Yunwar Nyasaland na 1949

Yunwar Nyasaland na 1949 Yunwar Nyasaland ta 1949 ta kasance yunwa ce da ta faru a tsaunukan Shire a yankin Kudancin Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi) da kuma a wani yanki na yankin Tsakiya a 1949: tasirinta da dadewar ta ya kai farkon 1950. Abin da ya haifar da gaggawa shi ne tsananin fari a watan Disamba 1948 zuwa Janairu 1949 da kuma a cikin Maris 1949 wanda ya lalata yawancin noman masara da mutanen yankunan da abin ya shafa suka dogara da shi a lokacin kakar lokacin nomansa. Hakan ya biyo bayan rashin ruwan sama da aka shafe shekaru biyu ana yi da rashin girbi wanda ya yi sanadiyyar rage ajiyar da ake samu a rumbunan manoma. Sakamakon gazawar amfanin gona ya tsananta saboda gazawar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka wajen kula da babban wajen tanadin hatsi na gaggawa da ya dace. jinkirin shigo da isassun kayan agaji da kuma buqatarsa ​​na cewa mafi yawan kayan agajin da aka bayar ana biyansu ne daga masu karba. Adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukumance sakamakon yunwa ya kai mutane 200,wanda zai iya zama rashin kima, kuma sakamakon ya kebance wadanda ke mutuwa daga cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki ya tsananta. An samu sabani sosai kan musabbabin matsalar yunwar. Da farko, an zarge shi kan yawan noman da ke haifar da zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon yawan yin noma wanda maimakon kayan abinci. Bayan haka, an ba da shawarar rashin ci gaban turawan mulkin mallaka ta hanyar kwace filaye, da biyan hayar gida da haraji ga manoman Afirka da rashin biyan su albashin su don aikinsu da amfanin gona. Kwanan nan, an mai da hankali ga rashin daidaituwar ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na tsarin tsaro a cikin 1930s da 1940s. Wannan ya haifar, da farko, karuwar yawan ma’aikata da ’yan kasuwa, wadanda ke bukatar siyan abincinsu amma suka dogara da ragi mara tabbas da ya taso a tsarin noman noma domin manoma kadan ne ke samar da abinci da farko don kasuwa ba cin nasu ba, da na gwamnati. ƙungiyoyin tallace-tallace waɗanda, nesa ba kusa ba da ba da tallafi ga noman masara, waɗanda manoman da suka yi noman ta kasuwanci ba su biya ba. Bugu da ƙari, sauye-sauye na zamantakewar al'umma sun haifar da ƙananan ƙananan waɗanda ba su da isasshen damar samun filin noma ko amintaccen aikin yi, masu rauni a lokutan ƙarancin abinci: wannan ya haɗa da mata da yawa.

Noma da Tsarin Yanayi

Rain-fed agriculture

A tsawon lokacin mulkin mallaka, babban amfanin gona na yankunan tuddai da suka samar da yawancin Nyasaland shine masara, wadda aka fito da ita daga Mozambique, mai yiwuwa tun daga karni na 18, wadda kuma ta maye gurbin dawa da gero da suka gabata a ƙarshen 19th. da farkon karni na 20. By the end of the colonial era, maize accounted for 60% of the areas planted with food crops, providing Nyasaland's inhabitants with over half their calories. Shanu kadan ne aka ajiye a tsaunukan Shire, ko da yake da yawa kanana sun ajiye raguna ko awaki kuma yawancinsu Kuma sunada akalla kaji daga ciki. Masara na gargajiya da aka noma a 1949 iri-iri ne da ba su daɗe ba, yana buƙatar ruwan sama aƙalla santimita biyar zuwa takwas a cikin kowane watanni uku na farkon girma, da kuma wata guda kafin ya girma. Tsaunukan Shire gabaɗaya suna saduwa da waɗannan sharuɗɗan a duk lokacin noman watanni biyar na yau da kullun amma, da yake noman masara galibi ana ciyar da ruwan sama, bambancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya haifar da hauhawar yawan amfanin gona. Yawancin ruwan sama na Nyasaland yana samuwa ne lokacin da yankin Intertropical Convergence Zone ya ketare kasar, yawanci tsakanin watan Nuwamba shekara daya zuwa Maris na shekara mai zuwa, amma yawan ruwan sama ya bambanta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar El Niño-Southern Oscillation da sauran yanayi na yanayi. Nazarin yanayi na yanki ya gano wani mummunan fari na fari a cikin Kudancin Afirka tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1949. Wannan ya haifar da yunwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Kudancin Rhodesia a 1947 da ƙarancin fari a Nyasaland a 1947 da 1948 wanda ya haifar da rashin girbi a waɗannan shekarun. Yunwa mai tsanani a kudancin Malawi a shekara ta 1949 mai yiwuwa ita ce kashi na ƙarshe na wannan bala'in.