'Yancin ilimi a Jami'ar Brigham Young
Yancin ilimi a Jami'ar Brigham Young (BYU) ya kasance batun muhawara da yawa, galibi yana mai da hankali kan yanayin addininsa. A cikin 1992, BYU ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke iyakance 'yancin ilimi a wasu yankuna, gami da yaren da ya kai hari ga Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe (LDS Church), da harshen da ya saba wa lambar girmamawa ta jami'a.
 'Yancin ilimi a Jami'ar Brigham Young | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Tun lokacin da aka fitar da wannan sanarwa, BYU ta sami ci gaba da samun karbuwa daga Hukumar Kula da Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i ta Arewa maso Yamma, wacce musamman ta amince da sanarwar, kamar yadda ya saba da yawancin cibiyoyin addini. A cikin 1997, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jami'ar Amirka (tare da memba na kusan 47,000) sun soki BYU bisa lafazin sabuwar sanarwa, da kuma takaddama na baya-bayan nan da ya shafi furofesoshi da yawa da ake zargin sun ki yarda da hakkinsu na ilimi. Cecilia Konchar Farr, David Knowlton, Gail T. Houston, na daga cikin fitattun gardama, duk da cewa BYU ta bayyana cewa sallamar wadannan farfesoshi ya ta'allaka ne da wasu batutuwan da ba na ilimi ba.
A wani bangare na batun, James D. Gordon III, daya daga cikin manyan masu gudanarwa a cikin batutuwa na 1990, ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai 'yancin ilimi na cibiyoyi, da ikon cibiyar ilimi don ayyana manufofinta da manufofinta, da kuma cewa wata cibiya mai zaman kanta. kamar BYU yakamata ya zama cikakkiyar 'yanci don biyan irin wannan. [1]
Matsalolin 'yanci na ilimi
gyara sashe
Matsayin jami'a
gyara sasheA cikin jawabin 1971 ga ƙungiyar malaman BYU, Martin B. Hickman, sa'an nan shugaban BYU's College of Social Sciences, ya bayar da hujjar cewa shawarar shiga makarantar BYU ya nuna yarda da dabi'un jami'ar kuma don haka duk wanda ya shiga jami'ar. tare da wannan kyakkyawan tunani ba zai sami wasu batutuwan ƴancin ilimi yayin da suke can. [2]
A cikin 1992, BYU ta tsara sabon Bayani kan 'Yancin Ilimi. [3] Bayan samun sharhi daga malamai da sauransu, an aiwatar da daftarin a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1992. Wannan takarda ta kayyade cewa: "Saboda bisharar ta ƙunshi dukan gaskiya kuma tana tabbatar da cikakken yanayin sanin mutum, iyakokin haɗin kai ga malaman LDS, bisa ƙa'ida, mai faɗi kamar gaskiya kanta." Koyaya, ambaton rawar BYU a matsayin cibiyar addini, takaddar ta ba da izinin sanya iyakoki akan "bayani tare da ɗalibai ko a bainar jama'a cewa:
- ya saba ko adawa, maimakon nazari ko tattaunawa, ainihin koyaswar Ikilisiya ko manufa;
- da gangan ya kai hari ko izgili da Ikilisiya ko manyan shugabanninta; ko
- ya keta ka'idojin girmamawa saboda furcin rashin gaskiya ne, ba bisa ka'ida ba, rashin mutunci, rashin mutunci, ko rashin mutunta wasu.
"... Babban alhakin ƙayyade cutar da manufa ta Jami'ar ko coci, duk da haka, ya kasance a hannun hukumomin gudanarwa na Jami'ar - ciki har da shugaban Jami'ar da gwamnatin tsakiya da kuma, a karshe, kwamitin Amintattu." [4]
Hakanan a cikin 1992, BYU ta fara haɗa da wani sashe a cikin kwangilolin ikonta da ke buƙatar ikon koyarwar Saint-day don "karɓi tsammanin ruhaniya da na ɗan lokaci na zama membobin Ikilisiya da zuciya ɗaya". [5] A cikin 1993, kwangiloli sun ƙara buƙatar ikon Saint-day na Ƙarshe don "kulla da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a daidai da cancantar gata na haikali" [6] (yana nufin shiga cikin haikalin Ikilisiya na LDS, wanda dole ne mutum ya cika ka'idodin ayyuka da ɗabi'a a cikin Cocin LDS). ). A cikin 1996, ana buƙatar ƙungiyar Saint-day-Latter-day, a matsayin sharadi na aiki, don samun amincewar shugabannin ikilisiyoyinsu na shekara-shekara wanda ke ba da shaida cewa rukunin sun cancanci haikali. [6]
BYU ba ta ƙyale ƙungiyoyin da ba a cikin harabar su yi amfani da harabar don zanga-zanga ko zanga-zanga. Ƙungiyoyin harabar da ɗalibai dole ne su nemi izini.
Kungiyar Arewa maso Yamma
gyara sasheA cikin 1996, Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Arewa maso Yamma da na Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i (Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Yamma) sun sake nazarin bayanin 'yancin ilimi na BYU kuma sun sabunta takardar shaidarsa. Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Yamma ta amince da sanarwar 'yancin ilimi ta BYU. Irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin amincewa suna ba da izinin "kwalejoji da jami'o'i na addini su sanya iyaka kan 'yancin ilimi muddin sun buga waɗannan iyakokin da gaskiya." [7] Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Yamma ta binciki "kusan" na zargin da AAUP ta yi game da wasu mutane, inda ta kammala cewa Jami'ar ba ta keta 'yancin ilimi ba. [7]
Ƙungiyar Farfesa na Jami'ar Amirka
gyara sasheKungiyar Malaman Jami'o'i ta Amurka (AAUP) sun soki manufofin 'yancin ilimi na BYU. A cikin 1997, sun ba da rahoto da ke tattara shari'o'in furofesoshi da yawa, inda suka kammala "cewa cin zarafi akan 'yancin ilimi abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma yanayin ƴancin ilimi yana da matukar wahala." [8] [9]
Rahoton na AAUP ya kuma ƙunshi, a matsayin ƙarin bayani, martanin da gwamnatin BYU ta rubuta, wanda ya nuna cewa BYU na da 'yancin iyakance 'yancin ilimi don kiyaye ɗabi'ar addini na makarantar, haƙƙin da bayanin AAUP na 1940 ya nuna kuma gaba ɗaya. ya biyo baya har zuwa 1970. Musamman ma, BYU ta kwatanta kanta da Jami'ar Gonzaga, wata cibiyar Jesuit wadda ta haramta "bude espousal na ra'ayi wanda ya saba wa bayyane ka'idodin bangaskiyar Katolika da ɗabi'a."
BYU ta kuma bayyana cewa tsarin shari'ar 'yancin kai na ilimi ba shi da gaskiya da gaskiya. [10] Hukuncin AAUP ya ci gaba da kasancewa. A cikin 1965, AAUP ta bayyana cewa "sharadi masu gamsarwa na 'yanci na ilimi da aiki yanzu sun mamaye Gonzaga." [11]
A cikin 1970, AAUP ta amince da wata sanarwa ta Fassarar Fassarorin da AAUP ta ce, "Mafi yawan cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da coci ba sa buƙatar ko kuma neman ficewa daga ƙa'idar 'yancin ilimi da ke cikin Bayanin 1940, kuma ba mu yarda da irin wannan ba. tashi". [12] A cikin 1998, AAUP ta kada kuri'a don tozarta BYU, wanda ya rage a cikin jerin cibiyoyin da aka yiwa zargi tare da wasu jami'o'i 46. [13]
An soki AAUP na kin karbar manyan makarantu masu alaka da addini dangane da sha’awar kare al’adun addini daidai da bayanin da ta yi a shekarar 1940 – sabanin wannan masaukin da kungiyar Arewa maso Yamma ta yi. [12]
Nazarin harka
gyara sasheBa da da ewa ba bayan amincewa da bayaninsu kan 'yancin ilimi a cikin 1992, BYU ta ɗauki ayyuka waɗanda wasu ke kallon su da alaƙa da aiwatar da sabuwar manufar 'yancin ilimi. Alal misali, a cikin marigayi 1992, kwamitin amintattu na BYU ya yi watsi da shawarar BYU don gayyatar Pulitzer Prize Winner da kuma farfesa na Jami'ar Harvard Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, mai aiki na mata, don magance taron shekara-shekara na BYU Women's Conference. [14] Tun daga wannan lokacin Laurel Thatcher Ulrich an gayyace shi kuma yayi magana a BYU ciki har da kwanan nan kamar 2017. [15]
A wasu lokuta tun daga 1992, BYU ta yi watsi da, ta musanta ci gaba da matsayi, ko kuma zargi membobin malamai waɗanda suka ɗauki matsayi mai mahimmanci dangane da manufofin Ikilisiyar LDS na hukuma ko jagoranci, da kuma waɗanda saboda dalilai na kansu ba su ba da zakka ga Ikilisiyar LDS ba.
A cikin 1993, BYU ta soke matsayin ci gaba ga Cecilia Konchar Farr, wacce ta ba da shawarar a bainar jama'a matsayi na zaɓi kan zubar da ciki. An dauki Farr a matsayin mai koyar da Ingilishi kuma wasu suna jin matsayinta na pro-choice ba su da mahimmanci ga aikinta da makarantar. [10] David Knowlton, wanda ya tattauna tsarin mishan na Ikilisiya a wani dandalin Mormon mai zaman kansa, da kuma yin kalamai na wulakanci game da gine-ginen LDS bai sake sabunta kwangilarsa ba. [10] A hukumance, masu magana da yawun BYU gabaɗaya sun tsara ayyukan a cikin al'amuran Farr, Knowlton, da Houston dangane da ingancin guraben karatun farfesa, kuma wani lokaci zuwa rashin ɗabi'a da ba a bayyana ba, maimakon abubuwan da ke haifar da cece-kuce na ayyukan ilimi na farfesa.
A cikin 1996, BYU ta kori Gail T. Houston, farfesa na Ingilishi, duk da ƙuri'u masu kyau daga Sashen Turanci da Kwamitin Kwalejin. [10] Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan wannan aikin shine shawararta ta yin addu'a ga Uwar Aljanna. [16] Har ila yau a cikin 1996, Farfesa Brian Evenson ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa bayan samun gargadi daga gwamnatin BYU game da wasu hotuna masu tayar da hankali a daya daga cikin gajerun labaransa. [10] Duk da haka, wasu masu suka suna kallon waɗannan korar a matsayin wani nau'i na tsarkakewa. [10] Wasu daga cikin farfesoshi da aka kora saboda dalilai na ilimi sun yi iƙirarin cewa shaidar buga littattafai ta fi takwarorinsu da yawa ƙarfi.
A cikin 2006, ba a sabunta kwangilar wani malamin jami'a Jeffrey Nielsen ba bayan ya rubuta wani yanki na op-ed a cikin Yuni 4 Salt Lake Tribune wanda ya soki tare da adawa da matsayin Cocin LDS akan auren jinsi . [9] Darron Smith, Ba’amurke Ba’amurke, ya koyar da wata kwas mai suna “Kwarewar Ba’amurke ta Afirka” daga 1996 zuwa 2006, lokacin da ba a sabunta kwantiraginsa na haɗin gwiwa ba. A cewar Smith, karshen nasa martani ne kai tsaye ga sukar da ya yi kan yadda Cocin LDS ke bi da bakaken fata. [17]
A cikin 2011, BYU ya sanya farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi Steven E. Jones akan hutun biya dangane da binciken cikin gida cewa wata takarda da ya rubuta akan dalilan gano cewa hasumiyai na Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya sun faɗi akan 9/11 saboda abubuwan fashewa da aka riga aka saita bazai hadu da su ba. "Ma'auni na kimiya na nazari na abokan zamanai" da gazawarsa na "nisanta kansa yadda ya kamata" daga Jami'ar a cikin maganganunsa game da ka'idar fashewa. Mista Jones ya amince da yin ritaya da wuri yayin da bincike ke kan matakin farko.
A cikin Fabrairu 2012, Randy L. Bott ya yi cece-kuce na launin fata da suka bayyana a cikin The Washington Post inda Bott ya nuna wani sashe a cikin nassi na Mormon wanda ya ba shi shawarar cewa zuriyar Kayinu suna da alamar fata mai duhu kuma an hana su rike matsayin firist. Masu Gudanarwar BYU da Cocin LDS sun yi Allah wadai da waɗannan kalamai ko kuma Farfesan ya yi ritaya daga BYU jim kaɗan bayan haka.
A cikin 2021, Salt Lake Tribune ya lura da tashin hankali tsakanin bangaskiya da malanta (kamar koyarwar juyin halitta a bayyane), da kuma yadda Cocin LDS yanzu ke kiran a sake komawa wanda malaman BYU ke tsoro. [18]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ James D. Gordon III, Brigham Young University Studies, Vol. 49, issue 2
- ↑ Ernest L. Wilkinson, ed., Brigham Young University: The First 100 Years. Vol. 4, p. 63
- ↑ name="acadfree">"Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU". www.byu.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2006.
- ↑ name="acadfree">"Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU". www.byu.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2006."Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU". www.byu.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2006.
- ↑ "Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU". www.byu.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2006."Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU". www.byu.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2006.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "BYU Division of Continuing Education" (PDF). Ce.byu.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 THE ISSUE OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM: AN INTERVIEW WITH JIM GORDON
- ↑ name="aaupreport">"Academic Freedom and Tenure: Brigham Young University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Adams, Jonathan (Spring 2007). "Repression at BYU". Secular Humanist Bulletin. 23 (1).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 "Academic Freedom and Tenure: Brigham Young University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2010-07-26."Academic Freedom and Tenure: Brigham Young University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
- ↑ McConnell, Michael W. (October 1990). "Academic Freedom in Religious Colleges and Universities". Law and Contemporary Problems. Duke University School of Law. 53 (3: Summer 1990): 303–324. doi:10.2307/1191799. ISSN 0023-9186. JSTOR 1191799.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hardy, Lee. "The Value of Limitations". Aaup.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ↑ "Censure List". AAUP. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ↑ Wilson, Robin. (March 24, 2006). "A Well-Behaved Scholar Makes History." The Chronicle of Higher Education. v. 52 (29), page A12.
- ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2024-08-09. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ↑ Times and Seasons peace on removal of Houston
- ↑ "022-024: Black and Mormon - The Darron Smith Story". Mormon Stories. 30 March 2006.
- ↑ Fletcher Stack, Peggy (7 September 2021). "Can BYU serve two masters: faith and scholarship?". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.