Allurar rigakafin kashe kwayoyin cuta
Alurar riga kafi Ya kasance wani nau'i ne na rigakafin subunit wanda ya haɗu da antigen mai rauni tare da antigen mai ƙarfi a matsayin mai ɗauka domin tsarin rigakafi ya sami karfin amsawa ga antigen mai rauni.
 Allurar rigakafin kashe kwayoyin cuta | |
|---|---|
vaccine type (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
vaccine (en) da subunit vaccine (en) |
| NCI Thesaurus ID (en) | C1455 |
Ana amfani da alluran rigakafi don hana cututtuka ta hanyar kiran amsawar rigakafi zuwa antigen, wani ɓangare na ƙwayoyin cuta ko na haltta waɗanda tsarin rigakafi ya gane. [2] Yawancin lokaci ana yin wannan tare da raguwa ko mataccen sigar ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin maganin, ta yadda tsarin rigakafi zai iya gane antigen daga baya a rayuwa. [2]
Yawancin maganin rigakafi sun ƙunshi antigen guda ɗaya wanda jiki zai gane. Duk da haka, antigen na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ba ya haifar da amsa mai karfi daga tsarin rigakafi, don haka allurar rigakafin wannan antigen mai rauni ba zai kare mutum daga baya a rayuwarsa ba. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da maganin alurar riga kafi don yin kira ga tsarin rigakafi akan antigen mai rauni. A cikin maganin alurar riga kafi, antigen mai rauni yana haɗuwa da wani antigen mai ƙarfi, ta haka yana haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai ƙarfi ga ƙarancin antigen. Mafi yawanci, antigen mai rauni shine polysaccharide wanda ke haɗe da antigen mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Duk da haka, peptide /protein da furotin/protein conjugates suma an haɓaka su.[3]
Tarihi
gyara sasheTunanin rigakafin conjugate ya fara bayyana a cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi zomaye a cikin 1927, lokacin da martanin rigakafi ga nau'in Streptococcus pneumoniae nau'in 3 polysaccharide antigen ya karu ta hanyar haɗa antigen polysaccharide tare da mai ɗaukar furotin. [4] [5] Alurar riga kafi ta farko da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin mutane ta kasance a cikin 1987. [5] Wannan shine Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate, wanda ke ba da kariya daga cutar sankarau . Ba da daɗewa ba aka haɗa maganin tare da jadawalin rigakafi na jarirai a Amurka. [5] An haɗa maganin rigakafin haɗin gwiwar Hib tare da ɗaya daga cikin sunadaran da ke ɗaukar abubuwa daban-daban, kamar diphtheria toxoid ko tetanus toxoid. [6] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka samar da rigakafin cutar ta Hib ta ragu, tare da raguwar 90.7% tsakanin 1987 da 1991. [6] Yawan kamuwa da cuta ya ragu har ma da zarar an samar da rigakafin ga jarirai. [6]
Dabaru
gyara sasheAlurar rigakafi suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi ga antigen, kuma tsarin rigakafi yana amsawa ta hanyar samar da ƙwayoyin T da ƙwayoyin rigakafi. [2] Kwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar B suna tunawa da antigen ta yadda idan jiki ya ci karo da shi daga baya, ƙwayoyin rigakafi za su iya samar da kwayoyin B don karya antigen. Don ƙwayoyin cuta tare da suturar polysaccharide, amsawar rigakafi ta haifar da ƙwayoyin B masu zaman kansu ba tare da motsa jiki na T cell ba. [7] Ta hanyar haɗa polysaccharide zuwa mai ɗaukar furotin, ana iya jawo martanin tantanin halitta T. A al'ada, polysaccharides da kansu ba za a iya ɗora su a kan babban hadadden histocompatibility complex (MHC) na sel masu gabatar da antigen (APC) saboda MHC na iya ɗaure peptides kawai. Game da maganin alurar riga kafi, peptide mai ɗaukar hoto da ke da alaƙa da antigen na polysaccharide yana iya nunawa akan kwayoyin MHC kuma ana iya kunna tantanin T. Wannan yana inganta maganin alurar riga kafi yayin da ƙwayoyin T suna ƙarfafa amsawar rigakafi mai ƙarfi kuma suna haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai sauri da dawwama. Haɗin polysaccharide da ake nufi da antigen zuwa furotin mai ɗaukar hoto shima yana ƙaruwa da ingancin maganin, kamar yadda maganin da ba a haɗa shi da antigen polysaccharide ba ya da tasiri a cikin ƙananan yara. [6] Tsarin rigakafi na ƙananan yara ba su iya gane antigen kamar yadda polysaccharide ke rufe antigen. [2] Ta hanyar haɗa polysaccharide na kwayan cuta tare da wani antigen, tsarin rigakafi zai iya amsawa.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Allurar rigakafin da aka amince da ita
gyara sashe
Magungunan rigakafin da aka fi amfani da su shine rigakafin Hib conjugate. Sauran cututtukan da aka haɗa a cikin allurar rigakafi don kara yawan maganin rigakafi sune Streptococcus pneumoniae (duba allurar rigakawa ta pneumococcal) da Neisseria meningitidis (duba rigakafin meningococcal), dukansu biyu an haɗa su da masu dauke da furotin kamar waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin allorar rigakafin Hib.[6] Dukansu Streptococcus pneumoniae da Neisseria meningitidis suna kama da Hib a cikin wannan kamuwa na iya haifar da meningitis.[6]
A cikin 2018, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da Allurar rigakafin typhoid conjugate wanda zai iya zama mafi tasiri kuma yana hana zazzabin typhoid a cikin yara da yawa a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar. [8][9]
A cikin 2021, an ba Soberana 02, Allurar rigakafin COVID-19 da aka haɓaka a Cuba, izinin amfani da gaggawa a Cuba da Iran. [10][11]
Zaɓin jerin sauran allurar rigakafin conjugate
gyara sashe- Magungunan rigakafi daban-daban na rigakafi don amfani da dabbobi, gami da GonaCon (GnRH da ke da alaƙa da hemocyanin)
- NicVAX, wanda ke da niyyar yin allurar rigakafi game da nicotine ta amfani da nau'in hapten da aka gyara da ke da alaƙa da exotoxin A
- TA-CD, cocaine da ke da alaƙa da guba ta kwalara
- TA-NIC, nicotine da ke da alaƙa da guba ta kwalara
Dubi kuma
gyara sashe
Haɗin waje
gyara sashe- Vaccines, Conjugatea cikin ɗakin karatu na kasa na AmurkaTakaddun Magunguna (MeSH)
- "Conjugate Vaccines Against Enteric Pathogens". Archived from the original on 2006-09-30.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Immunization: You Call the Shots". www2.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Understanding How Vaccines Work | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2018-10-18. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2018-11-29. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "TheyWork" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Rappuoli, Rino.; Bagnoli, Fabio., eds. (2011). Vaccine design : innovative approaches and novel strategies. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic. ISBN 9781904455745. OCLC 630453151.
- ↑ Avery, Ostwald (1929). "Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate-proteins: II. Immunological specificity of synthetic sugar-protein antigens". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 50 (4): 533–550. doi:10.1084/jem.50.4.533. PMC 2131643. PMID 19869645.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Goldblatt, D. (January 2000). "Conjugate vaccines". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 119 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01109.x. ISSN 0009-9104. PMC 1905528. PMID 10671089.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Ahmad, Hussain; Chapnick, Edward K. (March 1999). "Conjugated Polysaccharide Vaccines". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 13 (1): 113–33. doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70046-5. ISSN 0891-5520. PMID 10198795. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Ahmad" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Lee C, Lee LH, Koizumi K (2002). "Polysaccharide Vaccines for Prevention of Encapsulated Bacterial Infections: Part 1". Infect. Med. 19: 127–33.
- ↑ World Health Organization (4 April 2018). "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper – March 2018" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 93 (13): 153–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ↑ Lin, FY; Ho, VA; Khiem, HB; Trach, DD; Bay, PV; Thanh, TC; Kossaczka, Z; Bryla, DA; Shiloach, J; Robbins, JB; Schneerson, R; Szu, SC (26 April 2001). "The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (17): 1263–69. doi:10.1056/nejm200104263441701. PMID 11320385.
- ↑ "Cuba grants emergency approval to second homegrown COVID-19 vaccine". GMA News. 21 August 2021. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ↑ "Autorizo de emergencia SOBERANA 02 en Irán". finlay.edu.cu. Instituto Finlay de Vacunas. 1 July 2021. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.