Yaren El Molo

 

Yaren El Molo
'Yan asalin magana	0
Dangin harshen	Afroasiatic (en) Cushitic (en) East Cushitic (en) Lowland East Cushitic (en) Harsunan Omo-Tana Harsunan Western Omo–Tana Yaren El Molo
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	elo
Glottolog	elmo1238

El Molo yare ne da ya ƙare wanda ke cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic . Mutanen El Molo ne ke magana da shi a kudu maso gabashin Tekun Turkana, a arewacin Kenya. sunayen Molo sune Dehes, Elmolo, Fura-Pawa, da Ldes. An yi tunanin cewa ya ƙare a tsakiyar karni na 20, amma an sami wasu masu magana a ƙarshen karni na 20. , yanzu yana iya zama ya ƙare da gaske, kamar yadda masu magana takwas da aka samu a cikin binciken da aka buga a 1994 sun wuce 50. Yawancin mutanen El Molo sun koma yaren Samburu makwabta. Molo kuma ba shi da sanannun yaruka amma yayi kama da Daasanach.

Al'adar baka tana kallon mutanen El Molo a matsayin wani yanki na mutanen Arbore a Kudancin Habasha. Da alama an tabbatar da wannan ta kusancin harshe na El Molo da harshen Arbore .

Rabewa

Yaren El Molo mai yuwuwar bacewar ya kasance na reshen Cushitic na rarrabuwar Afro-Asiatic. Harsunan Kushitic na ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai na yare na Gabashin Afirka, ana magana da su a wani yanki da ya taso daga Arewa maso Gabashin Sudan a kan iyakar Masar, wanda ya haɗa da Eritrea, Djibouti, Somaliya, Habasha, wani yanki mai yawa na Kenya, da wasu yankuna na Arewacin Tanzaniya. .

Yawan jama'a

Al'ummar El Molo kuma ana kiranta da "Dhes, Elmolo, Fura-Pawa, Ldes, da Ndorobo". Akwai ƙabila kusan 1,100 bisa ga ƙidayar 2019 kuma yawan jama'a yana raguwa kowace shekara. Wurin wannan yaren Kenya yana Gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Afirka. Mutane suna cikin kabilu shida: Turkana, Samburu da Maasai (Masu magana da Nilotic na Gabas); Luo (Masu magana da Nilotic na Yamma); Rendille da ElMolo (yawan mutanen Cushitic). Dukkanin al'ummar makiyayan shanu ne, ban da El Molo masunta ne. Ba kamar makwabtansu ba, ba sa dogara da dabbobi don rayuwa. Kifi shine babban abincinsu. Kuma lokaci-lokaci suna cin kada, kunkuru, da hippos. Akwai ragowar masu magana da harshen, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa El Molo (yawan jama'a) ba safai ake samun su suna magana El Molo ba. (harshen). Maimakon haka, suna amfani da " Samburu ", wanda a yanzu ake ganin ya zama harshensu farko bayan sauyin harsuna.

Tarihin Kenya

Kenya kasa ce da ake ganin tana da yawan harsuna da yawa tun farkon karni na sha tara. Akwai ƙididdiga daban-daban da yawa don jeri na harsunan asali, wanda kuma yana da wahala saboda da yawa ba a “gyarasu” ba. Kamar yadda aka lura lokacin da aka bayyana ƙididdiga tare da Ci gaban Harshe a Tsarin Ilimi akwai harsuna 8 kawai na asali waɗanda ke da littafin rubutu da aka samar a ƙarshen 1949.

Gadon al'adun da ba a taɓa gani ba

Gadon al'adun da ba a taɓa gani ba (ICH) gado ne na kaddarorin zahiri da halaye marasa ma'ana na ƙungiya ko al'umma waɗanda aka gada daga al'ummomin da suka gabata, kuma ana kiyaye su a halin yanzu don amfanin al'umma masu zuwa (Singh 2011). Kasar Kenya tana da Manufofin Gado na Ƙasa da ke gane bambancinta da ƙarfafa haɓakar al'adu masu wadata da mabanbanta. Hukumar ilimi da kimiya da al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) ta bayyana cewa ICH na sanya mutane da al'ummomi su zama masu banbance-banbance a tarihinsu, kasashensu, harsuna, akidunsu da dabi'unsu. (46). Ana iya fahimtar abubuwan da suka gabata ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan da ba za a iya gani ba kuma masu ma'ana waɗanda aka kiyaye su a cikin tsararraki. Wannan na magana da rubuce-rubucen tarihin ƙasar shine ke ba da damar haɓaka ga al'ummomin yanzu da na gaba. Al'adu daban-daban daga al'ummomin da ke kewaye kuma suna ba da damar bambance-bambancen su faru cikin sauri fiye da yadda aka saba yi a cikin wannan al'umma kaɗai. Canja wurin ilimi ya dogara ne akan watsa baki. Ko da yake an sami sauyin harshe a El Molo zuwa Samburu, a yawancin waɗannan lokuta da mutane suka bar aikin magana da harshen da ya mamaye, sun bar ɗimbin fagagen ilimi waɗanda a baya aka samu game da ƙasa, tsiro, dabbobi, da dai sauransu. An aiwatar da ICH ne don ba da kariya da kiyaye al'adu tare da tarihinsu da al'adunsu. Kamar yadda harshe ke mutuwa, haka kuma wayewa da wayewar ƙasar da ta taru tsawon shekaru.

Fage

El Molo a yau ya fi zama a lardin arewa maso gabashin Kenya. An tattara su ne a gundumar Marsabit da ke kudu maso gabashin gabar tafkin Turkana, tsakanin El Molo bay da Dutsen Kulal. El Molo yana cikin haɗari sosai. Akwai ƴan jin ƙai a duniya. Harshen ya yi kusa da bacewa tun lokacin da aka canza shi a matsayin yaren sakandare ta waɗanda suka samo asali a Kenya . An yi tunanin bacewarsa a karni na 20, amma daga baya aka samu masu magana kadan. Tun daga wannan lokacin, yaren Samburu ya mamaye El Molo kuma ya zama yaren farko. Dangane da shaida daga Ayyukan Adabin Baka na Duniya ana hasashen za a sami sauran masu magana da harshen 8. Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin ƙaramin ɓangaren yadda Gadon Al’adu mara-girma yake, yawancin ilimin ‘yan asalin ƙasar sun ɓace yayin da sauran masu magana kaɗan ne kawai. Ilimin ƙasa yana ɓacewa a watsa. Ƙungiyar ElMolo tana da ƙarancin bambance-bambancen haplotype (0.88), kusa da abin da aka lura a cikin mafarauta na Khoisan, kuma ta rashin mahimmancin gwaje-gwajen tsaka-tsaki da rarrabuwar rashin daidaituwa ta multimodal wanda ke nuna ƙananan girman yawan jama'a da ƙaƙƙarfan ɗigon kwayoyin halitta. A cewar wani binciken mtDNA na Castri, zuriyar mahaifiyar El Molo ta zamani ta ƙunshi cakuɗen layin Afro-Asiatic-haplogroups da haplogroups na Sub-Saharan, wanda ke nuna kwararar ƙwayoyin mata daga maƙwabtan mazauna yankin Saharar. Kadan fiye da kashi 30% na El Molo na cikin haploggroups na Yammacin Eurasian.

Canjin harshe

Samburu yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan farko guda uku a Kenya tare da haɗa El Molo. El Molo ya sauya daga harshen Kushitic na Gabas, muna kiransa ElMolo, zuwa Samburu a farkon rabin farkon karni na 20. Tsohon harshen Cushitic na El Molo yana kusa da harsuna biyu, ana magana da su a kan iyaka a kudu maso yammacin Habasha: Dhaasanac (Tosco 2001) kuma musamman Arbore (Hayward 1984). A cewar masana ilimin harshe, sunan El Molo sunan Samburu ne da ke nufin mutanen da ba sa amfani da dabbobi a matsayin hanyar samun kudin shiga. A cewar al'umma, mai magana "mai kyau" na ƙarshe, Kaayo, ya mutu a cikin 1999. Tambayar da ba a warware ba ita ce ko Elmolo sun kasance “asali” masu magana da yaren Kushitic, kuma wata kuma ita ce ko masu kamun kifi ne ko kuma makiyaya da suka koma kamun kifi saboda larurar a yankin da bai dace da kiwo ba. Heine (1982) ya yarda da hasashe na farko, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa kamun kifi na gargajiya a cikin Rift Valley na Kenya yana yiwuwa ya koma Kush ta Gabas waɗanda suka samo asali daga tsaunukan Habasha.

Na yanzu

El Molo ya daidaita ƙananan ƙauyuka 2 a gefe guda na tafkin Turkana. Akwai gidaje 400 da ke ɗauke da mutane 1900. Akwai ƙauyukan El Molo guda 2 a Kenya kuma galibi a duk faɗin duniya. Ko da yake ba kawai matasa ba ne waɗanda ba za su iya magana da harshen uwa ba, El Molo, yawancin dattawa ba su iya gina jumla a El Molo . Ragowar masu magana da harshen suna fafutukar ganin harshen ya raye. Harshe da galibin al'adun sun ɓace don haɗuwa da maƙwabta da ke kewaye. Yaren yana gab da bacewa. Ko da yake, har yanzu akwai adadi mai yawa na ƙamus da aka adana don harshen kansa. Ana iya raba asalin Cushitic-Elmolo zuwa abubuwa na ƙamus na asali (kamar sassan jiki, lambobi, sunayen tsirrai da dabbobi, da sharuddan dangi) . Yaren Samburu yanzu ana magana ne a madadin El Molo, tunda yana da wahala a tsawaita amfani da ainihin ƙamus ɗin kawai da aka sani. Duk kayan Cushitic sun rasa asalin saƙon sauti da morphosyntax waɗanda aka daidaita da Samburu. Ma'ana, El Molo na yau yana bin ƙa'idodin Samburu "dokokin harshe".

Samburu

Samburu yaren Maasai ne (yare) na Kenya wanda zai iya tafiya da madadin sunayen Burkeneji, E Lokop, Lokop, Nkutuk, Sambur, Sampur. Daya daga cikin wurare ukun yana cikin kasashen Isiolo, Marsabit, da Samburu, musamman gabas zuwa Marasabit wanda zai kai daya zuwa tafkin Turkana. Nisa tsakanin Samburu da El Molo shine ya sa El Molo ya canza yare da yare. Tafkin Turkana yanki ne da aka raba tsakanin al'ummomin biyu. Ana amfani da yaren Samburu a gidaje, taron jama'a, da kuma addini. Za a iya amfani da harshe ga kowane zamani. Yawan jama'a bisa ga ƙidayar 2009 shine 237,000 kuma yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara.

Ƙoƙari a farfaɗowa

A cikin 1995 an kafa "Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Elmolo" (EDG) don inganta dogaro da kai a tsakanin mutanen Elmolo musamman a yunƙurin farfado da rayuwa. A cikin wannan akwai kuma shirin farfado da harshen Elmolo wanda ya fara. Wanda ya kafa kuma shugaba, Michael Basili, na Gura Pau malami ne kuma daga baya malamin makaranta kuma jami'in ilimi na sashin Loiyangalani. Ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2006 kuma a wannan lokacin ne ya fara ƙoƙarin maido da El Molo a matsayin harshen al'umma ta hanyar koyarwar makaranta. Basil da abokan aikinsa sun tattara duk wani ƙarin bayanan harshe da ɗan adam. An yi watsi da ƙoƙarin a cikin 2012 saboda yana da wuya a aiwatar da kuma ƙaddamar da kayan kamus na Cushitic kamar yadda yake da iyaka, ko kuma iliminsa ya bazu tsakanin al'umma ba tare da wani taimako ba. Wani abin da aka gano shi ne yadda mutanen El Molo ba za su bayyana kansu yawan al'ummarsu ba. Sun yi imanin cewa bayyana adadinsu ya fi jefa su cikin haɗari tun tsawon shekaru da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su ke haɗa su.

Tasirin asarar harshe

Tare da haɗarin harshe na El molo, akwai yuwuwar asarar ilimin da ba a gano ba kuma na musamman wanda har yanzu ba a bincika ba. Harshe kuma muhimmin bangare ne na sadarwa. Ta hanyar harshe ne mutane za su iya sadarwa tare da wasu masu al'adu daban-daban kuma su sami fahimta da sabon ilimi. Dixon ya ce, Harshe shi ne alamar masu magana da shi. Kowane harshe yana ƙayyade hanya ta musamman ta kallon duniya . Harsuna suna fallasa mutane ga ra'ayoyi daban-daban da hanyoyin tunani daban-daban. Wani da ke magana da wani harshe na iya kwatanta abu ɗaya ta wata hanya dabam kuma shi ne ke ba mu bambancin da ke ba mu damar kallon abubuwa ta wata fuska. Bugu da ƙari kuma, sanya wa tsirrai da dabbobi suna aikin ɗan adam ne na duniya baki ɗaya, amma kowace al'ada tana haɓaka halayenta. Wani abu mai ƙanƙanta kamar zaɓin suna zai iya bayyana yadda al'ada ke tunanin wurin da ya dace ga waɗannan halittu a cikin daji. Sunayen da harshe ke baiwa dabbobi sun wuce tambari kawai, amma sun haɗa da bayanai masu yawa game da wurin da ya dace da wannan al'umma, kamar El Molo, ke kallon wannan dabba a duniya.

Littafi Mai Tsarki

• Brenzinger, Matthias (ed). 1992. Mutuwar Harshe: Haƙiƙanin Bincike da Ƙididdigar Mahimmanci da Magana ta Musamman ga Gabashin Afirka. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Brenzinger, Matthias. 1992. Rikowar lexical a cikin canjin harshe: Yaaku/ Mukogodo- Maasai da El-molo/Emolo- Samburu. A cikin Brenzinger (ed), 213-254.
• Bunyi, Grace. "Harshe a Ilimi a Makarantar Kenya". Encyclopedia na Ilimin Harshe. Juzu'i 5:33.
• Dyson, WS da Fuchs, VE 1937. Elmolo. Jaridar Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 67. 327-338.
• Tsoron Kashewa azaman Faɗin Lambobin El Molo (2010). allAfrica.com.
• Fishman, Joshua. Ci gaba a cikin tsara harshe. Juyin Halin Yanzu a cikin Harsuna 7
• Hein, Bernd. 1980. Elmolo. A cikin Heine, Bernd (ed.), Harsunan Bantu na Kenya, 173–218. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. An dawo daga: Glottolog.
• Joshua Project. "El Molo in Kenya". An dawo da 9 Maris 2018.
• Okuma, OS (2016). Kiyaye Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kenya.
• Tosco, Mauro. 1998. "Mutanen da ba harshen da suke magana ba": a kan sauyin harshe ba tare da lalata harshe a Gabashin Afirka ba. A cikin Brenzinger, M. (ed.), Harsuna masu haɗari a Afirka, 119-142. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
• Tosco, Mauro. 2012. Abin da Masu Magana na Tasha Zasu Iya Yi wa Harshensu: Batun Elmolo. A cikin Federico Corriente da Gregorio del Olmo Lete da Ángeles Vicente da Juan-Pablo Vita (eds.), Dialectology na Harsunan Semitic. 131-143. Sabadell (Barcelona): Editorial AUSA.

Kara karantawa

• Hayward, Dik. 1984. Harshen Arbore: Binciken Farko; ciki har da ƙamus. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
• Hein, Bernd. 1972/73. Vokabulare ostafrikanischer Restsprachen, 1: Elmolo. Afrika und Übersee 56. 276-283.
• Sherer, Carol. 1974. Tasirin tasirin yamma akan Elmolo, 1973-74. (Takardun tattaunawa daga Inst. of African Studies (IAS), 61. Nairobi: Jami'ar Nairobi.
• Sobiya, NW 1980. Al'adun Tarihi na Mutanen Gabashin Tafkin Turkana Basin, ca. 1840-1925. Ph.D. karatun digiri. London: Jami'ar London.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• El Molo a Aikin Harsunan da ke Kashe Kashewa