Al-Sahili

Abu Ishaq al-Sahili ( Larabci: أبو إسحاق الساحلي‎, romanized: Abū Isḥāq al-Sāḥilī  ; c. 1290 – 15 Oktoba 1346), wanda kuma aka sani da al-Tuwayjin ( Larabci: ـالطُّوَيجِن‎, romanized: al-ṭuwayjin ), mawaƙin Andalus ne kuma masani na fiqhu wanda ya zama ɗan majalisa mai daraja a kotun Mansa Musa, sarkin Mali. Shi ne wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin manyan malamai na ƙasashen musulmi da suka yi hijira zuwa ƙasar Mali bayan tafiyar Mansa Musa.

Al-Sahili
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Granada, 1290
ƙasa	Daular Mali
Mutuwa	Timbuktu, 1346
Karatu
Harsuna	Larabci Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	Masanin gine-gine da zane
Muhimman ayyuka	Masallacin Djinguereber

Yawancin rubuce-rubucen Turai suna nunin al-Sahili a matsayin masanin gine-gine, kuma suna danganta manyan sabbin abubuwan gine-gine na yammacin Afirka zuwa gare shi. Kasancewar sa ma sani a fannin gine-gine, gudummawar da ya bayar a gine-ginen Yammacin Afirka ba ta da yawa. Babban aikin da yasa aka sanshi shine gina ɗakin taro na Mansa Musa, wanda gudunmawar da ya bayar ta kasance mai tsari da fasaha fiye da yadda ake tunanin gini ya zamo

Cikakken Sunansa

Cikakken sunansa Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrahīm al-Sāhili al-Anṣārī al-Gharnaṭī. Nasabar sa ta al-Sahili ya gaje tane daga kakansa na wajen uwa kuma ya nuna yana zaune a bakin teku. Nasabar ta al-Ansārī (wanda aka fi sani da al-Awsi) tana nuni da cewa ya fito ne daga ƙabilun da suka ba Muhammadu mafaka a Madina, tare da yiwuwar hakan na nuni da cewa ya fito daga manyan ƙabilu biyu masu karfi gaske. Sunan al-Tuwayjin ana fassara shi da "ƙaramin casserole".

Tarihin Rayuwarsa

Rayuwarsa ta farko

An haifi Abu Ishaq al-Sahili a Granada a ƙarshen karni na 13.Babansa, Muhammad, ya samu horo a ɓangaren Fiqihu, kuma shine shugaban Turaren guild na Granada.

A Granada, al-Sahili ya zama mai tsara takardun shari'a kuma ya yi wasu ayyuka kan matsalolin shari'a. A wannan lokacin, ya shahara a matsayin mawaƙi, kuma a zamaninsa Ibn al-Khatib ya siffanta shi da yabo.

Wani mawaƙi na zamani ya ce ya taɓa shan wahala daga hauka na ɗan lokaci. Wataƙila sakamakon wannan, ko don wani dalili, ya zama abin kunya ya bar Granada. A kusan shekara ta 1321 ya bar Andalus ya tafi Masar, Siriya, Iraki da Yaman kafin ya tafi aikin hajji a shekara ta 1324.

Kotun Mansa Musa

Yayin da yake aikin hajji a shekara ta 1324, al-Sahili ya gana da Mansa Musa, sarkin Mali. Al-Sahili ya koma kasar Mali tare da Mansa Musa, wanda ya ji ɗadin hirarsa kuma ya ba shi kyauta. Watakila Musa ya ga Ilimin balaga da na fikihu shiyasaya burge shi har ya jashi zuwa mali. Musa ya dawo da malamai da yawa zuwa ƙasar Mali, wanda al-Sahili ya fi shahara a cikinsu.

Al-Sahili ya ba da umarnin gina ɗakin taro a babban birnin kasar Mali, inda Musa ya biya shi mithkal 12,000 na zinare. Ta yiwu gudunmawar Al-Sahili ta kasance mai gudanarwa, kuma biyan kuɗin ya haɗa da kasafin kuɗin gini. Duk da haka, an yi la'akari da ƙwarewar al-Sahili na ƙira, kuma yana iya kasancewa da hannu wajen ƙawata gine-gine. A wani lokaci, wataƙila a matsayin wani ɓangare na biyan kuɗin ɗakin taron, Musa ya ba al-Sahili mithqals 4,000 a rana ɗaya.

Bayan tafiya zuwa Mali, al-Sahili ya zauna a Timbuktu. Lokacin da dan kasuwan Iskandariya Siraj al-Din ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar Mali a shekara ta 1334 domin karɓar bashi da Mansa Musa ke bi, al-Sahili ya tarbe shi a gidansa. Siraj al-Din ya rasu a lokacin da yake baƙon al-Sahili; An fara zargin wasan banza ne, amma dan Siraj al-Din ya tabbatar da cewa mahaifinsa ya mutu ne saboda wasu dalilai. Wataƙila Al-Sahili ya ƙarfafa kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin Mali da Masarautar Marinid, kuma a wani lokaci tsakanin 1331 da 1337, al-Sahili ya yi tafiya zuwa Magrib ya yi musayar kyaututtuka da Sarkin Marinid Abu al-Hasan. Yayin da yake Maghreb, al-Sahili ya yi tunanin komawa Grenada, amma yanayi ya tilasta masa komawa Mali. Yan bindiga sun kai masa hari a kan hanyarsa, amma daga bisani ya koma Timbuktu.

Al-Sahili ya rasu a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, 1346, a Timbuktu, kuma a can aka binne shi. Ko da yake mai yiwuwa bai yi aure ba, ya bar ƴa-ƴa da yawa, waɗanda suka zauna a Walata. Matafiyi Ibn Battuta ya yi tsokaci kan ganin kabarinsa a lokacin da ya ziyarci Timbuktu a shekara ta 1353.

Gudunmawa a gine-gine a Yammacin Afirka

Yawancin kafofin zamani suna kallon al-Sahili a matsayin masanin gine-gine kuma sun yaba masa da yawa ayyukan gine-gine na Yammacin Afirka, ciki har da Masallacin Djinguereber da fadar sarauta a Timbuktu da kuma masallacin Gao. Jami’in ƴan mulkin mallaka ( Azzalumai ) na Faransa kuma masani Maurice Delafosse ya dauki al-Sahili a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙiro abin da ya kira salon gine-ginen Sudan, wanda yake ganin an gina shi ne a kan gine-ginen Maghrebi. Duk da haka, akwai ƙarancin goyon baya ga babban rawar da al-Sahili zai taka a cikin gine-ginen Mali. Aikin gine-gine ɗaya da aka san ya yi shi ne ɗakin taron jama'a a birnin Mali, kuma gudunmuwar da ya bayar wajen gudanar da aikin ta kasance mafi tsari fiye da gine-gine. Sauran gine-ginen da aka danganta su da shi, an danganta su da shi musamman bisa tunanin cewa shi ne babban masanin gine-ginen Musa, wanda hakan ba ya samun goyon bayan majiyoyin. Gine-ginen Yammacin Afirka ya samo asali ne saboda haɗuwar ci gaban ƴan asali da kuma tasiri a hankali daga Arewacin Afirka.

Littafan da ya wallafa

• Aradeon, Suzan B. (1989). "Al-Sahili: the historian's myth of architectural technology transfer from North Africa". Journal des africanistes. 59 (1): 99–131. doi:10.3406/jafr.1989.2279. ISSN 0399-0346.
• Bloom, Jonathan M. (2008). "Paper in Sudanic Africa". In Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.). The meanings of Timbuktu (PDF). Cape Town: HSRC Press in association with CODESRIA : distributed in North America by IPG. ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
• Hunwick, J. O. (1990). "An Andalusian in Mali: a contribution to the biography of Abū Ishāq al-Sāhilī, c. 1290–1346". Paideuma. 36: 59–66. JSTOR 40732660.
• Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F. P., eds. (2000) [1981], Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, ISBN 1-55876-241-8