Bayanai
Bayanai ( US : / ˈdætə / ; UK : / ˈd eɪtə / ) haƙiƙa ne na daidaiku, ƙididdiga, ko abubuwan bayanai, galibi na lambobi. A cikin ƙarin ma'anar fasaha, bayanai sune saitin ƙimar ƙima ko ƙididdiga masu ƙididdigewa game da mutum ɗaya ko fiye da haka ko abubuwa, [1] yayin da datum (ƙwayoyin bayanai guda ɗaya) ƙima ɗaya ne na mabambanta ɗaya. Ko da yake ana amfani da kalmomin "bayanai" da "bayani" sau da yawa tare, wannan kalmar tana da ma'anoni daban-daban. A cikin wasu shahararrun wallafe-wallafe, wani lokaci ana cewa bayanai ana canza su zuwa sanarwa lokacin da aka duba su a cikin mahallin ko a bayan nazari. Koyaya, a cikin jiyya na ilimi na bayanan batun raka'a ne na bayanai kawai. Ana amfani da bayanai a cikin binciken kimiyya, gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci (misali, bayanan tallace-tallace, kudaden shiga, riba, farashin hannun jari ), kuɗi, gudanarwa (misali, ƙimar laifuka, ƙimar rashin aikin yi, ƙimar karatu ), kuma a kusan kowane nau'i na ayyukan ƙungiyar ɗan adam misali, ƙidayar adadin mutanen da ba su da matsuguni ta ƙungiyoyin sa-kai).
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Gabaɗaya, bayanai sune zarra na yanke shawara: su ne mafi ƙanƙanta raka'a na bayanan gaskiya waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman tushen dalili, tattaunawa, ko lissafi. Bayanai na iya zuwa daga ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki zuwa ma'auni na kankare, har ma da ƙididdiga. Ana auna bayanai, tattarawa, bayar da rahoto, da kuma nazarin su, kuma ana amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bayanan gani kamar hotuna, teburi ko hotuna. Bayanai a matsayin ra'ayi gabaɗaya yana nufin gaskiyar cewa wasu bayanan da ke wanzuwa ko ilimi ana wakilta ko ƙididdige su ta wani nau'i mai dacewa don ingantaccen amfani ko sarrafawa . Raw data ("bayanan da ba a sarrafa su ba") tarin lambobi ne ko haruffa kafin a "tsabta" kuma masu bincike su gyara su. Ana buƙatar gyara ɗanyen bayanai don cire masu fita ko bayyananniyar kayan aiki ko kurakuran shigarwar bayanai (misali, karatun ma'aunin zafi da sanyi daga wurin Arctic na waje yana rikodin yanayin zafi). sarrafa bayanai yawanci yana faruwa ta matakai, kuma "bayanan da aka sarrafa" daga mataki ɗaya ana iya la'akari da "raw data" na mataki na gaba. Bayanan fili ɗanyen bayanai ne waɗanda aka tattara a cikin yanayin da ba a sarrafa shi " a wurin". Bayanan gwaji bayanai ne da aka samar a cikin mahallin binciken kimiyya ta hanyar lura da rikodi. An bayyana bayanai a matsayin "sabon mai na tattalin arzikin dijital ".
Ilimin Halayyar Dan adam Da Kalmomi
gyara sasheAn Fara Amfani na farko da turanci akan kalmar "Bayanai" daga 1640s ne. An fara amfani da kalmar “data” don nufin “bayanan kwamfuta masu iya aikawa da adanawa” a shekara ta 1946. An fara amfani da kalmar “ sarrafa bayanai” a shekara ta 1954.
Bayanin kalmar Latin shine jam'in ' datum', "(abu) da aka bayar," tsaka-tsakin abin da ya gabata na dare "don bayarwa". A cikin Ingilishi ana iya amfani da kalmar data a matsayin suna na jam'i ta wannan ma'ana, tare da wasu marubuta - yawanci, waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta, kimiyyar rayuwa, da ilimin zamantakewa - suna amfani da datum a cikin mufuradi da kuma bayanai don jam'i, musamman a karni na 20. kuma a yawancin lokuta ma na 21 (misali, salon APA kamar na bugu na 7 har yanzu yana buƙatar "data" don zama jam'i. ). Koyaya, a cikin yare na yau da kullun da yawancin amfani da haɓaka software da kimiyyar kwamfuta, "bayanai" an fi amfani da shi a cikin mufuradi azaman babban suna (kamar "yashi" ko "ruwan sama"). Kalmar babban bayanai tana ɗaukar maɗaukakiyar.
Ma'ana
gyara sashe
.Bayanai, bayanai, ilimi, da hikimomi ra'ayoyi ne masu alaƙa, amma kowannensu yana da matsayinsa game da ɗayan, kuma kowane kalma yana da ma'anarsa. Bisa ga ra'ayi na kowa, ana tattara bayanai da kuma nazarin su; bayanai kawai za su zama bayanan da suka dace don yanke shawara da zarar an yi nazarin su ta wani salo.Mutum na iya cewa iyakar bayanan da wani ke ba da labari ya dogara ne da girman abin da mutumin bai yi tsammani ba. Adadin bayanan da ke ƙunshe a cikin rafin bayanai na iya siffanta shi ta Shannon entrop
Ilimi shine fahimtar da ke kan kwarewa mai yawa wajen mu'amala da bayanai kan wani batu. Misali, tsayin Dutsen Everest gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar bayanai. Ana iya auna tsayi daidai da altimeter kuma a shigar da shi cikin ma'ajin bayanai. Ana iya haɗa wannan bayanan a cikin littafi tare da wasu bayanai akan Dutsen Everest don kwatanta dutsen a hanyar da ta dace ga waɗanda suke so su yanke shawara a kan hanya mafi kyau don hawansa. Fahimtar da ta danganci hawan tsaunuka wanda zai iya ba mutane shawara kan hanyar zuwa kololuwar tsaunin Everest ana iya kallon su a matsayin "ilimi". Ana iya ganin hawan dutsen Everest a aikace bisa wannan ilimin a matsayin "hikima". Wato, hikima tana nufin yin amfani da ilimin mutum a zahiri a waɗannan yanayi da nagarta za ta iya haifar da ita. Don haka hikimar ta cika kuma ta kammala jerin "bayanai", "bayanai" da "ilimin" na ƙara bayyana ra'ayoyin.
Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar bayanai a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ra'ayi, bayanai mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma ilimi mafi ƙanƙanta. A wannan ra'ayi, bayanai sun zama bayanai ta hanyar fassara; misali, tsayin Dutsen Everest gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa “bayanai”, littafin da ke kan tsaunin Dutsen Everest ana iya ɗaukarsa “bayani”, kuma littafin jagora mai hawa wanda ke ɗauke da bayanai masu amfani kan hanya mafi kyau don isa kololuwar Dutsen Everest ana iya ɗaukarsa “ilimi” . "Bayani" yana ɗauke da ma'anoni daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta daga amfanin yau da kullun zuwa amfani da fasaha. Wannan ra'ayi, duk da haka, an kuma yi jayayya don juya yadda bayanai ke fitowa daga bayanai, da bayanai daga ilimi. Gabaɗaya magana, manufar bayanai tana da alaƙa da ra'ayi na ƙuntatawa, sadarwa, sarrafawa, bayanai, tsari, koyarwa, ilimi, ma'ana, kuzarin tunani, tsari, fahimta, da wakilci. Beynon-Davies yana amfani da manufar alama don bambanta tsakanin bayanai da bayanai; bayanai jerin alamomi ne, yayin da bayanai ke faruwa lokacin da ake amfani da alamomin don nuni ga wani abu.
Kafin samar da na'urorin kwamfuta da injina, dole ne mutane su tattara bayanai da hannu tare da sanya masa tsari. Tun da haɓaka na'urorin kwamfuta da injuna, waɗannan na'urori kuma suna iya tattara bayanai. A cikin 2010s, ana amfani da kwamfutoci sosai a fagage da yawa don tattara bayanai da warwarewa ko sarrafa su, a cikin fannonin da suka kama daga tallace-tallace, nazarin ayyukan zamantakewar jama'a da 'yan ƙasa ke amfani da su zuwa binciken kimiyya. Ana ganin waɗannan alamu a cikin bayanai azaman bayanan da za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka ilimi. Ana iya fassara waɗannan alamu a matsayin " gaskiya " (ko da yake "gaskiya" na iya zama ra'ayi na ainihi) kuma ana iya ba da izini a matsayin ma'auni na ado da ɗabi'a a wasu fannoni ko al'adu. Abubuwan da suka bar bayan fage na zahiri ko na zahiri ana iya gano su ta hanyar bayanai. Ba a daina la'akari da alamomi da zarar an karya hanyar haɗin da ke tsakanin alamar da kallo.
Ana rarraba na'urorin kwamfuta bisa ga yadda suke wakiltar bayanai. Kwamfutar analog tana wakiltar datum azaman ƙarfin lantarki, nisa, matsayi, ko wani adadin jiki. Kwamfuta ta dijital tana wakiltar yanki na bayanai azaman jerin alamomin da aka zana daga kafaffen haruffa . Mafi yawan kwamfutoci na dijital suna amfani da haruffan binary, wato haruffan haruffa guda biyu waɗanda galibi suna nuna "0" da "1". Ƙarin sanannun wakilci, kamar lambobi ko haruffa, ana gina su daga haruffan binary. An bambanta wasu nau'ikan bayanai na musamman. Shirin kwamfuta tarin bayanai ne, wanda za'a iya fassara shi azaman umarni. Yawancin harsunan kwamfuta suna bambanta tsakanin shirye-shirye da sauran bayanan da shirye-shiryen ke aiki akan su, amma a cikin wasu harsuna, musamman Lisp da makamantansu, shirye-shiryen ba su da bambanci da sauran bayanai. Hakanan yana da amfani don rarrabe metadata, wato, bayanin wasu bayanai. Har ila yau kalma mai kama da shi a baya don metadata shine "bayanan ancillary." Misalin misali na metadata shine kas ɗin ɗakin karatu, wanda shine bayanin abubuwan da ke cikin littattafai.[2]
Takardun bayanai
gyara sasheA duk lokacin da ake buƙatar yin rajistar bayanai, bayanai suna wanzuwa ta hanyar takaddun bayanai. Nau'in takaddun bayanai sun haɗa da:
- ma'ajiyar bayanai
- nazarin bayanai
- saitin bayanai
- software
- takarda data
- database
- littafin jagora
- jaridar data
Wasu daga cikin waɗannan takaddun bayanai (majigin bayanai, nazarin bayanai, saitin bayanai, da software) ana ƙididdige su a cikin Fihirisar Bayanan Bayanai, yayin da takaddun bayanai ke bayyani a cikin bayanan littattafan gargajiya na gargajiya, misali, Indexididdigar Cigaban Kimiyya . Duba gaba.
Tarin bayanai
gyara sasheAna iya samun nasarar tattara bayanai ta hanyar tushe na farko (mai binciken shine mutum na farko da ya fara samun bayanan) ko kuma na biyu (mai binciken ya sami bayanan da wasu kafofin suka rigaya suka tattara, kamar bayanan da aka watsa a cikin mujallar kimiyya). Hanyoyin nazarin bayanai sun bambanta kuma sun haɗa da triangulation na bayanai da ɓarna bayanai. Ƙarshen yana ba da hanyar tattarawa, rarrabuwa, da kuma nazarin bayanai ta amfani da kusurwoyi masu yuwuwar bincike guda biyar (aƙalla uku) don haɓaka haƙiƙanin binciken da ba da damar fahimtar al'amuran da ke ƙarƙashin bincike cikakke gwargwadon yiwuwa: hanyoyin inganci da ƙididdigewa, adabi. sake dubawa (ciki har da labaran masana), hirarraki da masana, da kwaikwaiyon kwamfuta. Bayan haka, bayanan suna "ɓoye" ta amfani da jerin matakan da aka riga aka ƙaddara don fitar da bayanan da suka fi dacewa.[3]
A wasu fannonin
gyara sasheKo da yake ana ƙara amfani da bayanai a wasu fannoni, an ba da shawarar cewa yanayin fassarar su na iya yin saɓani da tsarin bayanai kamar yadda "an bayar". Peter Checkland ya gabatar da kalmar capta (daga Latin capere, "dauka") don bambanta tsakanin adadi mai yawa na yiwuwar bayanai da kuma wani yanki na su, wanda hankali ya karkata. Johanna Drucker ya bayar da hujjar cewa tun da ’yan Adam sun tabbatar da samar da ilimi a matsayin “wuri, bangaranci, da tsarin mulki,” ta yin amfani da bayanai na iya gabatar da zato waɗanda ba su da fa’ida, alal misali cewa al’amura suna da hankali ko kuma masu zaman kansu ne. Kalmar capta, wanda ke jaddada aikin lura a matsayin mai mahimmanci, ana ba da shi azaman madadin bayanai don wakilcin gani a cikin ɗan adam.
Duba kuma
gyara sashe- Biological data
- Computer memory
- Data acquisition
- Data analysis
- Data bank
- Data cable
- Data curation
- Dark data
- Data domain
- Data element
- Data farming
- Data governance
- Data integrity
- Data maintenance
- Data management
- Data mining
- Data modeling
- Data point
- Data visualization
- Computer data processing
- Data preservation
- Data publication
- Data protection
- Data remanence
- Data science
- Data set
- Data structure
- Data warehouse
- Database
- Datasheet
- Environmental data rescue
- Fieldwork
- Information engineering
- Machine learning
- Open data
- Scientific data archiving
- Statistics
- Secondary Data
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/data
- ↑ https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/data