Gutton ya yanke sabbin tituna da yawa a cikin birni don ba da damar sauƙi don zirga-zirgar zamani. Tsakanin 1954-1983 gine-gine da yawa a cikin tsohon birnin an ruguje don ba da damar gina rukunin gidaje na zamani, musamman a yankunan arewa maso yamma (Bab al-Faraj da Bab al-Jinan). Yayin da wayar da kan jama'a game da buƙatar kiyaye wannan al'adu na musamman ya karu, a ƙarshe an yi watsi da babban tsarin Gutton a cikin 1979 don maye gurbinsa da sabon tsarin da masanin Swiss kuma mai tsara birane Stefano Bianca ya gabatar, wanda ya karbi ra'ayin "kiyaye tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na gargajiya. na Tsohuwar Aleppo" wanda ya share fage ga fitattun masu fafutuka na cikin gida, ciki har da Adli Qudsi, don shawo kan UNESCO ta ayyana Tsohon Birnin Aleppo a matsayin wurin tarihi na duniya a shekarar 1986.[2]

Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama sun hada kai da hukumomin gida da kungiyar Archaeological Society na Aleppo, don gyara tsohon birnin ta hanyar daidaita rayuwar zamani tare da kiyaye tsohon. Hakimi da gundumar suna aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da aka tsara don haɓaka tsohon birni da kwata na Jdeydeh.

Haɗin gwiwar fasaha na Jamus (GTZ) da Gidauniyar Aga Khan (a cikin firam ɗin Shirin Garuruwan Tarihi na Aga Khan) sun ba da gudummawa sosai a cikin tsarin adana tsohon birni. Wakilin gida na Aga Khan Trust for Culture daga 1999 har zuwa 2008 shi ne masanin gine-gine Adli Qudsi, wanda ya taka rawa sosai wajen kare tsohon birni daga rugujewar sojojin da ke fadada birane.[40]

Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ bleeker. "Alepposeife: Aleppo history". Historische-aleppo-seife.de. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "eAleppo:Aleppo city major plans throughout the history" (in Larabci).
  3. ↑ "Fighting in Aleppo starts fire in medieval souks". Kyivpost.com. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  4. ↑ "Bombing of the justice palace". Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  5. ↑ Bombing of Carlton hotel
  6. ↑ Bombing of the city council
  7. ↑ https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-01-20/unesco-30-percent-of-aleppos-ancient-city-destroyed
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Alexander Russell, ed. (1856). The Natural History of Aleppo (1st ed.). London: Unknown. p. 266.
  9. ↑ Paolo Matthiae; Nicoló Marchetti (2013-05-31). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. p. 501. ISBN 9781611322286.
  10. ↑ Pettinato, Giovanni (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991) Ebla, a new look at history p.135
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Hawkins, John David (2000) Inscriptions of the iron age p.388
  12. ↑ Kuhrt, Amélie (1998) The ancient Near East p.100
  13. ↑ Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 111. ISBN 9780191002922.
  14. ↑ John Boardman (1924). The Cambridge Ancient History: The prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.. Volume 3. Part 1. p. 389. ISBN 9780521224963.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Phenix, Robert R. (2008) The sermons on Joseph of Balai of Qenneshrin
  16. ↑ "Aleppo". UNESCO.
  17. ↑ "Aleppo". Britannica.
  18. ↑ "The Tragedy of Macbeth: Act 1, Scene 3". Shakespeare.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  19. ↑ Yacoub, Khaled (16 July 2010). "Travel Postcard: 48 hours in Aleppo, Syria". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  20. ↑ "eAleppo: The old Souqs of Aleppo (in Arabic)". Esyria.sy. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  21. ↑ "Aleppo.us: Khans of Aleppo (in Arabic)". Archived from the original on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  22. ↑ "Aleppo…Cultural Landmark, Trade Hub by the Chinese News Agency (Xinhua)". DP-news. 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  23. ↑ eAleppo Bab al-Faraj tower (in Arabic)
  24. ↑ Aleppo Culture National Library of Aleppo (in Arabic)[permanent dead link]
  25. ↑ "Ministry of Tourism, Syria: Aleppine House (in Arabic)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  26. ↑ Halawiyya Mosque and Madrasa Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  27. ↑ Muqaddamiyya Madrasa Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  28. ↑ Shadbakhtiyya Madrasa Archived ga Afirilu, 26, 2012 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  29. ↑ Zahiriyya Madrasa Archived 2014-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  30. ↑ Sultaniyya Madrasa Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Burns, Russ (1999). Monuments of Syria. New York, London. p. 35. ISBN 9781860642449.
  32. ↑ Terry, Allan (2003). Ayyubid Architecture. Solipsist Press. ISBN 0-944940-02-1.
  33. ↑ Kamiliyya Madrasa Archived 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  34. ↑ Sharafiyya Madrasa Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  35. ↑ "مدارس حلب القديمة ( 2 )". Archived from the original on 2021-05-08. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  36. ↑ Ahmadiyya Madrasa Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  37. ↑ Uthmaniyya Madrasa Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  38. ↑ Syrian Ministry of Tourism Baba Antakya & Qennesrin Archived 2017-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Humphreys, Andrew (2004). Syria & Lebanon. Lonely Planet. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86450-333-3. Hammam yalbougha.
  40. ↑ Writer, Suchitra Bajpai Chaudhary, Staff (2007-09-13). "A true cityzen". GulfNews. Archived from the original on 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
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