Yaren Takelma
Takelma / tə ˈkəl mə / shi ne yaren da mutanen Latgawa da Takelma ke magana da ƙungiyar Cow Creek na Upper Umpqua, a cikin Oregon, Amurka. Masanin ilimin harshe na Jamus-Ba-Amurke Edward Sapir ya bayyana yaren da yawa a cikin karatunsa na digiri, Harshen Takelma na Kudu maso yammacin Oregon (1912). Nahawun Sapir tare da Takelma Texts (1909) sune manyan hanyoyin samun bayanai akan harshe. Dukansu sun dogara ne akan aikin da aka yi a cikin 1906 tare da mai ba da shawara kan harshe Frances Johnson (sunan Takelma Kʷìskʷasá: n), [2] wanda ya rayu har ya zama mai magana na ƙarshe da ya tsira. A cikin 1934, tare da mutuwarta tana da shekaru 99, harshen ya ɓace. A halin yanzu ana ƙirƙiri ƙamus na Turanci-Takelma bisa tushen bugu da nufin farfado da harshen. [3]
| Yaren Takelma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
tkm |
| Glottolog |
take1257[1] |
Suna
gyara sasheSunan Ingilishi da aka saba amfani da shi na harshen ya samo asali ne daga Ta:-kɛlm-àʔn, sunan kansa na mutanen Takelma, wanda ke nufin "mazauna kusa da kogin Rogue (Ta:-kɛlám)". [4]
Yaruka
gyara sasheAkwai aƙalla yarukan Takelma guda huɗu: [5]
- Lower Takelma, Sapir's Takelma daidai, ana magana a cikin kwarin Rogue a kudu maso yammacin Oregon
- Babban Takelma ko Latgawa, ana magana tare da babban kogin Rogue a kudu maso yammacin Oregon
- Takelma B, sananne daga ƙamus da WH Barnhardt ya rubuta a cikin 1859
- Takelma H, sananne daga ƙamus da WB Hazen ya rubuta a cikin 1857
An ba da shaida kaɗan ga dukkan yaruka huɗu: [6]
| Kasa | Na sama | B | H | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "kare" | tsii | ts'ayi | tsi:ki: | tsi: hwi: |
| "wolf" | ku:xtis | maym | ku:xt | poktiš |
| "ruwa" | xí | si | txi: | hwi: |
| "hanci" | ina:x- | tsin- | cin - | yiniš |
| "Beaver" | gizo: n | tsiri | špin | juya |
| "(grizzly) bear" | ina | munka | mani | mani |
Rabewa
gyara sasheAna karɓar Takelma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yare da yawa na Arewacin Amurka . Da yake rubutawa a cikin 1909, Sapir ya bayyana cewa "harshen Takelma yana wakiltar ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan harshe na Arewacin Amurka". [7] Daga baya ya sake duba ra'ayinsa, kuma ya sanya Takelma ga dangin harshen Penutian, [8] rukunin da a halin yanzu ba a ɗaukan kafa shi ba. [9] A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, masana harsuna da yawa sun gabatar da shaidun da, a ganinsu, sun danganta Takelma da sauran harsunan "Penutian", musamman harsunan Kalapuyan . Sake nazarin shaidar da Tarpent da Kendall suka yi (1998, ba a buga ba) duk da haka ya nuna cewa kamanceceniya na ƙamus da nahawu tsakanin Takelma da sauran harsuna sun yi kuskure, kuma sun kammala cewa Takelma keɓe ne. [10]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Takelma". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Sapir 1909:5 Gwísgwashãn.
- ↑ Achen 2008.
- ↑ Sapir 1912:7 Dāᵃ-gelmaˊᵋn, 223 Dāᵃ-gela`m /Ta:-kɛlám/ "Rogue River", 222 suffix -aˊᵋ(n) /-àʔ(n)/ "person(s) coming from".
- ↑ Kendall 1982:78, with further references.
- ↑ Kendall 1982:81.
- ↑ Sapir 1909:5.
- ↑ Sapir's full 1929 classification scheme including the Penutian proposal can be seen here: Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Sapir (1929): Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ↑ Mithun 2018:205.
- ↑ Mithun 2018:206, with further references.