Wikipedia

Black Crater

 

Hutun Dutsi Black Crater
Black Crater
General information
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 7,257 ft
Topographic prominence (en) Fassara 1,411 ft
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 44°15′58″N 121°44′55″W / 44.266°N 121.7486°W / 44.266; -121.7486
Mountain system (en) Fassara Cascade Range (en) Fassara
Kasa Tarayyar Amurka
Territory Deschutes County (en) Fassara

Black Crater wani dutse ne mai fitattar da wuta a cikin Yammacin Cascades a cikin kasar Deschutes Oregon . Da yake kusa da McKenzie Pass, dutsen mai fitattun da wuta yana da siffar conical mai zurfi tare da gangara mai laushi. Wataƙila dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya samo asali ne a lokacin Pleistocene kuma bai kasance mai aiki ba a cikin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata. Ayyukan fashewa a dutsen mai fitattun wuta sun samar da kwararar dutse mai laushi da aka yi da basaltic andesite da basalt na olivine; ya kuma samar da ƙwayoyin cinder da yawa. Wani kuskuren al'ada yana faruwa a gefen yammacin dutsen mai fitattun wuta, yana faruwa daga arewa zuwa kudu. Dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya lalace ta hanyar kankara, wanda ya zana babban circus a cikin arewa maso gabashin dutsen, ya samar da rami na yanzu.

An kafa yankin a shekara ta 1862, lokacin da majagaba suka koma yankin da ke kudancin Black Crater, kusa da abin da ke yanzu birnin Sisters. Dutsen yana daga cikin 'yan uwa mata uku, wanda ke ba da ayyukan nishaɗi. Hanyar Black Crater Trail tana gudana hanya ɗaya don kilomita 3.8 (kilomita 6.1) daga hanyar da ke kan hanyar Oregon Route 242, ana iya hawa yankin kudu maso gabashin hanyar. Ana iya samun wasu tsire-tsire na Arctic-Alpine a kan dutsen mai fitattun wuta, gami da dutsen hemlock, ponderosa pine, bitterbrush, da Pacific silver fir.

Yanayin ƙasa

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Black Crater yana cikin Deschutes County, kudu maso gabashin Belknap Crater da arewa maso yammacin Trout Creek Butte.[1] Wani ɓangare na Yammacin Cascades, yana cikin yankin McKenzie Pass kuma kusa da Willamette National Forest. [2][3] Yammacin Cascades sun kunshi yadudduka masu yawa na dutsen dutse wanda ke gudana cikin koguna da ke gudana ta hanyar runoff. Wadannan raƙuman ruwa suna samar da kwarin Kogin Willamette, kuma a lokacin hunturu ana ƙara kwararar ta hanyar ruwan sama da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara.[4]

Dutsen yana da tsawo na 7,257 feet (2,212 m) bisa ga binciken Geodetic na Amurka, wanda ke da tashar da ke ƙasa da taron dutsen mai fitattun wuta. Dutsen yana da siffar conical mai faɗi tare da gangara mai laushi da diamita kusan 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) . [2][5] Taimako yana da kimanin 1,969 feet (600 m) . [2]

Glaciers sun zana circus a cikin arewa maso gabashin dutsen, wanda ya samar da rami na yanzu. rushewa kankara ta fallasa ciki na dutsen mai fitattun wuta, amma saboda ƙananan tsawo na dutsen da kuma aikin fashewa mai tsawo, ba shi da lalacewa fiye da yawancin sauran tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta.[6] Mai yiwuwa kankara ta motsa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cinder a kan Black Crater amma ba ta lalata su ba.[7]

Black Crater is part of the Three Sisters Wilderness,[8] which covers an area of 281,190 acres (1,137.9 km2) and is therefore the second-largest wilderness area in Oregon. Designated by the United States Congress in 1964, the wilderness area borders the Mount Washington Wilderness to the north and shares its southern edge with the Waldo Lake Wilderness. The area includes 260 miles (420 km) of trails and many forests, lakes, waterfalls, and streams, including the source of Whychus Creek.[9] Black Crater sits at the northern edge of the wilderness,[10] forming part of the Alpine Crest region. This area incorporates the northeastern third of the Three Sisters Wilderness and includes most of its major mountains as well as its most popularly visited glaciers, lakes, and meadows.[10]

Muhalli da muhalli

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Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a cikin Oregon Cascades ya kasance daga 11.5 to 13 feet (3.5 to 4.0 m) a kowace shekara, tare da ci gaba amma ruwan sama mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. Yanayin rigar yana tallafawa saurin sake farfadowa na ciyayi, amma ba a wuce ƙarfin shigar ƙasa ba har ma bayan gobara. Black Crater yana kan iyakar wannan yanayi kuma wanda aka samo a gabashin gabas, inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 1.3 feet (0.40 m) ba. Ƙasa ta kunshi Andisols tare da laka mai kyau da tephra da aka fitar daga tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta.

Ana iya samun wasu tsire-tsire na Arctic-Alpine a yankin da ke kusa da Black Crater sama da katako.[3] Yankin arewacin Black Crater yana da tsaunuka masu yawa na dutse, [8] yayin da gefen gabas ke tallafawa ponderosa pine da bitterbrush. A gefen yamma, akwai gandun daji tare da dutse hemlock da Pacific silver fir.[2]

A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2018, wani tarkace ya gudana daga dutsen mai fitattun wuta, wanda ya haifar da runoff daga guguwa da kuma na biyu zuwa Milli Fire, wanda ya ƙone kadada 24,000 (9,700 na ƙasar gandun daji shekara guda da ta gabata.[2] Gudun ya fara ne a wani yanki tare da rilling da rushewa kusa da dutsen mai fitattun wuta kuma ya yi tafiya a kan gangaren arewa maso yammacin dutsen mai fashewa, tsallaka Oregon Route 242 a maki biyu.[2] ab Wutar ta ƙone kashi 63% na yankin da ke gudana a matsakaici ko tsananin tsanani.[2] A mafi ƙanƙanta, kwararar ta kasance ƙafa 16.5 (5.0 , tare da zurfin da ya wuce ƙafa 5 (1.5 . [2]

Ilimin ƙasa

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Volcanism a cikin Cascade Range ya samo asali ne daga subduction na tectonic plate na teku Juan de Fuca a ƙarƙashin tectonic farantin Arewacin AmurkaFarantin tectonic na Arewacin Amurka


Yankin Cascade ya samo asali ne daga raguwar Farantin tectonic na Juan de Fuca a ƙarƙashin Farantin tectonic na Arewacin Amurka, tare da lardin High Cascade a tsakiyar Oregon wanda ya zama kimanin mil 160 zuwa 190 (250 zuwa 300 a gabashin iyakar haɗuwa.[11] A cikin ɓangaren Oregon na Cascade Volcanoes wanda ke gudana na mil 210 (kilomita 340) kudu da Dutsen Hood, akwai akalla tsaunuka 1,054 na Quaternary, waɗanda ke samar da belin dutsen wuta mai mil 16 zuwa 31 (kilomira 25 zuwa 50) a fadin.[12] Wannan belin dutsen wuta ya kai har zuwa mil 19 (30 arewacin iyaka da California, inda aikin dutsen wuta na Quaternary ya katse ta hanyar rami mai nisan kilomita 40 (64) har zuwa tsaunukan dutsen wuta ta Quaternario kusa da Dutsen Shasta.[12] Dutsen Quaternary a cikin Oregon Cascades suna da yawa sosai, suna mai da hankali a cikin yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 3,700 (9,500 .[] Black Crater ya zama wani ɓangare na sarkar Pleistocene, aikin dutsen wuta mai tasowa wanda ke da alamun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, kwararar dutse, da agglutinates. Wasu daga cikin wannan aikin fashewa sun rufe North Sister. Sashin ya kai kimanin 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) daga Black Crater zuwa North Sister .[5] Black Crater yana zaune sama da tsaunin dutsen wuta na Oregon High Cascades . [2]Black Crater wani dutse ne mai fitattun wuta, wanda ya ƙunshi mafic basalt_andesite" id="mw1w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesite da kuma basalt Olivine [6][13][12][5][12][12][6] Yana daga cikin rukuni na tsaunuka masu fashewa a tsakiyar Oregon wanda ya hada da North Sister, Mount Washington, Broken Top, da Black Butte.[6][14] Black Crater yana nuna babban faɗakarwa mai kyau a kan Taswirar anomaly na magnetic, kamar yadda Dutsen Washington, Three Fingered Jack, da Dutsen Jefferson suke, suna nuna shekaru ƙasa da 730,000.[15] Wataƙila dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen Pleistocene kuma bai fashe ba har kimanin shekaru 50,000.[14] Kusan ƙarshen aikinsa na fashewa, dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya kafa ƙwayoyin cinder a gefen kudu maso yammacinsa da kuma ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa da asalin yammacinsa. Scoria da agglomerate kusa da taron koli vent mai yiwuwa ya fashe a lokaci guda kamar waɗannan tsari kuma an shiga su da dikes.[6] Daga baya, an kafa ƙarin ƙwayoyin cinder a kan dutsen mai fitattun wuta, gami da ɗaya a kudancin da aka sani da Millican Crater, wanda ya fashe basalt. [6][6] Millican Crater yana gudana a kan Black Crater, tare da faɗin ƙafa 3,900 (1,200 . Ya fashe da kwararar dutse tare da girman mil 1.2 da 1.9 (2 da 3 , wanda ke gudana kudu da gabas kuma an lalata shi da matsakaici ta hanyar kankara. Wannan kwararar dutsen an yi ta da scoria da agglutinate.[5]

 
Taron koli na Black Crater, tare da 'yan'uwa mata uku a bango

Cinder cones kuma suna faruwa a 250 feet (76 m) da 350 feet (110 m) sama da arewa da arewa maso gabas flanks, bi da bi; an kiyaye su da kyau ba tare da kankara na yanzu ba amma suna nuna wasu shaidu na yanayi.[7] Wani rami a kan gangaren arewa maso yamma ana kiransa Latta Crater bayan John Latta, wani mazaunin farko a yankin.[16] Tafkunan Matthieu guda biyu (wanda ke gefen kudancin dutsen mai fitattun wuta kusa da taron kolinsa) an sanya musu suna ne bayan Faransanci na Kanada François X. Matthieu, wani mazaunin farko a Oregon.[16] Ruwan da aka adana daga Black Crater dan kadan ne; sun kunshi plagioclase da clinopyroxene kuma suna dauke da kashi 55 zuwa 57 cikin dari na silica.[17][5]  Dutsen ya samar da kwararar dutse wanda ya kai arewa da arewa maso gabashin taron na kimanin 4 to 5 kilometres (2.5 to 3.1 mi) . Wannan tsaunuka ya shimfiɗa daga tsakiya na dutsen wuta da aka yi da microdiorite. Saboda rushewar, laka yana da haɗin gwiwa mara kyau.[5]

Wani kuskuren al'ada yana faruwa a gefen yammacin dutsen mai fitattun wuta, yana faruwa daga arewa zuwa kudu.[14] Wani kuskuren kuskuren yana gudana a gefen arewacin dutsen mai fitattun wuta zuwa kudu, wanda ya dace da fashewa a tafkin Matthieu wanda ya faru kimanin shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata, mai zaman kansa daga Black Crater.[18] An ciyar da fashewar ta hanyar dike wanda zai iya kaiwa farfajiyar ta hanyar kuskure.[14] Rashin tafkin Matthieu yana gudana kusan kilomita 5.3 (kilomita 8.5), yana gudana daga arewa maso gabas daga arewacin North Sister har zuwa Black Crater. An yi shi da basaltic andesite tare da abun ciki na silica daga 53.5 zuwa 60%, fissure yana ganin karuwar kiristalization na samfuransa suna motsawa kudu tare da raguwar adadin lu'ulu'u da phenocrysts.[14][18] Rashin ya kunshi ƙwayoyin cinder da magudanar dutse mai fitattun wuta wanda ya fashe cinders, bama-bamai na dutse, da kuma kwararar dutse. An rufe rami da kankara.[14]

Abubuwan da ke kusa

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Yankin Windy Point, wanda ya kunshi basaltic andesite lava da cinder, yana zaune a arewa maso yammacin Black Crater. Daga can, ana iya ganin Dutsen Washington, da kuma basaltic andesite lava daga Yapoah cinder cone volcano da kuma filin lava samar da Belknap Crater.[19] Belknap kuma ya fashe da wani nauyi ajiyar toka da datti wanda ya rufe yankin tsakanin Black Crater da Dry Creek zuwa arewa.[7] Filin dutsen Sixmile Butte, wanda aka kafa a lokacin Pleistocene, ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cinder goma tsakanin Black Crater da Black Butte. Wadannan cones sun fashe basaltic andesite, wanda aka ajiye kafin ci gaban glacial a Suttle Lake.[17] Filin ya kunshi kimanin murabba'in mil (65 .[19] Kudu maso yammacin Black Crater a Lane County, akwai wani karamin rami da ake kira Harlow Crater, mai suna bayan M.H. Harlow, tsohon Shugaban hanyar McKenzie.[16]

Tarihin ɗan adam

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Bayan da shanu tuki shiga yankin McKenzie Pass a cikin 1859 da mishaneri da kuma gano zinariya a gabashin Oregon a farkon shekarun 1860, an kafa yankin kudancin McKenzie Pass kusa da 1862.[3] Mazauna sun zo tare da wagons da fiye da shanu 60 da shanu 700.Sun koma cikin yankin da ke kudancin Black Crater, kusa da abin da ke yanzu birnin Sisters. 'Yan uwan Scott ne suka jagoranci kungiyar, wadanda daga nan suka kirkiro Kamfanin McKenzie Fork Wagon Road Company don gina hanya a kan filayen lava a yankin, sannan kamfanin McKenzie River Wagon Road ya biyo baya, wanda aka kafa don gina hanya ta fadin Cascade Range a kusa da tsaunukan wuta na 'yan uwa mata uku da za su haye Kogin Deschutes. Kamfanin gini na uku ya ba da shawarar gina hanyar arewacin 'yan uwa mata uku wanda zai haye Deschutes sama da bakin kogin, Kogin Crooked.[3]

Wasanni

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Mai tafiya a kan hanyar Black Crater

Hanyar Black Crater Trail tana gudana hanya ɗaya don kilomita 3.8 (kilomita 6.1) daga hanyar da ke kan hanyar Oregon Route 242. Ya wuce ta cikin Three Sisters Wilderness kuma daga ƙarshe ya kai saman Black Crater, inda za'a iya ganin tsaunukan wuta na North Sister da Mount Washington.[8] Ana iya tafiya a kan hanyar ko ƙoƙarin hawa doki, amma ba a ba da izinin kekunan dutse da motoci ba.[8] An yi la'akari da matsakaicin wahala don tafiya, yana ɗaukar matsakaicin sa'o'i 4 don kammalawa, yana da tsawo daga ƙafa 4,900 zuwa 7,251 (1,494 zuwa 2,210 .[20] Za'a iya yin tseren kankara a yankin kudu maso gabashin hanyar.[20] Tun daga shekara ta 1905, Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka ce ke kula da duk ayyukan nishaɗi a Black Crater. Masu kula da gandun daji sun gina Hasumiyar mai lura da wuta a 1925, amma ba ta aiki a cikin shekarun 1960.[10]

Bayani

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  1. ↑ Birdseye 1923.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Wall, Roering & Rengers 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Brogan 1969.
  4. ↑ Duncan 2002.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Hildreth, Fierstein & Calvert 2012.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Williams 1944.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Taylor 1965.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Deschutes National Forest: Black Crater Trail #4058". USDA Forest Service. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Three Sisters Wilderness: General". Wilderness Connect. U.S. Forest Service and the University of Montana. Archived from the original on 2014-04-01. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Joslin 2005.
  11. ↑ James, Manga & Rose 1999.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Hildreth 2007.
  13. ↑ Fierstein, Hildreth & Calvert 2011.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Conrey, Grunder & Schmidt 2004.
  15. ↑ Foote 1986.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 McArthur & McArthur 1984.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Sherrod et al. 2004.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Schmidt 2006.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Taylor 1981.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Van Tilburg 2011.
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