Roman Libya
Roman Libya
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
Yankin Arewacin Afirka wanda aka fi sani da Libya tun shekarar 1911 yana karkashin mulkin Romawa tsakanin 146 BC zuwa 672 AD (ko da a halin yanzu Vandals sun kwace shi a 430 AD, sannan Rumawa suka sake kwace shi). Sunan Latin Libya a lokacin yana nufin nahiyar Afirka gabaɗaya.[1] Abin da ke a yanzu a bakin tekun Libya an san shi da Tripolitania da Pentapolis, wanda aka raba tsakanin lardin Afirka a yamma, da Crete da Cyrenaica a gabas. A shekara ta 296 AD, Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian ya raba gwamnatin Crete da Cyrenaica kuma a karshen ya kafa sabbin lardunan "Upper Libya" da "Libiya ƙasa", ta amfani da kalmar Libya a matsayin kasa ta siyasa a karon farko a tarihi.
Tarihi
gyara sasheBayan cin nasara na karshe da lalata Carthage a shekara ta 146 BC, arewa maso yammacin Afirka ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Roma kuma, jim kaɗan bayan haka, an kafa yankin bakin teku na abin da ke yammacin Libya a matsayin lardi a ƙarƙashin sunan Tripolitania mai babban birnin Leptis Magna kuma babban kasuwanci. tashar jiragen ruwa a yankin.
A cikin 96 BC, Roma ta sami Cyrenaica cikin lumana (wanda sarki Ptolemy Apion ya bar shi) tare da abin da ake kira pentapolis mai iko, wanda garuruwan Cyrene (kusa da ƙauyen Shahat na zamani), tashar tashar Apollonia, Arsinoe (Tocra) suka kafa. , Berenice (kusa da Benghazi na zamani) da Barce (Marj), da za a sāke zuwa lardin Roman shekaru biyu bayan haka a cikin 74. BC Romawa sun ci gaba zuwa kudu, duk da haka, Garamantes sun dakatar da su.
Cyrenaica ya riga ya zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Romawa tun daga lokacin Ptolemy I Soter, duk da yawan tawaye da cin zarafi.[2]
A cikin 74 BC, an kafa sabon lardi, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon ikon sarauta (Legatus pro praetor) kuma yana tare da quaestor (quaestor pro praetor), amma a cikin 20 BC, Cyrenaica ta haɗu zuwa tsibirin Crete a sabon lardin. Creta et Cyrenaica, saboda al'adun Girka na gama gari.
Yankin Cyrenaica yana da bambanci tsakanin garuruwan bakin teku na Pentapolis, mazaunan Girka, da yankunan da 'yan Libya ke zaune. Na farko sun kiyaye cibiyoyi nasu kuma an haɗa su cikin ƙungiya, yayin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ptolemaic ya amince da 'yancin kai na 248 BC. A wasu cikin waɗannan biranen akwai ɗimbin ’yan tsiraru na Ibraniyawa, waɗanda aka tsara da nasu dokokin. ’Yan ƙalilan ’yan ƙasar Roma da ke lardin an shirya su zuwa Conventus civium Romanorum.
A yankin na Tripolitania aka halin da gaban wani karfi punic tasiri a cikin manyan biranen uku (Tripolitania na nufin "ƙasar birane uku") na Oea (ainihin Tripoli), Sabratha da Leptis Magna, amma a ƙarshen Augustus lokacin bakin teku. yankin ya kusan zama Romanized.
Kadan ne hare-haren da kabilun makiyaya na hamada suka kai wa garuruwan lardin a kalla a cikin karni biyu na farko. Mun san cewa a lokacin Sarkin sarakuna Domitian, Nasamones (kabilar Libya da ke zaune a kudancin Leptis Magna) sun yi tawaye, suna kawo halaka da cin nasara da Legatus legionis na Augusta III Cneo Suelli Flacco, wanda ya je ya tarye su. Amma da ya dawo da ƙarfafawa, sai ya murkushe su duka, domin Domitian ya ce a gaban Majalisar Dattawan Roma sanannen: “Na hana Nasamoni wanzuwa”[3]
Septimius Severus
gyara sasheMafi kyawun lokacin Roman Libya yana ƙarƙashin sarki Septimius Severus, an haife shi a Leptis Magna. Ya fifita garinsu fiye da duk sauran garuruwan lardi, kuma gine-gine da dukiyar da ya yi amfani da su sun sanya Leptis Magna ya zama birni na uku mafi mahimmanci a Afirka, yana hamayya da Carthage da Alexandria. A cikin 205, shi da dangin sarki sun ziyarci birnin kuma sun sami babban girma. Daga cikin sauye-sauyen da Severus ya gabatar a wannan birni har da samar da wani sabon dandalin tattaunawa mai kayatarwa da sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa.
Ya wadatar da dukkan Libya, amma galibi Tripolitania, yana kare ta tare da fadada Limes Tripolitanus a kan Garamantes: wannan kabila mai karfi ita ce kasar abokin ciniki ta Daular Roma, amma a matsayinsu na makiyaya, ko da yaushe suna shiga cikin hatsari ga yanki mai albarka na Tripolitania. Lalle ne, an faɗaɗa lemun tsami a ƙarƙashin sarakuna Hadrian da Septimius Severus, musamman a ƙarƙashin dokar quintus Anicius Faustus a 197-201 AD.
An nada Anicius Faustus legatus na Legio III Augusta kuma ya gina wasu sansanonin tsaro na Limes Tripolitanus a Tripolitania, daga cikinsu Garbia[4] da Golaia (ainihin Bu Ngem)[5] don kare lardin daga hare-haren kabilun makiyaya. . Ya cika aikinsa cikin sauri da nasara.
Sakamakon haka birnin Ghirza na Romawa, wanda ke nesa da bakin teku da kudancin Leptis Magna, ya ci gaba da sauri a cikin yanki mai albarka.[6] Ghirza ya zama "garin bunkasa" bayan 200 AD, lokacin da Septimius Severus ya fi tsara Limes Tripolitanus.
Tattalin Arziki
gyara sasheA matsayinta na lardi na Romawa, Libya ta kasance mai wadata, kuma ta kai shekarun zinari a karni na 2 miladiyya, lokacin da birnin Leptis Magna ya yi takara da Carthage da Iskandariya.
Fiye da shekaru 400, Tripolitania da Cyrenaica sun kasance lardunan Romawa masu arziki kuma wani yanki ne na ƙasa mai duniya wanda ƴan ƙasa suka yi tarayya da harshe ɗaya, tsarin shari'a, da asalin Romani.
Rushewar Rum, kamar na Leptis Magna da Sabratha a Libiya ta yau, sun tabbatar da ci gaban yankin, inda biranen da yawan jama'a har ma da ƙananan garuruwa suka ji daɗin abubuwan more rayuwa na birane - dandalin tattaunawa, kasuwanni, nishaɗin jama'a, da wanka - da aka samu a ciki. kowane lungu na daular Romawa.[7]
Karnukan da suka gabata
gyara sasheBayan Septimius Severus Roman Libya sannu a hankali ya ragu a karni na gaba na haka, kafin tsunami na 365 AD ya lalata shi. Farfadowa ta yi rauni, kuma tun kafin mamayewar Larabawa a tsakiyar karni na 7, wayewar Greco-Roma ta kasance tana rugujewa a yankin sai Oea.
A matsayin wani bangare na sake fasalin daular a cikin 296 AD, Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian ya raba gwamnatin Crete da Cyrenaica kuma a cikin karshen ya kafa sababbin lardunan "Upper Libya" da "Libiya ƙasa", ta amfani da kalmar Libya a karon farko tarihi a matsayin tsarin gudanarwa. Lallai, sauye-sauyen Tetrarchy na Diocletian sun canza tsarin gudanarwa:
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
- ↑ Ptolemy VIII, as a measure of preventive defense, made his will in favor of Rome if he died without legitimate heirs
- ↑ Cassius Dio Cocceio,Roman History, LXVII, 4, 6.
- ↑ Gheriat el-Garbia
- ↑ J.S. Wacher, The Roman world, Volume 1, Taylor & Francis, 2002, ISBN 0-415-26315-8, pp. 252-3
- ↑ Roman city of Ghirza
- ↑ Graham, Alexander (1902) Roman Africa: an outline of the history of the Roman occupation of North Africa, based chiefly upon inscriptions and monumental remains in that country Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Google Books, OCLC 2735641