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Ƙananan ba tare da wani ba


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Wani ƙarami marar tafiya (wani lokacin "yaro marar tafiya" ko "yaro mai rabuwa") yaro ne ba tare da kasancewar mai kula da doka ba.

Wani ƙarami marar tafiya (wani lokacin "yaro marar tafiya" ko "yaro mai rabuwa") yaro ne ba tare da kasancewar mai kula da doka ba. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ya bayyana kananan yara marasa matuka da yara marasa matakai a matsayin wadanda "waɗanda aka raba su da iyaye da sauran dangi kuma ba a kula da su ba wanda, ta hanyar doka ko al'ada, ke da alhakin yin hakan. " Kwamitin ya bayyana yara da aka raba su a matsayin waɗanda "waɗaya suka rabu da iyaye biyu, ko kuma daga masu ba da kulawa na farko na baya, amma ba lallai ba ne daga wasu dangi. "[1]

Adadin kananan yara ba tare da wani taimako ba ya karu sosai daga 16,067 zuwa 68,541 a lokacin 2011 zuwa 2014.[2]

Dokar Shige da Fice

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A cikin dokar shige da fice, yara marasa matasan, wanda aka fi sani da yara da suka rabu, ana bayyana su a matsayin 'yan kasashen waje ko mutanen da ba su da ƙasa a ƙasa da shekaru 18, waɗanda suka isa yankin jihar ba tare da wani babba mai alhakin ba, kuma muddin ba a kula da irin wannan mutum ba. Ya haɗa da kananan yara waɗanda aka bar ba tare da wani ba bayan sun shiga yankin jihar.[3] Wasu kasashe suna da hanyoyin da ba na mafaka ba don yanke hukunci kan ƙananan shari'o'i ba tare da haɗin kai ba.

Hakkin kananan yara marasa matuka

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Bayan kulawa da tallafin matasa

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Yaran da ba su da matsala waɗanda suka sami matsala sau da yawa suna ci gaba da buƙatar tallafi lokacin da suka cika shekaru 18, lokacin da za su iya rasa damar samun wasu tallafi, gami da:

  • mai kula ko wakilin,
  • haƙƙin zama a cikin gida na musamman ko a cikin iyali mai kula,
  • 'Yancin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da ilimi na yara
  • Ana iya tsare mutum idan ba a daidaita matsayin shige da fice ba ko kuma lokacin da aka umarce su da su bar kasar.[4][5]

Goyon bayan sauye-sauyen mutum zuwa tsufa da rayuwa mai zaman kanta yana nufin haɗa shirye-shiryen kulawa da ayyuka da wuri-wuri.[6] Bayan kulawa wani muhimmin bangare ne na mafita mai dorewa, musamman ga matasa. Ayyukan rayuwa da tsare-tsaren kulawa kayan aiki ne masu amfani. Ayyukan kulawa da ke akwai ga yara na kasa da aka hana kulawar iyaye na iya jagorantar ma'aikata da jami'ai wajen tsara tallafi ga sauyawa na yaro zuwa balaga.[5]

Ana ba da tallafin bayan kulawa ga matasa da suka tsufa har zuwa shekaru 21 ko 25 a wasu ƙasashen Turai, gami da neman mafaka da ba su da mafaka da ke neman yara masu cika shekaru 18. Wasu ƙasashe suna tsawaita zaman saurayi a gidajen karɓar yara har sai an sami masauki mai dacewa.[5]

Haɗin iyali a ƙasar da aka nufa

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Haɗin Iyali wani muhimmin bangare ne na mafita mai dorewa ga yaro marar tafiya, duk inda wannan ya fi dacewa da yaron.[7] Haɗin iyali na iya faruwa a ƙasar da aka nufa ko asalinsa, ko a ƙasa ta uku. Ya kamata ma'aikata da jami'ai su sanar da yara marasa kulawa game da yiwuwar da hanyoyin sake haɗuwa da iyali. Ya kamata yaron ya sami damar samun tallafi yayin neman sake haɗuwa da iyali.[8][9][10]

A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙudurin sha'awa mafi kyau, ma'aikata da jami'ai suna tantance ko haɗuwa da iyali yana da fa'idar sha'awa ga yaro. Shirye-shiryen da saka idanu kan sake haɗuwa da iyali yana hanawa da rage damuwa ga yaro. Lokacin da sake haɗuwa da iyali zai haifar da haɗari ga yaro, ana la'akari da wasu shirye-shiryen kulawa kuma ana kimanta mafi kyawun bukatun yaro don kula da dangantakar iyali da hulɗa mai aiki.[8][9]

Hakkin yaro ga rayuwa, rayuwa da aminci sun fi sha'awar yaron don sake haɗuwa da iyali a ƙasar asali. Haɗin iyali ba zai iya faruwa a ƙasar asalin yaron ba idan hukumomin shige da fice a ƙasar da aka nufa suka ba da kariya ta duniya ga yaron. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, yara suna da 'yancin sake haɗuwa da iyali a ƙasar da suke zuwa ko ƙasa ta uku. Lokacin da aka ki amincewa da aikace-aikacen yaron don kariya ta kasa da kasa, damuwa game da lafiyar yaron har yanzu na iya kawar da komawa ƙasar asali don sake haɗuwa da iyali. Wannan na iya zama saboda babban matakin tashin hankali wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga yaro.[8][9]

Hakkin samun taimako na kwastomomi

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Yaran da ke waje da ƙasarsu suna da 'yancin samun taimako daga ofisoshin jakadanci da ofisoshin kwastomomi da ke wakiltar ƙasarsu. Ma'aikatan kwastam na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa da taimakawa yara a kasashen waje, kafa lambobin sadarwa na tallafi da turawa, da kuma tattara taimako. Ma'aikatan kwastam na iya tuntuɓar hukumomin tsakiya ko wuraren hulɗa na ƙasa don shawarwarin fasaha a lokuta da suka shafi yara. A karkashin Yarjejeniyar Vienna ta 1963 kan Dangantakar Kasuwanci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ayyukan kwastomomi sun haɗa da taimakawa da taimakawa 'yan ƙasa na jihar aikawa. Wannan na iya haɗawa da matakai don kare bukatun yara waɗanda ke cikin ƙasar aikawa a cikin iyakokin da dokoki da ka'idojin Jihar karɓa suka ɗora, musamman lokacin da ake buƙatar nada mai kula.[11] Dole ne hukumomin ƙasar da aka nufa su sanar da ofishin kwastam ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da aka yi la'akari da nadin mai kula da yaro. Dokoki da ka'idojin Jihar karɓa game da nadin mai kula suna aiki kuma ba su da tasiri ta hanyar raba bayanai tare da ofisoshin kwastam masu dacewa.[12]

Maidowa da canja wuri

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Maidowa da haɗin kai a cikin ƙasa ta uku

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Lokacin da tsarin ƙaddamar da mafi kyawun sha'awa ya ƙare babu wani mafita mai ɗorewa ga yaro a ƙasar da aka nufa ko asalinsa, ana tantance yiwuwar sake zama zuwa ƙasa ta uku. Maidowa na iya zama zaɓi lokacin da yake ba da damar sake haɗuwa da iyali a cikin ƙasar da aka sake zama, ko kuma lokacin da yake kare yaro daga ƙin yarda ko tsanantawa ko wasu manyan take hakkin dan adam a ƙasar da aka nufa. Wannan na iya zama yanayin lokacin da yaro wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane dole ne a kare shi daga ramuwar gayya ko sabuntawa daga masu fataucin. Sai dai idan ya haifar da wani haɗari ga yaron, ana buƙatar sanar da iyayen yaron, tuntuɓar su kuma a ji su a cikin tsarin kimantawa da sake zama.

Kafin a yanke shawara game da sake zama, tsarin ƙaddamar da mafi kyawun sha'awa yana la'akari da waɗannan, tare da ambaton labaran da ke ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara:

  • Tsawon lokaci na shari'a ko wasu cikas ga dawowar yaro zuwa ƙasarsa;
  • Shekarar yaro, jima'i / jinsi, yanayin motsin rai, ilimi da tarihin iyali;
  • Hakkin yaro na kiyaye ta ko asalinsa, gami da kasa da sunansa (Mataki na 8);
  • Ci gaba a cikin renon yaro da kulawa, gami da kabilanci, addini, al'adu da asalin harshe na yaro (Mataki na 20);
  • Hakkin yaro na adana ta ko dangantakar iyalinta (Mataki na 8) da kuma yiwuwar gajeren lokaci, matsakaici da na dogon lokaci na sake haɗuwa da iyali ko dai a cikin gida, mai karɓar bakuncin ko ƙasar sake zama.[13]

Lokacin da aka bincika sake zama don dalilai na sake haɗuwa da iyali, yaron da dangin da ke cikin ƙasa ta uku suna buƙatar yarda kuma suna so su sake haɗuwa. Hukumomin kula da lafiyar yara ko ayyukan zamantakewa a cikin ƙasar sake zama suna yin kimantawa da tabbatar da samar da sabis da saka idanu bayan sake zama.[14][15]

Lokacin da aka bincika sake zama saboda wasu dalilai, kimantawa suna la'akari da ko sake zama na iya haifar da duk wani cikas ga gano iyali, sake haɗuwa da iyali ko kiyaye dangantakar iyali da lambobin sadarwa, gami da nisan tsakanin wurin sake zama da dangin yaro da damar sadarwa da ke akwai.[14][15]

Canja wuri a Turai a karkashin Dokar Majalisar Dublin III

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Dokar Majalisar Dublin III yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Kasashen membobin EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway da Switzerland waɗanda ke tsara wane ƙasa ke da alhakin bincika aikace-aikacen mafaka na mutum. Yana ba da damar canja wurin mutane zuwa jihar da ke da alhakin. Dokar ta ɗauka cewa Tsarin Gudanar da Makamai na Turai yana nan kuma yana aiki sosai. A karkashin wannan yanayin, za a iya canja wurin manya da yara zuwa wata Jiha mai shiga ba tare da lalata haƙƙin mutum ga kariya ta duniya ba tare da ƙa'idodin karɓa da kulawa masu dacewa.[16] Ana ba da izinin canja wurin ne kawai lokacin da ba a yanke shawara na farko a kan aikace-aikacen da ya gabata ba.[17]

Dokar Majalisar Dublin III ta ba da cewa mafi kyawun bukatun yaro ya kamata ya zama la'akari na farko na Kasashen membobin lokacin da suke amfani da Dokar, daidai da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara da Yarjejeniya ta Hakki na Tarayyar Turai. Dokar ta buƙaci Kasashen membobin da ke kimanta mafi kyawun bukatun yaro don:

  • Yi la'akari da lafiyar yaron, ci gaban zamantakewa, aminci da tsaro, da kuma asali;
  • Yi la'akari da ra'ayoyin yaron daidai da shekarunta da balaga.
  • Ci gaba da takamaiman tabbacin tsari ga yara marasa kulawa tare da la'akari da takamaicin raunin su.
  • Haɗin kai tsakanin kasashe membobin don gudanar da kimantawa mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin Dokar.

Bayyanawa da wurin da membobin iyali ke da alhakin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen mafaka na ƙaramin yaro:

  • Kasar memba inda memba na iyali ko ɗan'uwan yaron yake bisa doka yana da alhakin, idan dai yana da kyau ga yaron a tantance ta ko aikace-aikacensa a wannan jihar.
  • Lokacin da dangi ya kasance bisa doka a wata Jiha memba, kimantawa ya tabbatar da ko dangi zai iya kula da yaron. Lokacin da hakan zai yiwu, yaron yana tare da dangi idan wannan yana cikin ita ko kuma mafi kyawunsa. Wannan memba na Jiha ta zama mai alhakin.
  • Lokacin da dangin da dangi ke cikin kasashe daban-daban, yanke shawara game da abin da ke da alhakin shine jagorancin mafi kyawun bukatun yaro.
  • Lokacin da ba za a iya gano 'yan uwa ko dangi ba, Ƙasar da ke da alhakin za ta kasance inda yaron da ba shi da abokin ya gabatar da aikace-aikacen mafaka, idan wannan ya kasance don amfanin yaron.[18]
  • An ba da izinin wasu hankali a cikin wannan yanke shawara tare da yardar mai nema, gami da sake haɗuwa da iyali don dalilai na jin kai ko al'adu.[19]

Tsarin tantance memba na kasa da ke da alhakin zai fara da zaran an gabatar da aikace-aikacen mafaka. Da zarar wata Jiha ta sami buƙatar ɗaukar nauyin mai nema, za a yanke shawara a cikin watanni biyu.[20] A lokuta masu rikitarwa, ana iya tsawaita wannan kalmar da ƙarin wata ɗaya.[21]

Lokacin da ake neman wata jiha don ɗaukar alhakin ko karɓar mutum, Jihohin membobin suna samun izinin rubuce-rubuce don isar da bayanai game da mai nema, gami da bayani game da bukatun mai nema da cikakkun bayanai na dangin, dangi ko wasu alakar iyali a cikin Jiha memba inda aka canja mutane. Ga yara, wannan ya haɗa da bayani game da ilimin yaro da ƙididdigar shekaru. Mai nema yana da damar a sanar da shi game da bayanan da aka sarrafa kuma yana da damar gyara ko share bayanan lokacin da ba cikakke ba ko ba daidai ba.[22] Ga yara marasa kulawa, ma'aikata da jami'ai suna tabbatar da cewa yaron yana samun tallafi.

Mai nema yana da 'yancin yin amfani da inganci game da yanke shawara da aka yanke a karkashin Dokar ta hanyar daukaka kara ko bita, a gaban kotu ko kotun, gami da' yancin taimakon shari'a da fassara. Ana dakatar da canja wurin ta atomatik yayin da ake kira ko sake duba yanke shawara, kuma mai nema yana da damar kasancewa a cikin memba har sai sakamakon.[23] Hakkin Kasar memba ya ƙare lokacin da akwai shaidar tabbatar da cewa mutumin da ya shafi ya bar yankin aƙalla watanni uku. Bayan wannan lokacin, dole ne mutumin ya gabatar da sabon aikace-aikacen mafaka.[24]

Komawa

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Ƙaddamar da mafi kyawun sha'awa ta yanke shawara idan dawowa da yaron zuwa ƙasarsa ta asali ne don amfanin yaron. Komawa mai ɗorewa ya dogara ne akan haƙƙoƙi da kuma yara. Kafin dawowa, hukumomin ƙasar da aka nufa za su tabbatar da cewa za a karɓi yaron a cikin kulawa mai aminci kuma a kula da shi. Wasu kimantawa na ƙudurin mafi kyawun sha'awa za a iya sabuntawa. Ƙaddamar da mafi kyawun sha'awa mara cikakke na iya ba yaron dalilin da ya sa ya yi kira ga yanke shawara a kanta ko mafi kyawun sha-zanensa.[25][26]

Shirye-shiryen da suka gabata

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Shirye-shiryen dawowa da kyau sun tabbatar da dawowar ta kasance mai daraja, lafiya da kuma haƙƙin haƙƙi. Komawa na iya zama gogewa mai kyau, musamman idan shirin dawowa yana da ɗorewa. Yara da matasa na iya kasancewa a shirye don yin rayuwa mai zaman kanta yayin da manya ke samun kudin shiga idan aka ba da horo mai dacewa da asalin ƙasar a rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa, horo na ilimi da ƙwarewa, da ƙwareyar kasuwanci da ƙwarewarewar tattaunawa. Masu dawowa na iya buƙatar tallafi don zama masu karatu da rubutu a cikin harshen ƙasar da al'umma da suka dawo.[27][28]

Lokacin da dawowa ta kasance mafi kyawun amfanin yaro, shirin dawowa da sake hadewa na mutum yana shirya don daidaitawa, sake hadewa da saka idanu, da kuma tantance bukatun yaro da ayyukan tallafi masu dacewa. Ci gaba da shirye-shiryen kulawa da sabis na tallafi ga yaro daga ƙasar da aka nufa zuwa ƙasar da ya dawo shine fifiko, gami da:

  • Ci gaba da ilimi da horar da sana'a: lokacin da ya koma ƙasar asali kafin ya kammala karatu daga makaranta ko horar da horarwar sana'a, ya kamata yaron ya sami takaddun shaida na duk wani ilimi da yaron ya kammala a ƙasar da ya nufa. Zai iya zama mafi kyawun sha'awar yaron don kammala karatunsa kafin a dawo da shi.
  • Ci gaba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da magani: yaro ya kamata ya sami damar samun irin wannan ko madadin kiwon lafiya tare da magani wanda yaron ke samun dama akai-akai a ƙasar da aka nufa.
  • Ci gaba da shirye-shiryen kulawa: ya kamata a tabbatar da ci gaba da kulawa lokacin da ba a mayar da yaron ga ita ko iyayensa ko masu kula da farko ba.

Shawarwarin da aka yi kafin dawowa, gami da ba da shawara ga zamantakewar al'umma, na iya taimaka wa wanda ya dawo ya magance damuwa da damuwa wanda zai iya tasowa ko da lokacin da aka dauki dawowar a matsayin mafi kyawun amfanin yaro. Shawarwari na iya taimaka wa yaro ya sami amincewa da jin lafiya da kuma karfafawa game da ita ko dawowarsa da zaɓuɓɓuka bayan dawowa.

Mataki na sufuri

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Yara marasa raka'a waɗanda aka dawo da su bayan sun sami yanke shawara mara kyau game da aikace-aikacen mafaka kuma waɗanda ke shiga cikin shirin 'daidaitaccen taimako na son rai' yawanci ana raka su yayin tafiya zuwa ƙasar da suka dawo. Wani mai kula da shi yana tabbatar da cewa yaron ya isa lafiya kuma hukumomin da ke da alhakin da mai kula da su sun sadu da shi.[29]

Bayan dawowa da sake hadewa

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Shirye-shiryen tallafi na bayan dawowa suna kare matasa masu dawowa, tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkinsu, kuma su dawo da su. Za su iya taimakawa wajen dawo da kwarewar kirki, mai ginawa da nasara. Hukumomin hadin gwiwa na ƙasashen da aka nufa da dawowa suna ba da hadin kai don tabbatar da ci gaba da samar da kulawa mai inganci, tallafi da taimako ga matasa masu dawowa, gami da sabis na ba da shawara. Kungiyar ƙetare iyaka tana saka idanu da kimanta shirye-shiryen dawowa, musamman tallafin sake hadewa, dacewa da dorewar matakan.[30]

Kulawa da kimantawa suna la'akari da ra'ayoyin masu dawowa, suna tabbatar da sake dubawa na lokaci-lokaci. Yana ba da damar gyare-gyare na shirye-shiryen kulawa da sabis na tallafi don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na yaro da kuma jagorantar ka'idojin kulawa mai inganci ga yara, ci gaba da kulawa, aminci da haƙƙin yaro ga rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba an tabbatar da su. Tsarin kariya ga yara na kasa da hanyoyin turawa na iya tabbatar da cewa ana sa ido kuma ana la'akari da binciken don sanar da gyare-gyare na gaggawa.[31] Ana kimanta fannoni masu zuwa:

  • The quality of interactions between officials and service providers and the returnee, in countries of origin and destination;
  • The quality of preparations and the information and counselling available to the child prior to return;
  • The conditions in waiting and detention areas, if applicable;
  • The files of returnees and the transparency and quality of documentation they provide;
  • The continuity of services of care, protection, health and education as well as guardianship, where applicable;
  • The quality of childcare and the child's relations to parents or other caregivers;
  • The social and economic situation of the returnee, the support available to her or his transition into adulthood and independent life and the child's integration in the community after return;
  • The possibility for child returnees to access reporting and complaints mechanisms that support them in claiming their rights after return.

Dokar masu zaman kansu ta Turai game da yara masu dawowa

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Dokar Brussels II bis ta tsara nauyin iyaye a cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa. Yana jagorantar ma'aikata da jami'an da ke la'akari da matakan kariya a cikin shari'o'in kan iyaka da suka shafi yara 'yan EU. Ya kamata a yi hulɗa tare da hukumomin ƙasar yaron, waɗanda ke ba da bayani game da halin da yaron yake ciki, iyaye da duk wani yanke shawara ko ayyukan hukuma game da alhakin iyaye ko wasu batutuwa masu dacewa. Duk da yake Dokar ta shafi al'amuran dokar farar hula game da sace yara da alhakin iyaye, ana kuma amfani da ita don kariya da dawowar yara masu ƙaura na EU, gami da yara da ke zaune a kan tituna ko shiga cikin ayyukan tituna da waɗanda ke cikin haɗari ko fallasawa ga cin zarafi da fataucin mutane.[32]

Dokar Brussels II bis ta nuna wasu tanadi da aka bayar a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Taron Hague kan Dokar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, musamman Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 25 ga Oktoba 1980 kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya. Baya ga kasashe membobin EU, Tarayyar Turai ta kasance memba na Taron Hague kan Dokar Kasashen Duniya mai zaman kanta kuma ta shiga wasu daga cikin Yarjejeniyar Hague ta baya-bayan nan. Ana amfani da Yarjejeniyar Hague akai-akai a cikin shari'o'in dokar farar hula game da yara, musamman a cikin batutuwan tallafi na kasa da kasa, sace yara na iyaye da alhakin iyaye, da kuma sanya yara a fadin iyakoki. Za'a iya amfani da hanyoyin da aka kafa a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Hague don kare yara masu ƙaura da dawo da yara zuwa ƙasashensu na al'ada.[33]

Lokacin da aka dawo da yara a cikin shari'o'in shari'ar iyali ta duniya, babban ikon jihar da ta dawo tana kula da dawowar. Umurnin hukuma ta tsakiya wacce ke shirya dawo da yaro yakan ƙare lokacin da yaron ya isa ƙasar da aka saba zama. Ana ba da sabis na bin diddigin bayan dawowa, gami da sabis na zamantakewa na duniya. Rukunin kasa na Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Duniya na iya ba da tallafi tare da shirye-shiryen da za a iya amfani da su don dawowar yaro zuwa ƙasar da aka saba zama, fassarar rahotanni na kimantawa da kuma samar da ra'ayoyin ƙwararru kafin dawowa da kuma bin diddigin.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No.6 (2005), par. 7 and 8
  2. ↑ Braaten, Daniel; Braaten, Claire Nolasco (2021). "Children seeking asylum: Determinants of asylum claims by unaccompanied minors in the United States from 2013 to 2017". Law & Policy (in Turanci). 43 (2): 97–125. doi:10.1111/lapo.12165. ISSN 0265-8240.
  3. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.enscw.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2022.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ↑ Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Migrant Children: What rights at 18?, Resolution 1996 (2014).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Council of Europe, Unaccompanied and Separated Asylum-Seeking and Refugee Children Turning Eighteen, What to celebrate?, 2014.
  6. ↑ Aleghfeli, Yousef Khalifa; Hunt, Lucy (2022). "Education of unaccompanied refugee minors in high-income countries: Risk and resilience factors". Educational Research Review (in Turanci). 35: 100433. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100433. ISSN 1878-0385.
  7. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child Articles 3 and 9
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 CRC General Comment No. 6 (2005), par. 81-83.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Swiss Foundation of the International Social Service, Separated Children Handbook, From identification to the search for a durable solution, A practical guide for professionals, 2015, p. 110.
  10. ↑ Aleghfeli, Yousef Khalifa; Hunt, Lucy (2022). "Education of unaccompanied refugee minors in high-income countries: Risk and resilience factors". Educational Research Review (in Turanci). 35: 100433. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100433. ISSN 1878-0385.
  11. ↑ Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 5e and h
  12. ↑ Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 37b
  13. ↑ CRC General Comment No 6 (2005) par 93
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Guidelines on Formal Determination of the Best Interests of the Child, 2006, pp. 34-35.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Separated Children in Europe Programme, Statement of Good Practice, 4th Revised Edition, Save the Children, UNHCR, UNICEF, 2009, Chapter D.13.
  16. ↑ Library of the European Parliament, Transfer of Asylum-Seekers and Fundamental Rights, Library Briefing, 30 November 2012.
  17. ↑ Dublin III Council Regulation 2013, Article 7.
  18. ↑ Dublin III Council Regulation 2013, Article 8.
  19. ↑ Dublin III Council Regulation 2013, Article 31.
  20. ↑ Dublin III Council Regulation 2013, Article 20.
  21. ↑ Dublin III Council Regulation 2013, Article 22.
  22. ↑ Dublin III Council Regulation 2013, Articles 31, 35.
  23. ↑ Dublin III Council Regulation 2013, Article 27.
  24. ↑ Dublin III Council Regulation 2013, Article 19.
  25. ↑ The European Council on Refugees and Exiles, Save the Children, A Checklist to Achieve Good Practice When Considering the Return of Children to Third countries: A tool for quality planning for Member States, Comparative study on best practices in the field of return of minors
  26. ↑ European Commission – DG Home, HOME/2009/RFXX/PR/1002, 2011.
  27. ↑ Gladwell, Catherine and Hannah Elwyn, Broken Futures: Young Afghan asylum seekers in the UK and in their country of origin
  28. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Policy Development and Evaluation Service, New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No. 244, August 2012, p. 48.
  29. ↑ European Migration Network, Programmes and Strategies in the EU Member States Fostering Assisted Return to and Reintegration in Third Countries, March 2011, p. 67.
  30. ↑ European Migration Network, Programmes and Strategies in the EU Member States Fostering Assisted Return to and Reintegration in Third Countries, March 2011, p. 77.
  31. ↑ Refugee Council, ‘Between a rock and a hard place: the dilemma facing refused asylum seekers’, December 2012.
  32. ↑ European Commission, Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000, Official Journal L 338, 23/12/2003, pp. 1-29.
  33. ↑ Cazenave, Pierre, Protecting Migrant Children in a Freedom of Movement Area, Transnational monitoring of return procedures involving Romanian and Bulgarian migrant children in Greece and France, Terre des Hommes, December 2012, p. 42.
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