Wikipedia

Rashin Iyaye

Rashin Iyaye tsari ne wanda aka tsara ta hanyar da yaro ya rabu da iyaye ɗaya sakamakon magudi na tunanin wani iyaye.[1][2] Rashin jituwa na yaro na iya bayyana kansa a matsayin tsoro, rashin girmamawa ko ƙiyayya ga iyaye masu nisa, kuma yana iya kaiwa ga ƙarin dangi ko ƙungiyoyi.[3][4] Rashin jituwa na yaro bai dace da duk wani aiki ko hali da ya dace da iyaye da suka rabu ba.[5] Rashin iyaye na iya faruwa a kowane yanki na iyali, amma ana da'awar yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin mahallin rabuwa na iyali, musamman lokacin da shari'a ke da hannu, kodayake shigawar masu sana'a kamar lauyoyi, alƙalai da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam na iya taimakawa ga rikici. [6][7]

Rashin Iyaye
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na family estrangement (en) Fassara da process (en) Fassara
yanda masu Iyalai ke hutawa
hoton yanda awasu zasu anshi taro saga iyayensa

Masu goyon bayan ra'ayin warewar iyaye suna da'awar cewa sha'awar iyaye ɗaya ne na ware ɗayan iyaye daga rayuwar ɗansu.[8] Wasu suna da'awar cewa ya kamata a gano warewar iyaye a cikin yara a matsayin cuta ta hankali.[9] Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa a gane warewar iyaye a matsayin wani nau'i na cin zarafin yara ko tashin hankali na iyali.[2][10] Sun tabbatar da cewa warewar iyaye yana haifar da damuwa a kan iyaye da yaro, kuma yana ƙara haɗarin rayuwar yaron na rashin lafiya. [11][12][13][14][15]

Rashin iyaye ya kasance mai kawo rigima a cikin al'ummar ilimin halayyar dan adam da tsarin shari'a. Al'ummar ilimin halayyar dan adam ba su yarda da warewar iyaye a matsayin yanayin tunani mai ganewa ba.[16] Masu sukar sun lura cewa halayen warewa sun zama ruwan dare a cikin yanayin iyali mai rikitarwa kamar tsarin Kula da yara, amma cewa warewar yaro daga iyaye ya kasance mai wuya.[17][18] Sun tabbatar da cewa binciken da aka yi har zuwa yau ba ya goyi bayan ka'idar cewa warewar iyaye yana haifar da cutar da masu goyon bayan manufar suka bayyana.[19] Sun kuma nuna damuwa cewa iyaye waɗanda suka sa yaro ya rabu, alal misali ta hanyar ayyukan tashin hankali na gida ko cin zarafin yara, na iya da'awar cewa su ne wanda aka yi wa rashin amincewar iyaye don shawo kan kotu cewa amsar da yaron ya dace da cin zarafin shine sakamakon rashin halin iyaye kuma yana iya samun kula da yaron.[20] Ba a kafa ka'idojin bincike ba don warewar iyaye, kuma ba a kafa shawarwarin da aka yi har zuwa yau a matsayin abin dogaro ba. [19][21] Babu wani shirin magani da aka nuna ya zama lafiya ko inganci, kuma masu goyon bayan ka'idar warewar iyaye sun yarda cewa ƙarin bincike game da magani ya zama dole.[22][23]

An tabbatar da ka'idar warewar iyaye a cikin shari'ar shari'a a matsayin tushen ba da kulawa ga iyaye waɗanda ke zargin warewa, ko don canza kulawa don amfanin wannan iyaye.[24] Kotuna gabaɗaya sun ƙi warewar iyaye a matsayin ingantaccen ka'idar kimiyya, amma wasu kotuna sun ba da izinin yin jayayya da ra'ayin kamar yadda ya dace da ƙudurin mafi kyawun sha'awa yaro yayin yin ƙudurin kulawa.[25] Kwararrun lauyoyi sun fahimci cewa halayen warewa sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shari'o'in kula da yara, amma suna da hankali game da karɓar manufar warewar iyaye.[17]

Halaye

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Rashin iyaye yana bayyana rushewar dangantakar da ke tsakanin yaro da ɗaya daga cikin iyayen yaron, lokacin da babu wata hujja mai inganci don wannan rushewar. Lokacin da aka gano warewar iyaye tsakanin iyaye da yaro, ana danganta warewar ga ayyukan da ba su dace ba da kuma halayyar ɗayan iyaye.[19]

Rashin iyaye ya fada cikin bakan gizo na warewar iyali, kalmar da ke bayyana lokacin da 'yan uwa suka rabu da juna ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba. Kamar yadda rabuwa na iya faruwa tsakanin iyaye da yaro saboda wasu dalilai, yana yiwuwa a tattauna rabuwa dangane da cewa yaro yana da iyaye da ya fi so da wanda ba a fi so ba ba tare da nuna cewa gujewar yaro daga iyaye ɗaya saboda rabuwa da iyaye ba.[19]

Ma'anar warewar iyaye galibi ana tasowa ne kawai a cikin mahallin da ake zargin warewar yaro daga iyaye ba daidai ba ne.[26] A karkashin wannan ra'ayi, nisantawa daga iyaye ya fada cikin ɗayan manyan rukunoni biyu: [27]

  • Justified parental estrangement, that results from such factors as the rejected parent's harmful or abusive behavior, substance abuse, neglect, or abandonment.
  • Parental alienation, in which one parent engages in actions that cause the child to strongly ally with that parent and reject the other without legitimate justification. The rejected parent may contribute to the estrangement in some manner, but the key concept is that the rejection by the child is out of proportion to anything that the rejected parent has done.[28]:

Rashin jituwa na iyaye shine ƙin yarda da yaro ya ga iyaye, yayin da warewar iyaye ba ta da dalili mai kyau, kodayake babu wata yarjejeniya game da yadda za a rarrabe ɗayan daga ɗayan.[4]: 37 Babu wata hanyar da aka kafa don tantance ko yadda yaro yake ji game da iyaye "ba daidai ba ne" ko "ba tare da wani tushe ba", yana rikitar da duk wani ƙoƙari na danganta halayen yaro ga iyaye ga warewar iyaye. [28]

Ka'idoji

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Sau da yawa iyaye biyu suna nuna halayen banbanci a cikin manyan rikice-rikice na kisan aure da shari'o'in kula da yara, amma ba sa haifar da banbanci na yaro daga iyaye [18] kuma yana iya haifar da baya ga iyaye waɗanda ke shiga cikin halayyar banbanci. [29] Ya kamata ka'idojin warewar iyaye su bayyana yadda dangantakar da ke tsakanin yaro da iyayen da aka ƙi ta lalace, me ya sa a cikin irin wannan yanayi warewa na iya faruwa a cikin iyali ɗaya amma ba wani ba, da kuma dangantakar da tsakanin halayen warewa da tsananin warewar yaro daga iyaye.[21]:122

A yanayin da yaro ya guje wa iyaye ɗaya kuma ya fi son ɗayan, kawai halayen da za a iya lura da su shine gujewa da fifiko. Saboda haka, ba za a iya auna warewa ta iyaye ɗaya kai tsaye ba, kuma a maimakon haka ana iya ƙaddara shi daga halayyar yaro. Wasu masu bincike suna amfani da "wanda aka fi so" maimakon "ba da kyau" iyaye da "ba da aka fi so ba" maimakon "wanda aka ware", "wanda aka ƙi", ko "mahaifiyar da aka yi niyya".[19]

Kodayake an gabatar da ra'ayoyi da yawa, babu wata ka'idar da aka yarda da ita game da warewar iyaye, ko dai game da dalilin da ya sa ko kuma dalilin da ake zargi da warewar iyayen. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar motsawa ya nuna cewa warewar iyaye na iya faruwa lokacin da kisan aure ya haifar da sake nuna ra'ayi na ƙuruciya na iyaye na rashin isasshen ko watsi, kuma ya haifar da ware iyaye don sake nuna hanyoyin tunanin da aka samu a lokacin yaransu.[30][31] Koyaya, wannan ka'idar ba ta bayyana zargin warewar iyaye wanda zai iya faruwa a wasu mahallin ba, ko kuma a lokuta inda babu wata shaida game da raunin yaro na iyaye. Wata ka'idar motsawa ta nuna cewa warewa wani nau'i ne na iyaye masu cutarwa wanda ke fama da rikicewar mutum, musamman rikicewar halin mutum ko rikicewar hali mai ban sha'awa.[32] Kisan aure, rushewar dangantaka ko irin wannan gogewa mai wahala yana haifar da rashin isasshen ko watsi wanda ke sa iyaye su yi watsi da su cikin rikice-rikice na tsanantawa, da kuma nuna tsoronsu a kan ɗayan iyaye. Koyaya, ana yawan zargin warewar iyaye a lokuta inda babu iyaye da aka gano da cuta ta mutum.[19]

Sakamakon

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Bincike ya nuna cewa ba tare da la'akari da wasu batutuwan aure ba, ayyukan warewar iyaye na iya zama da lahani ga yara. Duk da yake ba duk manya da ke fuskantar ayyukan warewar iyaye ba a lokacin ƙuruciya suna ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako, mutane da yawa suna ba da rahoto ga sakamakon da suke danganta da warewar iyaye, gami da ƙarancin girman kai, jaraba da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, batutuwan amincewa, da matsalolin dangantaka. Misali, binciken da aka yi wa manya ya gano cewa ba tare da la'akari da lalacewar dangantakar yaro da ɗayan iyaye ba, abubuwan da aka fahimta tare da warewar iyaye a lokacin ƙuruciya suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin isasshen kai, ƙarancin girman kai, ƙimar manyan rikicewar baƙin ciki, da kuma salon haɗin rashin tsaro.[13] Binciken da aka yi game da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yarantaka na manya ɗari uku da sittin da ɗaya a Italiya ya gano cewa kashi 42.1% na mahalarta sun ba da rahoton ayyukan warewar iyaye ta mahaifiyarsu, kuma kashi 54.3% sun ba da rahoto game da ayyukan warewar iyayensu. An gano rahotanni game da warewar iyaye suna da alaƙa da rahotanni na cin zarafin tunani.[12]

Binciken tasirin warewar iyaye a cikin mahallin shari'a, kamar shari'ar kula da yara, yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar shiga wasu masu sana'a, gami da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, lauyoyi da alƙalai, waɗanda ayyukansu da yanke shawara na iya shafar dangantakar iyali.[33] Kodayake halayen warewa ta iyaye sun zama ruwan dare a cikin saki mai rikitarwa, yawancin yara ba sa warewa daga iyaye sakamakon wannan halayyar.[17][18]

Wasu masu sana'a na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a kafa mummunan warewar iyaye a matsayin wani nau'i na cin zarafin motsin rai da tashin hankali na gida.[10] Koyaya, jayayya ta ci gaba game da ko ya kamata a bi da warewar iyaye a matsayin nau'in cin zarafin yara ko tashin hankali na iyali.[2]

Binciken ganewa

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Babu wani kayan aiki ko ma'auni da aka nuna ya zama mai inganci ko abin dogaro a cikin kimantawar warewar iyaye, ko kuma gano warewar iyaye daga kowane jerin halayen yara.[34] Da'awar cewa kowane hali na mutum ko tarin halaye ya nuna cewa iyayen da aka fi so ya haifar da gujewar yaron ba ya dogara da aikin kwarewa kuma a matsayin ƙaddara shine sakamakon matsalar tunani mai mahimmanci da ake kira tabbatar da sakamakon.[19] Babu wata ka'ida ta bincike da aka ba da shawarar da za a iya amfani da ita don tantance ko jin daɗin yaro game da iyaye ba shi da ma'ana ko kuma bai dace da ayyukan ko halayyar iyaye ba. Rashin ingantaccen ma'auni mai dogaro kuma yana nufin cewa yana da wahala a kimanta ko maganin warewar iyaye yana da tasiri : 36 [19][21]

Kodayake an ba da shawarar cewa za'a iya gano warewar iyaye a cikin yaro wanda ke nuna wasu ko duk wani saiti na halaye, [35]: 79, 183 ba a yi nazarin ka'idodin da aka gabatar ba, kuma ba a nuna su da yawa a cikin yara da ke guje wa iyaye ɗaya bayan kisan aure mai tsanani fiye da yadda suke yi a cikin yara masu dacewa da shekaru waɗanda ke fuskantar damuwa daban-daban kuma ba su da fifiko ga iyaye ɗaya. [19]: 32 Har ila yau, ya zama dole a gano duk tsarin iyali don kauce wa kuskuren rarrabewar yaro ga ayyukan iyaye.[28]:: 136  Bugu da ƙari, alamun da ake da'awar cewa suna ba da shawarar warewar iyaye na iya faruwa a cikin kisan aure mai rikitarwa ko da ba tare da koyarwa daga iyaye da aka fi so ba, [35]: 79 yana sa su zama matsala don gano iyaye marasa kyau.

Masu sukar wannan hanyar gano cutar sun tabbatar da cewa idan halayen zasu iya faruwa ba tare da iyaye masu banbanci ba, ba za a iya amfani da su don sanin ko yaro yana nuna alamun bayyanar iyaye ba.[36] An kuma soki jerin halayen da aka gabatar a matsayin wanda ba a fahimta ba kuma mai ra'ayi. Misali, da'awar yaro na samun ra'ayoyin da aka tsara da kansu game da iyaye da aka ƙi za a iya fassara su a matsayin "abin da ya faru mai tunani mai zaman kansa", wanda aka gabatar a matsayin shaida na warewar iyaye, irin wannan cewa duk wata sanarwa da yaro ya yi game da tasirin iyaye ko rashin shi za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin tabbatar da warewar iyaye.[36]:246

Magani

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Babu wata yarjejeniyar magani da aka sani don warewar iyaye.[37] An halicci samfuran magani da yawa ga yara da aka ɗauka don nuna warewar iyaye, tare da wasu samfuran da aka yi bayan an canja wurin kula da yara ga iyayen da aka yi niyya. An kimanta shirye-shiryen magani guda biyar dangane da matakan shaidar da aka bayar ta hanyar binciken da aka ce don tallafa musu.[19] Babu wanda aka goyi bayan bincike wanda ya cika ka'idojin da ake buƙata don maganin da aka dogara da shaida. Maimakon haka, sun kasance a matakin na uku na shaidu, sau da yawa ana kiransu "alƙawata", saboda sun haɗa da kafin-da-bayan kimantawa na ra'ayoyin iyaye marasa fifiko maimakon gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa ko gwaje-gaje masu sarrafa asibiti ta amfani da kimantawa. Rahotanni na wasu matasa da suka kasance ta hanyar daya daga cikin wadannan jiyya sun nuna cewa tare da rashin isasshen shaida, jiyya na iya zama kai tsaye ko a kaikaice mai cutarwa ga yara da matasa.[22]

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin warkarwa na sulhu, wanda masu goyon bayansa suka bayyana a matsayin maganin sake haɗuwa da iyali, ya haɗa da cire yara daga iyayen da suka fi so [37] da kuma buƙatar cewa su shiga cikin shirye-shirye masu tsanani tare da iyayen da aka ƙi. Tsaro da tasirin maganin sulhu na iyali, ingancin kimiyya na wannan maganin, da kuma tambayar ko kotun za ta iya la'akari da shi yadda ya kamata, suna cikin rikici.[19][38][39] Saboda yanayin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba, an soki wannan nau'in maganin a matsayin "maganiyar cuta". Don kauce wa ka'idoji da sa ido da ke amfani da maganin tunani da likita, waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi ana biyan su a matsayin ilimi ko ilimin halayyar mutum.[40] Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da tsada sosai.[40] Wasu yara da aka tilasta su shiga cikin maganin sake haɗuwa da iyali sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu su musanta korafin gaskiya game da iyayen da ake zargi da zama baƙi. [40] Wani kimantawar shirin da aka yi kwanan nan game da shiga tsakani na kwana huɗu da ake kira "Turning Point for Families" ya sami shaidar farko cewa shirin na iya inganta dangantakar iyali a yanayin da kotun ta sami warewa.[41]

Batutuwan Shari'a

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An yi amfani da ra'ayoyin warewar iyaye don jayayya game da canje-canjen kula da yara lokacin da yara ke tsayayya da hulɗa da iyaye da ba a fi so ba. Tattaunawar gabaɗaya ta haɗa da buƙatar umarnin kotu da ke ba da cikakken kulawa ga iyayen da ba a fi so da kuma ƙin hulɗa da iyayen da aka fi so. Hakanan ana iya umarci yaron a cikin shirin magani don sauƙaƙe sake haɗuwa tare da iyayen da ba a fi so ba. Dalilin wannan gardamar shine cewa halin da ayyukan yara da suka ƙi iyaye ba tare da wata hujja ta cin zarafi ba suna nuna rashin lafiya na hankali. Idan wannan imani daidai ne to ana iya danganta matsalar tunanin yaro ga ayyukan iyaye da aka fi so kuma, kamar yadda ayyukan suka cutar da yaron, ana iya bayyana waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin cin zarafi. Da zarar an fassara zargin warewar iyaye a matsayin cin zarafin iyaye, wannan fassarar tana ba da hujja mai ƙarfi game da kula da ko ma hulɗa da wannan iyaye. Wannan layin gardama, duk da haka, ya yi watsi da wasu dalilai masu yuwuwa, kamar tasirin da aka yi wa yaro na ƙwarewar iyaye marasa kyau ko tasirin ɗayan ko duka iyaye biyu, kuma ya dogara da ƙaddara game da halayyar iyaye da aka fi so maimakon shaidar kai tsaye na iyaye marasa kyau.[19]

Yawancin labarai a cikin mujallu masu sana'a sun gabatar da sukar yadda masu ba da shawara game da warewar iyaye suka fassara guje wa yara daga iyaye ɗaya da suka sake aure ko kuma ya rabu da kuma fifiko mai ƙarfi ga ɗayan iyaye. Maɓallin damuwarsu shine cewa masu ba da shawara game da ra'ayoyin warewar iyaye sun gabatar da bayani mai sauƙi game da ziyarar da juriya ta hulɗa ko ƙin yarda da 'ya'yan ma'aurata a cikin rikice-rikice. Kamar yadda abubuwa da yawa ke da alaƙa da halayyar ɗan adam, suna tabbatar da cewa ba tare da shaidar kai tsaye ba ya dace a ƙaddara magudi ko cin zarafin iyaye ɗaya a matsayin dalilin da ya sa yaro ya fi son iyaye ɗaya akan ɗayan. Wani damuwa shi ne cewa akwai rashin goyon bayan shaida ga manufar warewar iyaye, kamar yadda masu goyon bayan wannan ka'idar suka kasa cika ka'idoji don maganin da aka kafa kuma ba su taba samar da goyon baya ga alamun da aka yi na warewa kamar "black da fararen tunani".[19]

Wani bangare na musamman na amfani da ra'ayoyin warewar iyaye a cikin yanke shawara na kula da yara shine yiwuwar haɗuwa da zarge-zargen warewar iyaye da aka fi so tare da zargewar tashin hankali na gida daga iyaye da ba a fi so ba.[22] Kamar yadda zarge-zargen warewar iyaye na iya haifar da canje-canjen kulawar da kotu ta ba da cikakken kulawa ga iyaye da ba a fi so ba, kuma sau da yawa sun haɗa da umarni na hanawa game da hulɗa da iyaye da aka fi so, yana yiwuwa a gano warewar iyaye don sa a sanya yara a hannun iyaye masu cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i.[20]

Kodayake kotuna sun daɗe suna damuwa da batun rabuwar iyaye, da kuma yadda za a sake haɗuwa da yara tare da iyayensu da suka rabu, bincike game da dalilin rabuwar iyaye akai-akai ya haɗa da batutuwan son zuciya, rashin aiki, ƙaramin samfurin, rashin rarraba, da sauran damuwa na hanya.[42] Har yanzu akwai mahimman tambayoyi game da ko akwai isasshen shaida don tallafawa da'awar daidai game da dalilin, yaduwa da sakamakon rabuwar iyaye, ko kuma shiga tsakani da ya dace a lokuta inda rabuwar ta kasance.[43] Binciken da ya dace a wannan yanki ya kasance a farkon matakai, [42] kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike wanda aka tsara don rage haɗarin kuskuren rarrabawa, samar da binciken da ya dace, da kuma gano abubuwan da suka dace. [44]

A duk duniya

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Brazil

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A watan Agustan 2010 Brazil ta zartar da dokar kasa ta farko da ta hana warewar iyaye.[3]:: 463  Lei No. 12.318 wanda ya bayyana "kamar yadda tsangwama tare da tsarin tunanin yaro ko matashi wanda ke inganta ƙin iyaye ko lalacewa ga kafawa ko kula da dangantaka da iyaye, lokacin da iyaye, kakanni, waɗanda ke da yaro ko matashin a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, kulawa, ko kulawa". Alkalin da ya gano cewa warewar iyaye ta faru na iya ba da gargadi, na iya canza tsarin kulawa don goyon bayan yaro da aka ware, baƙo, baƙi.[45]

Ingila

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A Ingila, an kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawara da Taimako ta Kotun Yara da Iyali (Cafcass) don inganta jin daɗin yara da iyalai da ke da alaƙa da shari'ar kotu ta iyali.[46] Cafcass ya fahimci yiwuwar halayyar warewar iyaye a cikin shari'o'in rabuwa da iyali.[47]

Isra'ila

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A Isra'ila, warewar iyaye an san shi da "nikur hori", kuma wasu kotuna suna karɓar ƙoƙarin sake haɗa yaran da suka rabu ko suka rabu da iyaye, kodayake damuwa ta kasance cewa akwai ƙananan shaidar da za ta goyi bayan manufar warewar iyaye. Don hanzarta warware shari'o'in kulawa da rikice-rikice, wasu hukunce-hukunce a Isra'ila sun aiwatar da ayyukan matukin jirgi don shari'oʼin da suka shafi kula da yara da aiwatar da umarnin ziyara.[48]

Mexico

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A cikin tsohuwar Gundumar Tarayya ta Mexico, wani yanki wanda a hukumance ya yi daidai da Mexico City, 323 Septimus na Dokar Jama'a ya haramta wa memba na iyali daga canza lamirin ƙarami don hanawa, hanawa ko tsoma baki da dangantakar ƙaramin tare da ɗayan iyayen ƙarami. Idan kotun ta gano cewa irin waɗannan ayyukan sun faru kuma suna da sauƙi ko matsakaici, kuma cewa mutumin da ke da alhakin warewa shine uba, ana buƙatar kotun ta canja wurin kulawa ga ɗayan iyaye. Idan kotun ta gano cewa matakin warewar iyaye da aka danganta ga mahaifin yana da tsanani, ana buƙatar dakatar da duk hulɗa da mahaifin yaron, kuma ana buƙatar yaron ya sami shawara.[49] Majalisar Dokoki ta Mexico City ta soke wannan tanadin a 2007 kuma, bayan sakewa, a cikin 2017.

Jamhuriyar Ireland

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Kodayake Ireland ba ta da doka game da warewar iyaye, a cikin 2020, a karo na farko a cikin shari'ar samun damar yaro alƙali ya bayyana ayyukan iyaye a matsayin " warewar iyaye". [50] A cikin 2019 zuwa 2021 talatin daga cikin majalisun Irish guda talatin da daya sun nemi gwamnati ta amince da kuma magance rabuwar iyaye.[51] A cikin 2021 Gwamnatin Irish ta haɗa da binciken warewar iyaye na duniya da shawarwarin jama'a a cikin Shirin Ayyukan Shari'a.[52]

Amurka

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Kodayake duk jihohi suna da dokokin kula da yara waɗanda ke buƙatar kotuna suyi la'akari da yadda ayyukan iyaye ke shafar mafi kyawun bukatun 'ya'yansu, [53] babu dokokin tarayya ko na jihohi da suka haɗa da manufar warewar iyaye da aka zartar. Wasu kotuna sun amince da warewar iyaye a matsayin matsala mai tsanani tare da yiwuwar sakamako na dogon lokaci da sakamako mai tsanani ga yaro.[24][54] Sauran hukunce-hukuncen na iya dakatar da tallafin yara a lokuta inda warewar iyaye ke faruwa. Misali, a cikin wani lamari na New York inda mahaifiyar yaron ta hana mahaifin ganin ɗansa ta hanyar "tsarin warewa", an dakatar da tallafin yaro. [55] Wasu kotuna na Amurka sun yi ƙoƙari su magance batun ta hanyar maganin sake haɗuwa.[56]

Saboda yanayin zarge-zargen warewar iyaye, kotuna da yawa suna buƙatar ƙwararren mai shaida ya ba da shaida don tallafawa zarge-dargen warewar iyayengiji ko kuma a cikin alaƙa da duk wani zargi cewa iyaye suna da matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa.[57]

Binciken yanke shawara na kula da iyaye na Amurka, bisa ga sake dubawa na shari'o'in daukaka kara, ya gano cewa kotuna sun fi shakku game da zargin cin zarafin yara da mata suka yi idan aka kwatanta da irin wannan ikirarin da iyaye suka yi, suna mai da warewar iyaye kariya mai karfi ga iyayen da ake zargi da cin zarafi amma ba ga uwaye ba.[58] Wani karamin binciken da ya biyo baya ya kalubalanci wannan kammalawa.[59]

Tarihi

gyara sashe

Kalmar warewar iyaye ta samo asali ne daga Cutar warewar iyaye, kalmar da Richard Gardner ya gabatar a 1985 don bayyana wasu halayen da ya lura a cikin yara da suka fuskanci rabuwa ta iyali ko saki inda yara suka ƙi ko suka nuna abin da ya fassara a matsayin mummunan ra'ayi ga ɗaya daga cikin iyayensu.[60][61]

Ra'ayin cewa yara na iya juya wa ɗayan iyayensu, ko kuma na iya ƙin iyaye ba tare da izini ba yayin rushewar iyali, an san shi tsawon ƙarni. Matsayin cewa yawancin rikice-rikice na iyali ya haifar da irin wannan tsari na magudi na tunani, tasiri mara kyau ko tsangwama daga wani ɓangare na uku (maimakon daga ainihin hulɗa tsakanin ɓangarorin da suka rabu da kansu) ba a san shi sosai ba.

Cutar warewar iyaye

gyara sashe

Ciwon ɓarna na iyaye (PAS) ya gabatar da shi ne daga likitan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na yara Richard Gardner a matsayin hanyar gano ɓarna na iyayengiji a cikin iyali ta hanyar gano tarin alamun da ya yi la'akari da su zai kasance tare ne kawai idan iyaye sun shiga cikin ɓarna.[62] Wannan ka'idar ta haɗa da neman alamun tunanin mutum a cikin yaro da kuma ba da shawarar PAS a matsayin tushen kammala cewa waɗannan alamun sun haifar da mummunar ayyukan iyaye.[60]

Babu wata kungiya ta kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta gane cutar warewar iyaye.[17] A cikin shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka ta lura cewa akwai rashin bayanai don tallafawa manufar cutar warewar iyaye, amma ba ta ɗauki matsayi na hukuma game da cutar ba. [63][9] Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ƙwararrun lauyoyi sun sami shakku game da manufar cutar warewar iyaye, da kuma taka tsantsan dangane da manufar warewar iyaye.[17]

A cikin shekara ta 2012, a cikin tsammanin sakin DSM-5, sigar ta biyar ta Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, an yi gardama don haɗa PAS a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin ganewar asali da ke da alaƙa da warewar iyaye.[64] Tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan matsayin cewa warewar iyaye da sauran kwatancin halaye iri-iri suna wakiltar ainihin manufar rikicewar warewar iyaye.[35] Duk da lobbying daga masu goyon baya, an ki amincewa da shawarar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012.[65]

Tare da cire PAS daga DSM-V, wasu masu ba da shawara don amincewa da warewar iyaye a matsayin yanayin da za'a iya ganowa sun yi jayayya cewa an rufe abubuwa na warewar iyaye cikin DSM-5 a ƙarƙashin manufar "Sauran Yanayi da Za su iya zama mai da hankali ga kulawar asibiti", musamman, "Yara da ke fama da matsalar dangantakar iyaye". Wadannan masu ba da shawara suna tabbatar da cewa yaran da ke fuskantar damuwa tsakanin iyayensu na iya samun alamun tunanin mutum sakamakon wannan bayyanar.[66] Koyaya, batutuwan dangantaka ba cututtukan hankali ba ne ko ganewar asali, amma a maimakon haka ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matsalolin da zasu iya dacewa da ganewar asali ko maganin cututtukatattun cututtukani. Duk da yake rabuwa tsakanin iyaye da yara na iya zama misali na matsalar dangantaka kamar "Yara da ke fama da matsalar dangantakar iyaye", lura da batun dangantaka ba bincike ba ne. [67]

Sanar da warewar iyaye

gyara sashe

Kamar yadda al'ummomin ilimin halayyar dan adam da na halayyar mutum ba su yarda da manufar "ciwon lafiya" ba, an ci gaba da kalmar nan "rashin iyaye" a cikin shekarun 1990s a matsayin yiwuwar bayani game da halayyar yaro mai zaman kanta daga binciken halayyar ɗan adam ko na halayya.[35][9] Daga cikin ra'ayoyin warewar iyaye da aka gabatar, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun yi jayayya cewa ana iya amfani da kalmar warewar iyaye ta hanyar da ta dace da asalin tsarin Cutar warewar iyaye, tare da ganewar asali bisa ga alamun da ake gani a cikin yara, cewa ana iya yi amfani da shi don bayyana tsarin ko dabarun da yaro ya rabu da iyaye, ko don bayyana sakamakon ga iyaye da sauransu waɗanda suka fuskanci ƙin yarda da yaro ba shi ba tare da dalili ba.[68][13][11]

An yi wasu bincike na kwarewa, kodayake ingancin karatun ya bambanta sosai kuma bincike a yankin har yanzu yana tasowa.[69] Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke rikitarwa ga bincike shine cewa yawan iyaye da ke cikin rikice-rikice na kula da rikice-rikicen rikice-gyare suna shiga cikin warewa ko koyar da halayen, amma ƙananan yara ne kawai ke warewa.[18]

A cikin wani bincike na al'ada a Kungiyar Kotun Iyali da Sulhu a cikin 2010, kashi 98% na masu amsa 300 sun yarda da tambayar, "Shin kuna tunanin cewa iyaye ɗaya ne ke sarrafa wasu yara don ƙin ɗayan iyaye ba tare da dalili ba?". Wadanda suka halarci binciken sun rabu game da ko iyaye da aka ƙi suna da wani zargi lokacin da yaro ya rabu da iyaye kuma ɗayan iyaye yana nuna halayen warewa, kuma ta hanyar babbar gefe ya ƙi haɗa da warewar iyaye a cikin DSM.[70] Koyaya, warewar iyaye ba tana nufin ayyukan magudi ba, amma ga ƙin yaro ga iyaye wanda ke haifar da halayyar warewa.

Kotunan Amurka sun ki amincewa da cutar warewar iyaye a matsayin ra'ayi wanda za'a iya gabatar da shi a cikin shari'ar kula da yara, amma har yanzu yana yiwuwa a yi jayayya a cikin shariʼar kula da yaro cewa warewar iyaye ta faru kuma don nuna yadda ya kamata kotu ta yi la'akari da halayen warewar iyaye yayin kimanta shari'ar kulawa. Halin da ke haifar da warewar iyaye na iya nuna wasu cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, duka a bangaren iyaye masu warewa da iyaye da aka ƙi wanda, idan aka tabbatar, ya kasance mai dacewa da ƙaddamar da kulawa.[18] Halin yaron da aka ware na iya zama abin da ya dace.[71] Koyaya, bayani guda ɗaya game da nisantar yaro daga iyaye ba su tabbatar da inganci ba, kuma samfuran abubuwa da yawa sun fi rikitarwa kuma suna da wuyar jayayya a cikin yanayin kotu.[72]

Yunkurin fafutuka

gyara sashe

A ƙarshen shekara ta 2005, wani mai fafutuka na Kanada mai suna Sarvy Emo ya ba da shawarar cewa a sanya ranar 28 ga watan Maris a matsayin Ranar Sanarwar Iyaye. Daga baya aka canza ranar da aka gabatar zuwa Afrilu 25 . [73] Ranar ta sami wasu matakan karbuwa, kamar sanarwar 2006 da Gwamnan Georgia ya yi da ta amince da Afrilu 25 a matsayin Ranar Sanarwar Iyaye, da kuma karɓar karɓa ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Gwamnan Nevada a 2007 .

Har ila yau, akwai kungiyoyi da ke adawa da amfani da manufar warewar iyaye da kuma yanke shawara na kulawa bisa ga wannan tsarin imani. Misali, Cibiyar Kwarewar Shari'a ta yi jayayya da amfani da gardamar warewar iyaye a cikin shari'o'in kulawa.[74] A cikin 2019 American Professional Society on Abuse of Children (APSAC) ta sanya a shafin yanar gizon ta shawarar game da amfani da ra'ayin warewar iyaye ko da'awar cewa lokacin da yaro ya ƙi iyaye, cin zarafin motsin rai daga iyaye da aka fi so ya faru.[75] Cibiyar ta Violence, Abuse, and Trauma (IVAT) ta sadaukar da zaman sa'o'i uku a taron ta na Satumba 2019 ga muhawara da ke adawa da amfani da ra'ayoyin warewar iyaye da kuma da'awar da ta shafi.[76]

Dubi kuma

gyara sashe

 

manazartz

gyara sashe
  1. ↑ Jaffe, Alan M.; Thakkar, Melanie J.; Piron, Pascale; Walla, Peter (11 May 2017). "Denial of ambivalence as a hallmark of parental alienation". Cogent Psychology. 4 (1). doi:10.1080/23311908.2017.1327144.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kruk, Edward (2018). "Parental Alienation as a Form of Emotional Child Abuse: Current State of Knowledge and Future Directions for Research" (PDF). Family Science Review. 22 (4): 142. doi:10.26536/EVMS9266. S2CID 249248153 Check |s2cid= value (help). Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 (William, M.D. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Doughty, Julie; Maxwell, Nina; Slater, Tom (April 2018). "Review of research and case law on parental alienation" (PDF). ORCA - Online Research at Cardiff University. Cascade Children's Social Care Research and Development Center. p. 21. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  5. ↑ Ellis, Elizabeth M.; Boyan, Susan (30 April 2010). "Intervention Strategies for Parent Coordinators in Parental Alienation Cases". The American Journal of Family Therapy. 38 (3): 218–236. doi:10.1080/01926181003757074. S2CID 146593914.
  6. ↑ Harman, Jennifer J.; Leder-Elder, Sadie; Biringen, Zeynep (July 2016). "Prevalence of parental alienation drawn from a representative poll". Children and Youth Services Review. 66: 62–66. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.04.021.
  7. ↑ Braver, Sanford L.; Cookston, Jeffrey T.; Cohen, Bruce R. (October 2002). "Experiences of Family Law Attorneys With Current Issues in Divorce Practice*". Family Relations. 51 (4): 325–334. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2002.00325.x.
  8. ↑ Lowenstein, Ludwig F. (7 April 2010). "Attachment Theory and Parental Alienation". Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 51 (3): 157–168. doi:10.1080/10502551003597808. S2CID 143674769.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Bernet, William; Baker, Amy J. L. (2013). "Parental Alienation, DSM-V, and ICD-11: Response to Critics". The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 41 (1): 98–104. PMID 23503183. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Harman, Jennifer J.; Kruk, Edward; Hines, Denise A. (December 2018). "Parental alienating behaviors: An unacknowledged form of family violence". Psychological Bulletin. 144 (12): 1275–1299. doi:10.1037/bul0000175. PMID 30475019. S2CID 53726361.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Poustie, Clare; Matthewson, Mandy; Balmer, Sian (28 May 2018). "The Forgotten Parent: The Targeted Parent Perspective of Parental Alienation". Journal of Family Issues. 39 (12): 3298–3323. doi:10.1177/0192513X18777867. S2CID 149465952.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Verrocchio, Maria Christina; Baker, Amy J. L.; Marchetti, Daniela (2018). "Adult report of childhood exposure to parental alienation at different developmental time periods". Journal of Family Therapy. 40 (4): 602–618. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12192. S2CID 149430590.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Baker, Amy J. L.; Ben-Ami, Naomi (October 2011). "To Turn a Child Against a Parent Is To Turn a Child Against Himself: The Direct and Indirect Effects of Exposure to Parental Alienation Strategies on Self-Esteem and Well-Being". Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 52 (7): 472–489. doi:10.1080/10502556.2011.609424. S2CID 144536648.
  14. ↑ Baker, Amy J. L. (31 December 2009). "Adult Recall of Parental Alienation in a Community Sample: Prevalence and Associations With Psychological Maltreatment". Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 51 (1): 16–35. doi:10.1080/10502550903423206. S2CID 144538129.
  15. ↑ Ben-Ami, Naomi; Baker, Amy J. L. (March 2012). "The Long-Term Correlates of Childhood Exposure to Parental Alienation on Adult Self-Sufficiency and Well-Being". The American Journal of Family Therapy. 40 (2): 169–183. doi:10.1080/01926187.2011.601206. S2CID 146306354.
  16. ↑ O’Donohue, William; Benuto, Lorraine T.; Bennett, Natalie (2016-07-02). "Examining the validity of parental alienation syndrome". Journal of Child Custody. 13 (2–3): 113–125. doi:10.1080/15379418.2016.1217758. ISSN 1537-9418. S2CID 151811817.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Bow, James N.; Gould, Jonathan W.; Flens, James R. (9 March 2009). "Examining Parental Alienation in Child Custody Cases: A Survey of Mental Health and Legal Professionals". The American Journal of Family Therapy. 37 (2): 127–145. doi:10.1080/01926180801960658. S2CID 45543509.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Kelly, Joan B.; Johnston, Janet R. (15 March 2005). "The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome". Family Court Review. 39 (3): 249–266. doi:10.1111/j.174-1617.2001.tb00609.x. S2CID 7922654.
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 Mercer, Jean (21 January 2019). "Are intensive parental alienation treatments effective and safe for children and adolescents?". Journal of Child Custody. 16 (1): 67–113. doi:10.1080/15379418.2018.1557578. S2CID 151210393.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Silberg, J.; Dallam, S. (2019). "Abusers Gaining Custody in Family Courts: A Case Series of Overturned Decisions". Journal of Child Custody. 16 (2): 140–169. doi:10.1080/15379418.2019.1613204. S2CID 198616599.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Simring Milchman, Madelyn (2 July 2019). "How far has parental alienation research progressed toward achieving scientific validity?". Journal of Child Custody. 16 (2): 115–139. doi:10.1080/15379418.2019.1614511. S2CID 216134223.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Dallam, Stephanie; Silberg, Joyanna L. (11 October 2016). "Recommended treatments for "parental alienation syndrome" (PAS) may cause children foreseeable and lasting psychological harm". Journal of Child Custody. 13 (2–3): 134–143. doi:10.1080/15379418.2016.1219974. S2CID 152002771.
  23. ↑ Reay, Kathleen M. (26 February 2015). "Family Reflections: A Promising Therapeutic Program Designed to Treat Severely Alienated Children and Their Family System". The American Journal of Family Therapy. 43 (2): 197–207. doi:10.1080/01926187.2015.1007769. S2CID 71174575.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Clemente, Miguel; Padilla-Racero, Dolores (11 October 2016). "When courts accept what science rejects: Custody issues concerning the alleged "parental alienation syndrome"". Journal of Child Custody. 13 (2–3): 126–133. doi:10.1080/15379418.2016.1219245. S2CID 151682513.
  25. ↑ Nichols, Allison M. (February 2014). "Toward a Child-Centered Approach to Evaluating Claims of Alienation in High-Conflict Custody Disputes". University of Michigan Law Review. 112 (4): 663–688. PMID 24446573. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  26. ↑ Clemente, Miguel; Padilla-Racero, Dolores (April 2015). "Are children susceptible to manipulation? The best interest of children and their testimony". Children and Youth Services Review. 51: 101–107. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.02.003.
  27. ↑ Bernet, William; Nilgun, Gregory; Reay, Kathleen M.; Rohner, Ronald P. (May 2018). "An Objective Measure of Splitting in Parental Alienation: The Parental Acceptance – Rejection Questionnaire" (PDF). Journal of Forensic Sciences. 63 (3): 776–783. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13625. PMID 28833110. S2CID 206919307. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 von Boch-Galhau, Wilfrid (September 2018). "Parental Alienation (Syndrome) – Eine ernst zu nehmende Form von psychischer Kindesmisshandlung". Neuropsychiatrie (in German). 32 (3): 133–148. doi:10.1007/s40211-018-0267-0. PMID 29654470.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  29. ↑ Rowen, Jenna (2015). "Talking Badly About Your Co-Parent Backfires:Young Adults & Siblings Feel Less Close to Parents Who Denigrate the Other Parent" (PDF). Clinical Science Insights. The Family Institute at Northwestern University. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  30. ↑ Levy, Michael (1998). "A Helpful Way to Conceptualize and Understand Reenactments". The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. 7 (3): 227–235. PMC 3330499. PMID 9631344.
  31. ↑ van der Kolk, Bessel A. (June 1989). "The Compulsion to Repeat the Trauma: Re-enactment, Revictimization, and Masochism". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 12 (2): 389–411. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30439-8. PMID 2664732.
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fidler
  33. ↑ Garber, Benjamin D. (2011). "Parental alienation and the dynamics of the enmeshed parent-child dyad: Adultification, parentification and infantilization". Family Court Review. 49 (2): 322–335. doi:10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01374.x.
  34. ↑ Simring Milchman, Madelyn (3 April 2019). "How far has parental alienation research progressed toward achieving scientific validity?". Journal of Child Custody. 16 (2): 115–139. doi:10.1080/15379418.2019.1614511. S2CID 216134223.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Bernet, William; Von Boch-Galhau, Wilfred; Baker, Amy J. L.; Morrison, Stephen L. (2010). "Parental Alienation, DSM-V, and ICD-11". The American Journal of Family Therapy. 38 (2): 76–187. doi:10.1080/01926180903586583. S2CID 146420091.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Pepiton, M. Brianna; Alvis, Lindsey J.; Allen, Kenneth; Logid, Gregory (March 2012). "Is Parental Alienation Disorder a Valid Concept? Not According to Scientific Evidence. A Review of Parental Alienation, DSM-5 and ICD-11 by William Bernet". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 21 (2): 244–253. doi:10.1080/10538712.2011.628272. S2CID 145548625.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Templar, Kate; Matthewson, Mandy; Haines, Janet; Cox, Georgina R. (September 2016). "Recommendations for best practice in response to parental alienation: findings from a systematic review: Best practice responses to parental alienation". Journal of Family Therapy. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12137. S2CID 151519608. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  38. ↑ "Collective Memo of Concern to: World Health Organization about "Parental Alienation"". Centre for Research & Education on Violence against Women & Children. Western University. 22 April 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  39. ↑ Smith, Holly (January 2016). "Parental Alienation Syndrome Fact or Fiction? Thee Problem with Its Use in Child Custody Cases". University of Massachusetts Law Review. 11 (1): 86, 99–100. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named tabachnick
  41. ↑ Harman, Jennifer J.; Saunders, Luke; Afifi, Tamara (7 September 2021). "Evaluation of the Turning Points for Families (TPFF) program for severely alienated children". Journal of Family Therapy. 44 (2): 1467–6427.12366. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12366. S2CID 239680359 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Robb, Aaron (April 2020). "Methodological Challenges in Social Science: Making Sense of Polarized and Competing Research Claims". Family Court Review. 58 (2): 308–321. doi:10.1111/fcre.12474. S2CID 218936021.
  43. ↑ (Michael ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. ↑ Milchman, Madelyn S.; Geffner, Robert; Meier, Joan S. (April 2020). "Ideology and Rhetoric Replace Science and Reason in Some Parental Alienation Literature and Advocacy: A Critique". Family Court Review. 58 (2): 340–361. doi:10.1111/fcre.12476. S2CID 218930800.
  45. ↑ Soares, Eduardo (2 September 2010). "Brazil: Parental Alienation Criminalized". Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  46. ↑ "About Cafcass". Cafcass. Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  47. ↑ "Alienating behaviours". Cafcass. Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  48. ↑ Marcus, Philip (April 2020). "Innovative Programs in Israel for Prevention & Responding to Parental Alienation: Education, Early Identification and Timely, Effective Intervention". Family Court Review. 58 (2): 544–559. doi:10.1111/fcre.12486. S2CID 218946078.
  49. ↑ Núñez, María del Carmen Montenegro (September 2017). "La alienación parental: un dilema ético". Alegatos (in Sifaniyanci). Universidad Autónoma de Metropolitana. 32 (7): 661, 668. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  50. ↑ "Judge describes case as 'parental alienation'". www.lawsociety.ie. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  51. ↑ Router, Bishop Michael (25 April 2021). "Bishop Router: Peace, protection of family life needed to combat parental alienation". vaticannews.va. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  52. ↑ "Justice Plan 2021" (PDF). Department of Justice. Republic of Ireland. 22 February 2021. p. 21. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  53. ↑ "Deciding Custody". ABA. American Bar Association. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  54. ↑ Rao, Alyssa (25 May 2021). "Excluding Parental Alienation in Family Court". Boston College Law Review B. 62 (5): 1765. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  55. ↑ "Matter of Coull v Rottman, 156 A.D.3d 885, 65 N.Y.S.3d 756 (2015)". Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, Second Department. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  56. ↑ Kleinman, Toby (2017-10-02). "Family court ordered "reunification therapy:" junk science in the guise of helping parent/child relationships?". Journal of Child Custody. 14 (4): 295–300. doi:10.1080/15379418.2017.1413699. S2CID 148822301.
  57. ↑ Novotney, Amy (July 2008). "Custody collaborations". Monitor on Psychology. 39 (7): 48. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  58. ↑ Meier, Joan S. (2020-01-02). "U.S. child custody outcomes in cases involving parental alienation and abuse allegations: what do the data show?". Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law. 42 (1): 92–105. doi:10.1080/09649069.2020.1701941. S2CID 213753390.
  59. ↑ Harman, Jennifer; Lorandos, Demonethenos (2021). "Allegations of family violence in court: How parental alienation affects judicial outcomes". Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. American Psychological Association. 27 (2): 184–208. doi:10.1037/law0000301. ISSN 1076-8971. S2CID 230593639 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Gardner, R. A. (1985). Recent Trends in Divorce and Custody Litigation. Academy Forum, 29(2), 3-7" (PDF). Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  61. ↑ Gardner, Richard A. (1991). "Legal and Psychotherapeutic Approaches to the Three Types of Parental Alienation Syndrome Families: When Psychiatry and the Law Join Forces" (PDF). Court Review. 28: 14–21.
  62. ↑ Gardner, Richard (1991). "Parental alienation syndrome (PAS): Sixteen years later". Academy Forum. 38 (1): 10–12.
  63. ↑ "Statement on Parental Alienation Syndrome". American Psychological Association. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  64. ↑ Walker, Lenore E.; Shapiro, David L. (30 November 2010). "Parental Alienation Disorder: Why Label Children with a Mental Diagnosis?". Journal of Child Custody. 7 (4): 266–286. doi:10.1080/15379418.2010.521041.
  65. ↑ "American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees Approves DSM-5-Diagnostic manual passes major milestone before May 2013 publication". American Psychiatric Association. 1 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
  66. ↑ Bernet, William; Wamboldt, Marianne Z.; Narrow, William E. (July 2016). "Child Affected by Parental Relationship Distress". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 55 (7): 571–579. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.018. PMID 27343884. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
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  68. ↑ Whitcombe, Sue (2013). "Psychopathology and the conceptualization of mental disorder: The debate around the inclusion of parental alienation in DSM-5" (PDF). Counselling Psychology Review. 28 (3): 6–1. doi:10.53841/bpscpr.2013.28.3.6 Check |doi= value (help). S2CID 6709468. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
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  72. ↑ Johnston, Janet R.; Sullivan, Matthew J. (April 2020). "Parental Alienation: In Search of Common Ground For a More Differentiated Theory". Family Court Review. 58 (2): 270–292. doi:10.1111/fcre.12472. S2CID 218761665.
  73. ↑ "History of PAAD and PAAO". Parental Alienation Awareness Day. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  74. ↑ "Family Court Crisis: Our Children at Risk Film". Center for Judicial Excellence. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  75. ↑ "APSAC Announces Revisions to its Definitions of Psychological Mistreatment and Adds a Cautionary Statement Regarding Use to Support Parental Alienation Claims". The American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  76. ↑ Parental Alienation: Controversy and Critiques, "24th International Summit on Violence, Abuse & Trauma Across the Lifespan" (PDF). IVAT. Institute on Violence, Abuse and Trauma. Retrieved 13 September 2019.

Samfuri:Parenting

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