Yaren Logba
Logba yaren Kwa ne da ake magana da shi a kudu maso gabashin Ghana kusan mutane 7,500. Mutanen Logba suna kiran kansu da harshensu Ikpana, wanda ke nufin 'masu kare gaskiya'. Logba ya bambanta da Lukpa na Togo da Benin, wanda kuma a wasu lokuta ake kira Logba .
| Yaren Logba | |
|---|---|
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
lgq |
| Glottolog |
logb1245[1] |
Rabewa
gyara sasheMaganin Logba na farko da aka buga shine ɗan gajeren nahawu na Diedrich Hermann Westermann (1903). Westermann ya haɗa da Logba a cikin rukuninsa na Togo Restsprachen (harshen Togo Remnant), ƙamus da masu bincike da yawa suka ɗauka. Dakubu da Ford (1988) sun canza sunan wannan gungu zuwa harsunan Togo ta Tsakiya amma tun Ring (1995) ana kiran su da harsunan tsaunin Ghana-Togo . Dozin ko fiye da harsunan tsaunin Ghana-Togo suna cikin reshen Kwa na dangin Nijar–Congo .
Geography da demoography
gyara sashe
Mutanen Logba suna zaune ne a yankin Volta na Ghana, gabas da tafkin Volta a tsaunuka na iyakar Ghana da Togo. Yawancin garuruwan Logba da ƙauyuka suna kan hanyar gangar jikin daga Accra zuwa Hohoe. Sun haɗa da ƙauyuka kamar haka: Wuinta, Akusame, Adiveme, Andokɔfe, Adzakoe, Alakpeti, Klikpo, da Tota. Tota yana da tsayi a cikin tsaunin Ghana-Togo zuwa gabashin hanyar Accra-Hohoe. Alakpeti ita ce cibiyar kasuwanci ta Logba, yayin da Klikpo ke zaman shugaban al'ummar Logba a al'adance. Mutanen Logba sun kasance manoma da yawa, suna samar da rogo, masara, dawa da ’ya’yan itatuwa dazuzzuka, waɗanda ake samun su da kayan amfanin gona kamar koko, kofi da guntun mahogany. An san yankin Logba da yanayin yanayinsa, wanda ya haɗa da magudanan ruwa, tsaunin duwatsu, da gyare-gyare na farar ƙasa, gami da sanannun ƙananan kogo ɗaya ko biyu tare da ƙananan ƙaho .
Yaren da ya mamaye yankin shine Ewe, wanda Twi ke biye dashi. Yawancin mutanen Logba suna jin harsuna biyu a Ewe. Kudancin yankin Logba suna zaune da mutanen Avatime. Logba yana da nisa ne kawai da maƙwabtansa kai tsaye Avatime da Nyagbo-Tafi; a cewar Bernd Heine (1968) yana da alaƙa da yarukan Akpafu da Santrokofi da ake magana da su a arewa.
An yarda cewa mutanen Logba ba su ne asalin yankin da suke zaune a yanzu ba. An yi hasashe guda biyu dangane da asalin mutanen Logba. Heine (1968, yana bin Debrunner), ya ba da shawarar cewa Logba zuriya ce daga mutanen makɔ, bayan sun gudu daga kudu bayan an sha kashi a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 18.
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheLogba yana da tsarin wasali tara tare da jituwa ta ATR . Harmony na wasali a Logba ana sarrafa tushen sa, wanda ke nufin cewa wasula na prefixes ɗinsa sun yi daidai da wasulan tushen. Ana sanya wasula a hanci lokacin da suka faru a wurin da ke kusa da baƙar hanci.
| . | Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa-kusa | Ƙarfafawa | ʊ | |
| Bude-tsakiyar | e | ku | |
| Bude | a |
| . | Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i | ku | |
| Kusa-tsakiyar | e | o | |
| Bude | a |
Logba harshe ne na tonal tare da sautunan matakin biyu: babba da ƙasa. Ana iya haɗa waɗannan sautunan akan maɗaukaki ɗaya, suna haifar da sautin kwane-kwane mai tasowa ko Faɗuwa.
Duk kalmomin suna buɗe a Logba. Kowane ma'anar yana ɗauke da sauti. Za a iya fassara ainihin tsarin silsilar kamar (C 1 )(C 2 )V+T, inda C = baki, V = wasali ko syllabic hanci, da T = sautin. Dorvlo (2004) ya banbance nau’ukan ma’auni guda uku:
- Nucleus kawai, wanda ya ƙunshi wasali ko syllabic hanci . Ana samun wannan nau'in a cikin karin magana kawai da prefixes na suna. Misalai: ɛ́-mɔ́ 'sun yi dariya'; ɔ́-zɔ́ 'ya/ta tafi'; n-dà 'giya'.
- Farko da tsakiya. Wannan shi ne nau'in harafin da aka fi sani a Logba; yawancin kalmomi suna cikin wannan sigar. A cikin kalmomin multisyllabic, yana iya faruwa a kowane matsayi. Misalai: bà 'zo'; gbà 'shafe'; "Cola nut "
- Complex farko da tsakiya. Sai kawai /r/ da /l/ suna faruwa a matsayin baƙon abu na biyu na hadaddun farawa. Wannan nau'in silsilar kuma na iya samar da kalma da kanta. A cikin kalmomin multisyllabic, in na iya faruwa a kowane matsayi. Misalai: à-klɔ́ 'akuya'; trò 'ƙi'; ivafli '(abu) fari'.
Consonants
gyara sasheBakin Logba sune kamar haka: [2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Labio-<br id="mwow"><br><br><br></br> Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | mara murya | t | ɖ | k | kp | |||
| murya | b | d | g | gb | ||||
| Ƙarfafawa | mara murya | f | s | x | ɦ | |||
| murya | v | z | ||||||
| Haɗin kai | mara murya | ts | ||||||
| murya | dz | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Kusanci | l | j | w | |||||
s, z, ts, da dz an daidaita su zuwa ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, da dʒ bi da bi, lokacin da suka faru kafin i. A cikin yaren Tota, t da d ana furta su azaman ts da dz gabanin u.
Sautin
gyara sasheLogba harshe ne na tonal mai sautuna biyu, babba da ƙasa. Akwai ’yan kalmomi da suke da sautin tashi, dukansu ko dai kalmomin aro kamar su zenklǎ (tushen tukunya), rance daga Ewe, ko kuma na akida, kamar su tǒ (zuwa bishiyar dabino ), waɗanda ke yin kwaikwayon sautin dabino. itace fadowa. Kalmomin monosyllabic waɗanda ke da ƙaramar sauti a cikin sigar su mara ƙarfi suna samun sauti mai girma lokacin da aka kunna su.
Bayanan kula da nassoshi
gyara sasheBayanan kula
gyara sashe
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Logba". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Dorvlo, Kofi. 2008. A Grammar of Logba (Ikpana). 183. Utrecht: LOT. (Doctoral dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden; xxii+419pp.)