Wikipedia

Xiang Yu

Xiang Yu (c.  232 – c. Janairu 202 BC),[1] haifaffen Xiang Ji, shi ne Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu a zamanin Chu–Han Contention (206-202 BC) na kasar Sin. Wani mai martaba na kasar Chu, Xiang Yu ya yi tawaye ga daular Qin, inda ya lalata ragowarsu na karshe, ya kuma zama babban jagoran yaki. Sarki Huai II na jihar Chu mai dawo da shi ya ba shi taken "Duke na Lu" (魯公) a shekara ta 208 BC. A shekara mai zuwa, ya jagoranci sojojin Chu don samun nasara a yakin Julu da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han. Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin "Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu" (西楚霸王) kuma ya mulki wani yanki mai fadi da ya ratsa tsakiya da gabashin kasar Sin, inda Pengcheng ya zama babban birninsa. Ya shagaltu da Liu Bang, wanda ya kafa daular Han, a cikin dogon gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda aka fi sani da Chu–Han Content, wanda ya kare da shan kaye a yakin Gaixia da kuma kashe kansa.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Sunaye da lakabi

2Bayanin iyali

3 Rayuwa ta farko

4 Tawaye ga Qin

4.1 Yaƙin Yuli

4.2 Idi a Ƙofar Hong Kong

5 Rarraba daular

6Chu-Han Content

6.1 Yaƙin Pengcheng

6.2 Yakin Xingyang

6.3 Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal

6.4 Yaƙin Guling

6.5 Cin nasara da mutuwa

7Kima

7.1 Na gargajiya

7.2 Zamanin Zamani

8 A cikin shahararrun al'adu

8.1 Waƙar Gaixia

8.2 Wakoki, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai

8.3 Opera

8.4 TV da fim

9 Nassoshi

9.1 Cikakkun bayanai

9.2 Tushen

Sunaye da lakabi

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Sunan dangin Xiang Yu Xiang (項) yayin da aka ba shi suna Ji (籍) kuma sunansa na ladabi Yu (羽; Yǔ; Yü; Jyu5). An fi saninsa da Xiang Yu.

Xiang Yu sananne ne da sunan "Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu" (西楚霸王; Xīchǔ bà wáng). Wani lokaci ana rage wannan take zuwa "Ba Wang". Tun bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, kalmar "Ba Wang" ta zo da nufin Xiang ta musamman.

Tarihin iyali

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Akwai asusun biyu na asalin dangin Xiang Yu. Na farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya fito daga gidan Mi (羋), dangin sarauta na jihar Chu a daular Zhou. Sarkin Chu ya ba kakanninsa kasar Xiang (項) kuma tun daga lokacin suka dauki "Xiang" a matsayin sunan danginsu. Wani labarin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasance zuriyar dangi mai daraja daga jihar Lu kuma danginsa sun yi aikin soja na Chu na tsararraki. Kakan Xiang Yu Xiang Yan [zh] sanannen janar ne wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Chu wajen tinkarar maharan Qin karkashin jagorancin Wang Jian, kuma an kashe shi a cikinA lokacin da Qin ya ci Chu a shekara ta 223 BC.

An haifi Xiang Yu a shekara ta 232 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a karshen zamanin jahohin kasar Sin, lokacin da jihar Qin ta fara hada kan sauran manyan jihohi shida. Bisa ga zuriyar dangin Xiang a Suqian, mahaifin Xiang Yu shi ne Xiang Chao (項超), babban ɗan Xiang Yan. Xiang Yu ya girma daga wurin kawunsa Xiang Liang saboda mahaifinsa ya rasu da wuri. A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, lokacin da Xiang Yu ya kai kimanin shekaru 11 da haihuwa, kasar Qin ta hade kasar Sin tare da kafa daular Qin.

Daya daga cikin idanun Xiang yana da almajiri biyu[2] kamar yadda sarkin almara Shun da Duke Wen na Jin. Don haka ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai ban mamaki domin ɗalibinsa na musamman na biyu alama ce ta sarki ko mai hikima a al'adar Sinawa. Xiang Yu ya dan fi tsayin chi takwas, ko kuma kusan 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), kuma yana da karfin jiki da ba a saba gani ba, saboda yana iya daga wani abu.[2]

Rayuwar farko

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A lokacin da yake karami, Xiang Yu ya kasance yana koyar da fasahar fasaha da takuba amma bai iya sarrafa abin da aka koya masa ba, kuma kawunsa Xiang Liang bai gamsu da shi sosai ba.[2] Xiang Yu ya ce, "Littattafai suna da amfani ne kawai wajen taimaka mini in tuna sunana. Kwarewar takobi yana ba ni damar fuskantar abokin gaba daya kawai, don haka bai cancanci koyo ba. Ina so in koyi yadda zan yi nasara kan dubban makiya."[3] Kawu ya yi ƙoƙari ya ilimantar da shi dabarun soja da fasahar yaƙi a maimakon haka, amma Xiang Yu ya daina koyo bayan ya fahimci manyan ra'ayoyin; Xiang Liang ya ji takaicin dan dan uwansa, wanda ba ya nuna wata alamar kwazo ko hazaka a fili baya ga irin karfin da yake da shi, don haka ya hakura ya bar Xiang Yu ya yanke shawarar kansa[4] [5]

Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya girma, Xiang Liang ya kashe wani don haka suka gudu zuwa Wu don guje wa hukuma. A wancan lokacin, Qin Shi Huang ya kai ziyarar gani da ido a wannan yanki, kuma Xiang Yu da kawunsa suna kallon jerin gwanon da sarkin ke wucewa.[6] Xiang Yu ya ce, "Zan iya maye gurbinsa."] Xiang Liang ya gigice kuma nan da nan ya rufe bakin dan uwansa da hannunsa. Bayan haka, Xiang Liang ya fara ganin dan uwansa a wani yanayi na daban.

Tawaye ga Qin

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Tashin hankalin daular Qin. An nuna yakin Xiang Yu da shudi.

A shekara ta 209 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a zamanin Qin Er Shi, tawayen manoma ya barke a duk fadin kasar Sin, don hambarar da daular Qin, lamarin da ya jefa kasar Sin cikin wani yanayi na rashin kwanciyar hankali. Yin Tong [zh] (殷通), mai kula da Kuaiji, shi ma ya so ya fara tawaye, don haka ya gayyaci kawunsa Xiang Liang don ya gana da shi, su tattauna shirinsu. Ma'auratan sun jawo Yin Tong cikin tarko suka kashe shi maimakon haka, Xiang Yu da kansa ya kashe daruruwan mutanen Yin. Xiang Liang shi ne ya fara tawayen da kansa, ya kuma tara mutane kimanin 8,000 don su mara masa baya. Xiang Liang ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban Kuaiji yayin da ya nada Xiang Yu a matsayin janar. Rundunar juyin juya hali ta Xiang Liang ta girma har zuwa tsakanin 60,000 zuwa 70,000. A shekara ta 208 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Xiang Liang ya nada Mi Xin a matsayin sarki Huai na biyu na kasar Chu don samun goyon baya daga masu sha'awar taimaka masa wajen hambarar da daular Qin da kuma dawo da tsohuwar kasar Chu. Xiang Yu ya bambanta kansa a matsayin ƙwararren jarumi kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran jarumi a fagen fama yayin da yake halartar yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Qin.

A cikin wannan shekarar, an kashe Xiang Liang a yakin Dingtao da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, kuma karfin soja na Chu ya fada hannun sarki da wasu janar-janar. A cikinlokacin hunturu na 208, wani dakarun 'yan tawaye da ke da'awar maido da jihar Zhao, karkashin jagorancin Zhao Xie [zh] (趙歙), Zhang Han ya kewaye a Handan. Zhao Xie ya nemi taimako daga Chu. Sarki Huai na biyu ya ba Xiang Yu lakabin "Duke na Lu" (魯公), kuma ya nada shi a matsayin shugaba na biyu ga Song Yi, wanda aka ba da umarnin jagorantar sojoji don karfafa Zhao Xie. A sa'i daya kuma, sarkin ya nada Liu Bang a matsayin kwamandan wata runduna don kai hari a Guanzhong, cibiyar tsakiya (babban birnin Qin). Sarkin ya yi alkawarin cewa duk wanda ya fara shiga Guanzhong za a ba shi lakabin "Sarkin Guanzhong".

Yakin Julu

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Babban labarin: Yaƙin Julu

Sojojin Chu karkashin jagorancin Song Yi da Xiang Yu sun isa Anyang, mai nisa daga Julu (巨鹿; Xingtai na zamani, Hebei), inda sojojin Zhao Xie suka koma. Song Yi ya umurci sojojin da su yi sansani na tsawon kwanaki 46, kuma ya ki amincewa da shawarar Xiang Yu na ci gaba. Xiang Yu ya dauki Song Yi da mamaki a wani taro inda ya kashe shi bisa zargin cin amanar kasa. Sauran ma'aikatan Song Yi sun ji tsoron Xiang Yu don haka suka bar shi ya zama babban kwamandan riko. Xiang Yu ya aika da manzo don sanar da sarki Huai na biyu kuma sarki ya amince da umarnin Xiang.

A shekara ta 207 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sojojin Xiang Yu sun yi gaba zuwa Julu, inda ya aika Ying Bu da Zhongli Mo su jagoranci rundunar soji masu karfi 20,000 don tsallaka kogin, suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, yayin da ya bi baya tare da sauran sauran sojojin. . Bayan haye kogin, Xiang Yu ya umurci mutanensa da su nutse da kwale-kwalen da suke ciki tare da lalata dukkan kayayyakin abinci na kwanaki uku, in ban da kwanaki uku, domin tilasta wa mutanensa zabi tsakanin yin galaba a kan babbar matsala cikin kwanaki uku ko kuma a makale a gaban katangar birnin. babu kayayyaki ko wani begen tserewa. Duk da cewa an fi su da yawa, sojojin Chu sun sami gagarumar nasara bayan da aka yi fafatawa tara, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Qin 300,000 masu karfi. Bayan yakin, wasu sojojin 'yan tawaye, ciki har da wadanda ba na Chu ba, sun zo tare da Xiang Yu saboda sha'awar jajircewarsa. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya tarbe su a bakin kofa, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun ji tsoronsa sosai, har suka durkusa, ba su ko dago da kallonsa ba.

Zhang Han ya aika mataimakiyarsa Sima Xin zuwa Xianyang don neman taimako da kayayyaki daga kotun daular Qin. Duk da haka, eunuch Zhao Gao ya yaudari sarki kuma sarki ya yi watsi da bukatar Zhang Han. Har ma Zhao Gao ya aika masu kisan gilla su kashe Sima Xin a lokacin da ta ke komawa sansanin Zhang Han, amma Sima ta yi nasarar tserewa da rai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, daga karshe Zhang Han da sojojinsa 200,000 sun mika wuya ga Xiang Yu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 207. Xiang Yu ya dauki sojojin Qin da suka mika wuya a matsayin rashin aminci da abin alhaki, kuma ya sa aka kashe su ta hanyar binne su da ransu a Xin'an (新安); Yima, Henan]). Zhang Han, tare da Sima Xin da Dong Yi, an kare su daga mutuwa. Xiang Yu ya nada Zhang Han a matsayin "Sarkin Yong", yayin da Sima Xin da Dong Yi aka ba su lakabin "Sarkin Sai" da "Sarkin Di".

Biki a Hong Gate

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Babban labarin: Idi a Ƙofar Hong

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a yakin Julu, Xiang Yu ya shirya kai farmaki kan Guanzhong, cibiyar daular Qin. A cikin hunturu na shekara ta 207 BC, Ziying na Qin ya mika wuya ga Liu Bang a babban birnin Qin Xianyang, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Qin. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Hangu Pass, gabasKofar Guanzhong, ya ga cewa sojojin Liu Bang ne suka mamaye hanyar, lamarin da ke nuna cewa tuni Guanzhong ya kasance karkashin ikon Liu. Cao Wushang (曹無傷), wani ma'aikacin Liu Bang, ya aika da manzo don ganin Xiang Yu, yana mai cewa Liu zai zama sarkin Guanzhong bisa alkawarin da sarki Huai II ya yi a baya, yayin da za a nada Ziying a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Liu. Xiang Yu ya fusata bayan jin haka. A wancan lokacin, yana da dakaru kusan 400,000 da ke karkashinsa yayin da Liu Bang ke da kashi hudu kawai na adadin.

Kamar yadda mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa, Xiang Yu ya gayyaci Liu Bang don halartar liyafa a kofar Hong Kong, ya kuma shirya kashe Liu yayin liyafar. Duk da haka, daga baya Xiang Yu ya saurari kawunsa Xiang Bo kuma ya yanke shawarar yafewa Liu Bang. Liu Bang ya tsere ne a lokacin liyafar da niyyar zuwa dakin wanka.

Xiang Yu bai kula da lakabin da ake zato na Liu Bang ba, kuma ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Xianyang a shekara ta 206. Ya ba da umarnin kashe Ziying da iyalansa, tare da lalata fadar Epang da wuta. An ce, Xiang Yu zai bar baya da barna a wuraren da ya wuce, kuma jama'ar Guanzhong sun ji takaici da shi matuka.[7]

Duk da shawarar da al'ummarsa suka ba shi na su ci gaba da zama a Guanzhong da ci gaba da mamayar da ya yi, Xiang Yu ya dage kan komawa kasarsa ta Chu. Ya ce, "Rashin komawa gida idan mutum ya yi dukiyarsa daidai yake da tafiya kan tituna da daddare sanye da kaya masu kyan gani. cewa mutanen Chu birai ne sanye da tufafin mutane." Xiang Yu ya sa mutumin ya tafasa da ransa lokacin da ya ji wannan zagi.[8]

Rabe-raben daular

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Duba kuma:  Masarautu goma sha takwas

Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya ba wa Huai II lakabi mai daraja ta "Sarkin Yi na Chu" tare da bayyana shawararsa na raba tsohuwar daular Qin. Xiang Yu ya ayyana kansa "Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu" (西楚霸王) kuma ya shugabanci kwamandoji tara a tsoffin yankunan Liang da Chu, babban birninsa a Pengcheng. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 206, Xiang Yu ya raba tsohuwar daular Qin zuwa masarautu goma sha takwas, don a ba wa dakarun da ke karkashinsa da wasu shugabannin tsoffin sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya mayar da wasu daga cikin sarakunan wasu jahohi zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa, ya kuma ba da kasar Guanzhong ga manyan hafsoshin Qin guda uku da suka mika wuya, inda ya yi watsi da alkawarin da sarki Yi ya yi a baya na nada Liu Bang a matsayin sarkin wannan yankin. An mayar da Liu Bang zuwa yankin Hanzhong mai nisa kuma aka ba shi taken "Sarkin Han" (漢王).

Xiang Yu ya nada Janar-Janar da dama daga cikin kawancen 'yan tawaye a matsayin sarakunan zarmiya, duk da cewa wadannan janar-janar na karkashin wasu sarakuna ne, wadanda ya kamata su zama sarakuna a madadin mabiyansu. Xiang Yu ya kuma bar wasu muhimman shugabannin 'yan tawayen da ba su ba shi goyon baya ba tun da farko, amma sun ba da gudummawa wajen kifar da gwamnatin Qin. A lokacin hunturu, Xiang Yu ya tura sarki Yi zuwa yankin Chen mai nisa, inda ya tura sarkin tsana zuwa gudun hijira. A sa'i daya kuma, ya ba da umarni a asirce ga sarakunan mulkin mallaka na yankin, kuma ya sa aka kashe sarki a lokacin tafiyarsa a shekara ta 205. Liu Bang ya yi amfani da mutuwar sarki a matsayin farfagandar siyasa don tabbatar da yakin da ya yi da Xiang Yu.

Jim kadan bayan mutuwar sarki Yi, Xiang Yu ya sa aka kashe sarki Han Cheng tare da kwace filayen Han da kansa. Da yawaBayan watanni, shugaba Tian Rong na Qi ya karbi ragamar mulkin Qis guda uku (Jiaodong, Qi da Jibei) daga sarakunan su, ya mai da Tian Fu a matsayin sarkin Qi, amma shi da kansa ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan haka. Hakazalika, Chen Yu, tsohon mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Zhao, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da Sarkin Changshan, Zhang Er, tare da kwace ikon Zhang tare da sake sanya Zhao Xie a matsayin Sarkin Zhao.

Chu-Han Content

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Babban labarin: Chu–Han Contention

Taswirar Taswirar Chu-Han

Yaƙin Pengcheng

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A shekara ta 206, Liu Bang ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Guanzhong. A lokacin, Xiang Yu yana yaki da Qi kuma bai mai da hankali kan yin tir da sojojin Han ba. A shekara mai zuwa, Liu Bang ya kulla kawance da wasu masarautu guda biyar, ya kuma kai hari ga yammacin Chu da dakaru 560,000, inda suka kwace babban birnin Xiang Yu na Pengcheng. Da jin haka, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci mutane 30,000 don kai wa Liu Bang hari, ya kuma yi galaba a kan na baya-bayan nan a yakin Pengcheng, inda sojojin Han suka yi mummunar barna.

Yakin Xingyang

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Liu Bang ya yi nasarar tserewa bayan shan kaye da sojojin Xiang Yu suka yi. Dakarun Han sun koma Xingyang sun kare birnin sosai, tare da hana sojojin Chu ci gaba da zuwa yamma, amma sun ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 204 BC. Ma'aikacin Liu Bang Ji Xin ya yi kama da ubangijinsa ya mika wuya ga Xiang Yu, inda ya sayi lokacin da Liu Bang ya tsere. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya ji cewa an yaudare shi, sai ya fusata, ya sa Ji Xin ya kone kurmus. Bayan faduwar Xingyang, an raba dakarun Chu da Han ta bangarori biyu tare da Henan na yau. Duk da haka, sojojin Xiang Yu ba su da kyau a fagen daga a arewacin kogin Yellow, yayin da sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Han Xin suka fatattaki sojojinsa a kowane yaki. A sa'i daya kuma, Peng Yue mai goyon bayan Liu Bang, ya jagoranci mutanensa wajen muzgunawa Xiang Yu na baya.

Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal

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A 203, igiyar ruwa ta juya zuwa ga Han. Xiang Yu ya yi nasarar kama mahaifin Liu Bang bayan da aka shafe tsawon shekara guda ana yi masa kawanya kuma ya yi barazanar tafasa mahaifin Liu da rai idan Liu ya ki mika wuya. Liu Bang ya bayyana cewa, shi da Xiang Yu sun kasance 'yan'uwa da aka rantse, [9] don haka idan Xiang ya kashe mahaifin Liu, zai kasance da laifin patricide. Xiang Yu ya nemi da a samar da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Hong Canal, kuma ya mayar da mutanen da ya kama ga Liu Bang a wani bangare na yarjejeniyarsu. Yarjejeniyar ta raba kasar Sin zuwa gabas da yamma karkashin yankunan Chu da Han.

Yakin Guling

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Ba da jimawa ba, yayin da Xiang Yu ke ja da baya a gabas, Liu Bang ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, ya jagoranci dakarunsa wajen kai hari a yammacin Chu. Liu Bang ya aika da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya nemi taimakonsu wajen kai hari ta hanyoyi uku kan Xiang Yu, amma Han Xin da Peng Yue ba su hada da sojojinsu ba, Xiang Yu ya ci nasara da Liu Bang a yakin Guling. . Liu Bang ya ja da baya ya kuma karfafa tsaronsa, yayin da ya aike da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya yi alkawarin ba su manyan mukamai da mukamai na sarakuna idan za su hada kai da shi wajen kai wa yammacin Chu hari.

Cin nasara da mutuwa

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Babban labarin: Yaƙin Gaixia

Kabarin Xiang Yu

A shekara ta 202, sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Liu Bang, Han Xin, da Peng Yue sun kai hari a yammacin Chu daga bangarori uku, suka makale sojojin Xiang Yu, wadanda ba su da isasshen kayayyaki a Gaixia. Liu Bang ya umarci sojojinsa da su rera wakokin jama'a daga yankin Chu don haifar da karyaganin cewa sojojin Han sun mamaye kasar ta haihuwa Xiang Yu. Hankalin sojojin kasar Chu ya ragu sosai, kuma da yawa daga cikin sojojin Xiang Yu sun fice cikin fidda rai. Xiang Yu ya nutse cikin yanayin damuwa kuma ya shirya waƙar Gaixia. Matarsa ​​Consort Yu ta kashe kanta. Washegari da safe, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci wasu manyan sojojin dawaki 800 da suka rage a kokarinsu na ficewa daga kewayen, inda sojojin makiya 5,000 suka bi su.

Bayan haye kogin Huai, Xiang Yu ya rage da sojoji dari kadan. An yi hasarar su a Yinling (陰陵) kuma Xiang Yu ya nemi umarni daga wani manomi, wanda ya kai shi cikin kuskure zuwa wani fadama. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Dongcheng (東城), maza 28 ne kawai suka rage, yayin da sojojin Han suka bi shi. Xiang Yu ya yi jawabi ga mutanensa, inda ya ce faduwar tasa ta faru ne saboda nufin sama ba kasawar kansa ba. Bayan haka, sai ya jagoranci tuhume-tuhume daga cikin kewayen, inda ya kashe Janar Han daya a cikin yakin. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya raba mutanensa gida uku don rikitar da abokan gaba da jawo su rabu tare da kai farmaki kan kungiyoyin uku. Xiang Yu ya sake daukar sojojin Han da mamaki, ya kuma kashe wani kwamandan abokan gaba, inda ya yi sanadin jikkatar makiya kusan 100, yayin da ya rasa maza biyu kacal.

Xiang Yu ya koma bakin kogin Wu (kusa da gundumar He ta zamani, Maanshan, Anhui) kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a mashigin ruwa ya shirya masa jirgin ruwa domin ya ratsa kogin, inda ya karfafa masa gwiwar yin hakan saboda har yanzu Xiang Yu yana samun goyon bayan mutanen kasarsa a kudu. Xiang Yu ya ce, ya ji kunyar komawa gida ya fuskanci jama'arsa, domin babu daya daga cikin maza 8,000 na farko na Jiangdong da suka bi shi a yakin da ya yi. Ya ƙi hayewa ya umarci sauran mutanensa su sauko, yana neman mai jirgin ya ɗauki dokinsa Zhui (騅), ya koma gida.

Xiang Yu da mutanensa sun tsaya tsayin daka na karshe a kan igiyar ruwa bayan da sojojin Han suka yi ta kai ruwa rana har sai da Xiang da kansa ya tsira. Xiang Yu ya ci gaba da fafatawa tare da kashe sojojin abokan gaba sama da 100, amma kuma ya samu raunuka da dama a jikinsa. A daidai lokacin ne Xiang Yu ya ga wani tsohon abokinsa Lü Matong a cikin sojojin Han, sai ya ce wa Lü, "Na ji cewa Sarkin Han (Liu Bang) ya sanya farashin zinare 1,000 da lakabin "Wanhu Marquis" (萬戶; lit. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke makogwaronsa da takobinsa, kuma an yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Han da ke wurin, sakamakon tukuicin da Liu Bang ya bayar, kuma an ce an sassare gawar Xiang Yu tare da yanke jiki a fafatawar. Daga karshe Lü Matong da wasu mutane hudu suka yi ikirarin samun tukuicin.

Bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, yammacin Chu ya mika wuya, kana kasar Sin ta kasance kasa daya a karkashin ikon Liu Bang, wanda ke nuna nasarar daular Han. Liu Bang ya yi babban jana'izar Xiang Yu a Gucheng (穀城; a gundumar Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong), tare da bikin da ya dace da taken Xiang "Duke na Lu". An kare dangin Xiang Yu daga mutuwa, ciki har da Xiang Bo, wanda ya ceci rayuwar Liu Bang a kofar Hong, kuma an ba su lakabin marquis.[10]

Kimantawa

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Na gargajiya

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Tarihin Xiang Yu a cikin tarihin babban mawallafin tarihi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi alfahari da nasarorin da ya samu, kuma ya dauki kansa sosai. Xiang Yu ya gwammace ya dogara da iyawar sa sabanin koyo da tawali'udaga wasu kafin shi. Sima Qian ya yi tunanin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasa ga nasa kurakurai, da kuma yin yunƙurin gyara kura-kuransa, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Sima Qian ta yi tunanin cewa abin ba'a ne lokacin da Xiang Yu ya yi iƙirarin cewa faɗuwar tasa ta kasance saboda nufin sama ne ba gazawarsa ba.[11] An bayyana Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba maras tausayi, inda ya ba da umarnin kisan gilla a daukacin biranen ko da bayan sun mika wuya cikin lumana. Hakan ya sa biranen suka yi turjiya sosai, domin sun san za a kashe su ko da sun mika wuya. Babban misali mafi shahara na zaluncinsa shi ne lokacin da ya ba da umarnin a binne sojojin Qin 200,000 da suka mika wuya bayan yakin Julu, [7] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] makiya da masu suka. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana Liu Bang a matsayin shugaba mai wayo da wayo wanda zai iya yin zalunci a wasu lokuta[12] amma ya hana sojojinsa wawure garuruwan da suka kama suka kuma ceci rayukan 'yan kasar, tare da samun goyon bayansu da amincewa. Labarin Xiang Yu ya zama misali ga 'yan Confucius wajen ba da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata shugabanni su yi mulki da kyautatawa, kada su yi mulki ta hanyar sanya tsoro a cikin jama'a. Burinsa ya kare ne da rugujewar yammacin Chu, da cin kashin da Liu Bang ya yi, da kuma mutuwarsa yana dan shekara 30.

Janar Han Xin na Liu Bang, wanda yana daya daga cikin abokan adawar Xiang Yu a fagen fama, ya yi wani jawabi inda ya soki Xiang cewa, "Mutumin da ya zama jarumi mai tsananin gaske idan ya gamu da abokin hamayyar da ya fi shi karfi, amma kuma mai tausayi da taushin hali. Yana da zuciya lokacin da ya ga wanda ya fi shi rauni mutane." [13] [tabbaci da ake bukata]

Mawakin daular Tang Du Mu ya ambaci Xiang Yu a cikin daya daga cikin wakokinsa na Ti Wujiang Ting (題烏江亭): "Nasara ko shan kashi na zama ruwan dare a wajen yaki, wanda ya jure wulakanci mutum ne na gaskiya. ya sani ko shi (Xiang Yu) zai iya dawowa? Yana da wuyar juyowa. Ko da yake akwai hazaka a Jiangdong, shin suna shirye su taimake shi? Har yanzu ana tunawa Xiang Yu, wanda ya ƙi komawa Jiangdong." [14]

Ana kallon Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba mai jaruntaka amma ba shi da hikima, kuma an takaita halinsa yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da kalmar Sinanci 有勇無謀; 有勇无谋; yǒu yǒng wú móu,[15] ma'ana "yana da ƙarfin hali amma ba shi da dabara", "wawa". Shugabannin soja na baya sun yi nazari kan dabarun yaki da Xiang Yu, yayin da kura-kuransa na siyasa suka zama tatsuniyar fadakarwa ga masu mulki daga bayakuma miàn chǔ; 'Wakokin Chu sun kewaye', an kuma samo su daga yakin Gaixia, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta wani a cikin wani mawuyacin hali ba tare da taimako ba. Wani maganar da Liu Bang ya yi cewa, "Samun Fan Zeng amma ba za a iya amfani da shi ba" (一一范增而不能用), an kuma yi amfani da shi wajen kwatanta dogaron Xiang Yu ga mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng da gazawa a zahiri.saurari shawarar Fan.

=Zamanin zamani

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Binciken tarihi na zamani ya jawo kamanceceniya tsakanin hazakar sojan Xiang Yu da ta Hannibal na zamaninsa na Bahar Rum.[14] Masu binciken sun jaddada dabarun dabarun Xiang Yu, tare da yin amfani da duk wata damammaki wajen kai harin ba zata da safe a karkashin duhu, kamar yadda Xiang Yu ya yi fice a wannan fanni. Dabarar da ya kai wa makiya da sanyin safiya ya nuna cikakkiyar dabararsa ta hada kai da fasahar fasaha, duk da fuskantar rikice-rikicen da ba a taba gani ba.[14]

Har ila yau, Mao Zedong ya taba ambata Xiang Yu cewa, "Ya kamata mu yi amfani da sauran karfinmu wajen fatattakar abokan gaba, maimakon tunanin samun shahara kamar wanda ya ci nasara." faduwa: rashin bin shawarar Fan Zeng na kashe Liu Bang a kofar Hong, da barin Liu ya tafi; bin ka'idojin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba tare da la'akari da cewa Liu Bang na iya cin amanarsa ba; gina babban birninsa a Pengcheng.

A cikin shahararrun al'adu

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Mashin opera na gargajiya na Beijing don Xiang Yu

Song of Gaixia

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Waƙar Gaixia (垓下歌) waƙa ce da Xiang Yu ya tsara yayin da sojojin Liu Bang suka kama shi a Gaixia[16]

Wakokin a Turanci kamar haka su ne fassarar Burton Watson:[17]

《垓下歌》 力拔山兮氣蓋世。 時成兮騅不逝. 騅不逝兮可奈何！ 虞兮虞兮奈若何！

Makoki na Hegemon Ƙarfina ya ƙwace tuddai, Ƙarfina ya inuwar duniya; Amma lokuttan suna gaba da ni, Kuma Dapple[a] ba ya gudu; Lokacin da Dapple baya gudu, To me zan iya yi? Ah, Yu, Yu, Menene makomarku zata kasance?

^ "Dapple" fassarar Watson ce ta sunan Xiang Yu's warhorse Zhui (騅)

Karfinta da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaki sun samu daukaka a cikin tatsuniyoyi da wakoki da litattafai na kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance batun fina-finai, talabijin, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera na kasar Sin, wasannin bidiyo da ban dariya. Hotonsa na al'ada ita ce ta jarumi da jajirtacce, amma jarumi mai girman kai da kishin jini. Soyayyarsa da matarsa ​​Consort Yu da kashe kansa sun kuma kara wa wani jarumi mai ban tausayi ga halinsa.[18]

=Waka, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai

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Ƙarfi da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaƙi ya bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙin jama'a na kasar Sin, kamar a Gaixia.[1[19] Ch'iu (蒙求), wani jigon kasar Sin na karni na 8 na masanin Li Han, ya ƙunshi ma'anar waƙoƙi mai haruffa huɗu "Ji Xin yana kwaikwayon sarki". Ya yi ishara da abin da ya faru a yakin Xingyang lokacin da Ji Xin da mata 2,000 suka yi kama da Liu Bang da sojojinsa, don karkatar da hankalin Xiang Yu don ba da lokaci ga Liu Bang na tserewa daga birnin Xingyang.[20]

A cikin Romance na masarautu uku, ɗaya daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda huɗu na adabin Sinanci, Sun Ce ana yi masa laqabi da "Little Conqueror" (小霸王) [21] kuma wani zamani ya kwatanta shi da Xiang Yu.[22] Wannan kwatancen an yi shi a zahiri a tarihi[23] Sun Ce ya yi fice a yakin da ya yi a yankin Jiangdong wanda ya kafa harsashin jihar Gabashin Wu a zamanin masarautu uku. A cikin Margin Ruwa, wani daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda hudu, Zhou Tong, daya daga cikin haramtattun mutane 108, ana yi masa lakabi da "Little Conqueror" saboda kamanninsa da Xiang Yu.

A cikin Jin Ping Mei, (bugu na Ci Hua) an ambaci Xiang Yu a matsayin misali na wani hali mai ban tausayi a cikin waƙar a lokacin buɗewar farko.babi.[24]

Halin Mata Zyndu a cikin littafin tarihin fantasy na Ken Liu The Grace of Kings ya dogara ne akan Xiang Yu.

Operas

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Shahararriyar wasan opera ta birnin Beijing, The Hegemon-King ta yi bankwana da uwargidansa, ta nuna irin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da Xiang Yu ya sha kaye a yakin Gaixia. An aro taken wasan ne a matsayin taken Sinawa na fim din Chen Kaige da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Farewell My Concubine.[25]

Talabijin da fim

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Wannan sashe bai kawo wani tushe ba. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan sashe ta hanyar ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2024) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Shek Sau ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 1985 The Battlefield.

Ray Lui ne ya zana shi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Hong Kong The Great Conqueror's Concubine.

Hu Jun ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2003 Labarin Daular Han.

Kwong Wah ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 2004 Labarin Nasara.

Tan Kai ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2010 The Myth.

Feng Shaofeng ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2011 White Vengeance.

Peter Ho ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2012 War War.

Ming Dao ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasar Sin na shekarar 2012 Beauties of the Emperor.

Daniel Wu ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2012 The Last Supper.

Qin Junjie ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2015 The Legend of Qin.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 12th month of the 5th year of Liu Bang's reign (including his tenure as King of Han), per vol.11 of Zizhi Tongjian. The month correpsonds to 29 Dec 203 BC to 27 Jan 202 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
  2. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "7: 項羽本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department.
  3. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "7: 項羽本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department.
  4. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "7: 項羽本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department.
  5. ↑ Xiang Yu - Famous Leader of Uprising in Ancient China". Cultural China. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  6. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "7: 項羽本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department.
  7. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "Vol. 8: 高祖本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department
  8. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "7: 項羽本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department.
  9. ↑ Liu Bang and Xiang Yu became sworn brothers in a ceremony with King Huai II of Chu as their witness in 208.
  10. ↑ Ming Hung, Hing (2011). The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty. Algora Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-87586-838-7
  11. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "7: 項羽本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department.
  12. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "Vol. 8: 高祖本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department.
  13. ↑ 遇強則霸的匹夫之勇，和遇弱則憐的婦人之仁。既不能任用賢能將帥，又曾遷逐楚義帝，用兵趕盡殺絕。雖名為霸王，其實民心盡
  14. ↑ 生當作人傑，死亦為鬼雄，至今思項羽，不肯過江東。)
  15. ↑ 看《神话》穿越历史 西楚霸王项羽有勇无谋 (in Chinese). 半岛网. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011.[
  16. ↑ Sima Qian; Sima Tan (1739) [90s BCE]. "7: 項羽本紀". Shiji 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Departmen
  17. ↑ Lau, Miriam Leung Che (2015). "Effects of Chinese opera on the reproductions of Ibsen's plays". Nordlit. 34: 315–326 [317–318]
  18. ↑ Lau, Miriam Leung Che (2015). "Effects of Chinese opera on the reproductions of Ibsen's plays". Nordlit. 34: 315–326 [317–318]
  19. ↑ Xiang Yu (Chinese rebel leader)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 2008 [1998].
  20. ↑ Johnson, David (December 1985). "The City-God Cults of T'ang and Sung China". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 45 (2): 363–457. doi:10.2307/2718969. JSTOR 2718969.
  21. ↑ Luo Guanzhong (1998) [1300s]. Sanguo Yanyi 三國演義 [Romance of the Three Kingdoms] (in Chinese). Yonghe: Zhiyang Publishing House. 15: 太史慈酣鬥小霸王 孫伯符大戰嚴白虎, p. 98; 29: 小霸王怒斬于吉 碧眼兒坐領江東, p. 187.
  22. ↑ Luo Guanzhong (1998) [1300s]. Sanguo Yanyi 三國演義 [Romance of the Three Kingdoms] (in Chinese). Yonghe: Zhiyang Publishing House. 15: 太史慈酣鬥小霸王 孫伯符大戰嚴白虎, p. 98; 29: 小霸王怒斬于吉 碧眼兒坐領江東, p. 187.
  23. ↑ Yu Pu (虞溥) [in Chinese] (300). Jiangbiao zhuan 江表傳. Cited in Chen Shou (1977) [429]. "46: 孫破虜討逆傳". In Pei Songzhi (ed.). Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms 三國志注 (in Chinese). Taipei: Dingwen Printing. p. 1111 n. 2.
  24. ↑ Text of Jin Ping Mei". Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  25. ↑ Yu, Jingyuan (June 2024). "Nationalism and Identity Crisis: Analyzing "Farewell to My Concubine" Through Historical Contexts" (PDF). Arts Culture and Language. 1 (7). Dean & Francis: 4. doi:10.61173/b7360d62.
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