Yaren Tol

Yaren Tol
'Yan asalin magana	500 (2012)
Dangin harshen	abu; abstract entity (en) ; languoid (en) ; language (en) ; human language (en) ; indigenous language (en) ; Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) ; Mesoamerican languages (en) ; Jicaquean (en) ; Tol harshe; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	jic
Glottolog	toll1241

Tol (Tolpan), wanda aka fi sani da Jicaque na Gabas, Tolupan, da Torupan, kusan mutane 500 ne ke magana da shi a yankin La Montaña de la Flor a Sashen Francisco Morazán, Honduras.

Sunan

Masu magana da Tol suna kiran kansu da Tolpán, amma ladinos suna kiran su Jicaques ko Turrupanes.

Yankin da ya gabata

An kuma yi magana da Tol a yawancin Sashen Yoro, amma an ruwaito 'yan masu magana ne kawai a cikin Kwarin Yoro a shekara ta 1974.

An yi amfani da Tol daga Río Ulúa a yamma, zuwa Trujillo na zamani a gabas, da kuma Río Sulaco a cikin kudu. Wannan yanki ya haɗa da yankunan da ke kusa da El Progreso na zamani, La Ceiba, kuma mai yiwuwa ma San Pedro Sula. Yawancin Tolupan sun tsere daga Mutanen Espanya daga yankunan bakin teku a farkon shekarun 1800. Masu magana da Tol a La Montaña de la Flor sun tsere daga kwarin Yoro a 1865 don kauce wa zama tilasta aiki ta hanyar gwamnan yankin (Campbell & Oltrogge 1980:206, Hagen 1943, Chapman 1978).

Fasahar sauti

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

		Biyuwa	Alveolar	Palatal		Velar	Gishiri
Plosive / Africate Rashin lafiya	fili	p	t	t͡ɕ		k	ʔ
	da ake nema	ph	th	t͡ɕh		kh
	fitarwa	pʼ	tʼ	t͡ɕʼ		kʼ
Fricative		β	s				h
Hanci		m	n			ŋ
Hanyar gefen			l
Semivowel		w		j	j̈

Sautin sautin

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Kusa	i	Ƙari	u
Tsakanin	da kuma		o
Bude		a

Harshen harshe

Bayani mai zuwa ya dogara ne akan Haurholm-Larsen (2014). ^[2]

Tsarin mulki

Tsarin asali na Tol shine SOV kuma harshe yana nuna tsari na ƙarshe na masu jefa kuri'a, watau kalmomi suna bin batun da abu, akwai postpositions maimakon prepositions, kuma haɗin kai ya bayyana a ƙarshen sassan da ke ƙasa.

Juyawa

Kalmomin da sunaye suna canzawa don mutum, lamba kuma, game da aikatau, lokaci, ta amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban na morpho-syntactic wanda sau da yawa yakan haɗa ma'anonin daban-daban (polyexponentiality). Wadannan hanyoyin sun hada da, prefixing, suffixing da infixing, ablaut da matsa lamba da kuma amfani da sunayen masu zaman kansu. Ana kuma bayyana lokacin ta hanyar amfani da barbashi. Adadin yana da alama ne kawai a cikin jimloli masu suna tare da masu magana da rai. An ba da wasu misalai a ƙasa.

m-m-wayum 'mijina'w-y-ayúm 'majinka'woyúm 'mutuminmu' wayúm ' mijinta' wayúmi' wayúma 'mijinta'

naphsü müskhé 'Ina shan ruwa'hiph üsü mu' 'kun sha ruwa'huph üsü mü 'kun sha ruwan'kuph üsü miskhékh 'mun sha ruwa'nun üsü müskhé 'kun sha da ruwa'yuph üsü mińün 'sun sha ruwa'

Yawancin sunaye suna ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin ƙayyadaddun guda uku: - (sV) s, - (V) N, - (Ch) kh.

wo-sís 'gida' (tushen: wa) 'Sith-im-ím 'avocado' (tishen: sith) khon-íkh 'gadin' (tutsi: Khan)

Sunayen da ba sa ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun suna nufin sassan jiki da kalmomin dangi.

Bayanan da aka ambata

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Tol". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen. 2014. Exploring grammatical categories of Tol. Talk given at Workshop "State of the art of Mesoamerican linguistics". Leipzig.

Samfuri:Languages of Honduras

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Tol". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen. 2014. Exploring grammatical categories of Tol. Talk given at Workshop "State of the art of Mesoamerican linguistics". Leipzig.

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