Neferhotep I Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika "Neferhotep" yana turawa nan. Don wasu amfani, duba Neferhotep (rashin fahimta). Neferhotep I Mutum-mutumi na Neferhotep I daga Faiyum, Gidan Tarihi na Archaeological na Bologna.[1] Fir'auna yayi sarauta shekaru 11 da watanni 1-4, [2][3] 1747-1736 BC, [4] 1742–1733 BC, [2] 1741–1730 BC,[5] c. 1740 BC. nuna sarauta mai taken ConsortSenebsen YaraHaankhef, Kemi, WahneferhotepBabaHaankhefMahaifiyarKemiBurialun tabbas, mai yiyuwa ne kabari S9 a cikin Abydos, rubutun teku da Daular 13th Khasekhemre Neferhotep I Fir'auna ne na Masari na tsakiyar daular goma sha uku yana mulki a rabin na biyu na karni na 18 BC[2] a lokacin da ake magana da shi a matsayin marigayi Masarautar Tsakiya ko farkon Tsakanin Tsakanin Na Biyu, ya danganta da masanin. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun sarakunan da aka tabbatar na daular 13, Neferhotep I ya yi sarauta na shekaru 11. Jikan mutumin da ba na sarauta ba daga dangin Theban da ke da asalin soja, dangantakar Neferhotep I da magabacinsa Sobekhotep III ba a sani ba kuma yana yiwuwa ya kwace sarautar. Wataƙila Neferhotep I ya yi zamani da sarakuna Zimri-Lim na Mari da Hammurabi na Babila. Ba a san abubuwan da ya yi ba a lokacin mulkinsa na tsawon shekaru goma kuma mafi mahimmancin takarda da ya tsira daga mulkinsa shi ne stela daga Abydos yana ba da labarin yadda aka tsara hoton Osiris da Neferhotep na ƙaddara cewa za a yi "kamar yadda alloli suka umarta a farkon. lokaci".[6] A ƙarshen mulkinsa, Neferhotep I ya raba gadon sarauta tare da ɗan'uwansa Sihathor, ainihin abin da ya ɗauki 'yan watanni zuwa shekara.[11]. Sihathor ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba kafin Neferhotep, wanda mai yiwuwa ya nada wani ɗan'uwa, Sobekhotep IV, a matsayin coregent. Ko ta yaya, Sobekhotep IV ya gaji Neferhotep I jim kaɗan bayan haka, kuma ya yi sarauta a Masar kusan shekaru goma. Sarautar 'yan'uwan biyu ita ce kololuwar daular ta 13. Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Iyali 1.1 Asalin 1.2 Zuriya da magaji 2 Mulki 2.1 Shaida 2.2 Tarihi 2.3 Adadin mulki 2.4 Ayyuka 2.5 Kabiru 3 Bayanan gaskiya 4Tarihin daidaitawa 5 Nassoshi Iyali [gyara tushe] Scarab hatimin "Royal sealer, uban allah Haankhef", mahaifin Neferhotep I da "memba na fitattu, sarki 'yar Kema", 'yar Neferhotep I.[12]. Asalin [gyara tushe] Neferhotep Ina da alama na fito ne daga dangin da ba na sarauta na Thebes ba tare da asalin soja.[6] Kakansa, Nehy, yana rike da mukamin "jami'in rejistar garin". Nehy ya auri wata mata mai suna Senebtysy. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da ita sai dai ta rike lakabin gama gari "matar gidan". Dan su daya tilo ana kiransa Haankhef.[2] Haankhef ko da yaushe yana bayyana a cikin majiyoyin a matsayin "mahaifin Allah" da "sarkin sarki" da matarsa Kemi a matsayin "mahaifiyar sarki" wanda ke nuni da cewa babu ɗayansu na haihuwa. An tabbatar da mahaifar Neferhotep da Haankhef kai tsaye ta wasu hatimai masu yawa daga El-Lahun inda aka ce na ƙarshe shine mahaifin na farko[2]. Har ila yau, an rubuta Haankhef a fili a matsayin mahaifin Neferhotep I a cikin Turin canon, jerin sunayen sarakuna da aka tattara a farkon zamanin Ramesside kuma wanda ke aiki a matsayin tushen tarihi na farko ga masu mulkin wannan lokacin. Wannan lamari ne da ba kasafai yake faruwa ba kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Turin ya saba ba wa Fir'auna suna kawai, yayin da ba a cikin jerin sunayen mutanen da ba na sarauta ba. Bayan Haankhef, kawai sauran keɓanta ga wannan ka'ida shine uban Sobekhotep II.[2]. Masana ilmin Masar sun lura cewa maimakon boye asalin asalinsu da ba na sarauta ba, Neferhotep I, wanda ya gabace shi Sobekhotep na uku, da magajinsa Sobekhotep IV, abin mamaki, sun yi shelarsu a kan tukwanensu da tambarin scarab[2]. Wannan ya yi hannun riga da tsarin Masarawa na gargajiya inda halaccin dasabon sarki ya dogara ne akan haihuwarsa. Wannan shela ta asali ba na sarauta ba, mai yiyuwa ne don raba wadannan sarakunan daga magabata, musamman Seth Meribre wanda aka kwace tare da bata masa suna[2]. Har yanzu ba a san dalilin hakan ba.[2] Zuriya da magaji [gyara tushe] Rubuce-rubuce daga Aswan sun nuna cewa Neferhotep ina da aƙalla yara biyu, masu suna Haankhef da Kemi kamar iyayensa, tare da wata mace mai suna Senebsen.[2][13] Hakanan yana yiwuwa ya haifi ɗa mai suna Wahneferhotep.[14] Duk da haka, Neferhotep na nada wa ɗan'uwansa Sihathor a matsayin coregent a cikin watanni na ƙarshe na mulkinsa kuma lokacin da Sihathor da Neferhotep I suka mutu a lokaci guda, wani ɗan'uwa mai suna Sobekhotep IV ya gaje su.[2][15]. Sobekhotep IV, wanda mulkinsa ke nuna kololuwar daular ta 13, ya ambaci wani stela (Alkahira JE 51911) da aka sanya a cikin haikalin Amun a Karnak cewa an haife shi a Thebes:[16]. Mai Martaba [ya zo] Birnin Kudu tun ina so in ga allahn Agusta; Garina ne aka haife ni. ... Na ga kwazon mai martaba (wato Amun) a kowane liyafa tun ina karama wanda har yanzu bai iya daukar ciki ba. Hakazalika, Neferhotep Ina iya da kyau an haife ni a Thebes; ko da yake babban birnin Masar a lokacin daular ta 13 har yanzu ita ce Itjtawy a arewa, kusa da ƙauyen el-Lisht na zamani. Mulki [gyara tushe] Shaida [gyara tushe] Scarab yana karanta "Ɗan Re, Neferhotep, haifaffen Uwar Sarauta, Kemi".[12]Artefacts Neferhotep I an san shi daga adadi mai yawa na abubuwa da aka samu a kan babban yanki, daga Byblos zuwa arewa zuwa gagaran Masarawa na Buhen[17] da Mirgissa[18] a cikin Lower Nubia zuwa kudu[3] ta duk sassan Masar. , musamman a yankin kudancin Masar na sama.[3] An san shaida guda ɗaya daga Ƙasar Masar, scarab daga Tell el-Yahudiya.[2][19] Sauran shaidun sun haɗa da hatimin scarab sama da 60, [14] [20] [21] [22] 2 Silinda-seals, [23] [24] wani mutum-mutumi daga Elephantine, [25] da rubutun dutse 11 daga Wadi el Shatt el-Rigal. , [26] Tsibirin Sehel, [27] [28] [29] Konosso [27] [29] da Philae. Rubutun sun rubuta dangin Neferhotep da kuma wasu manyan jami'ai biyu da ke yi masa hidima "Masanin sarauta Nebankh" da "Ma'aji Senebi" [2]. An san wasu dunƙule guda biyu daga Abydos ɗaya daga cikinsu, wanda aka ƙwace daga hannun sarki Wegaf kuma yana da kwanan watan mulkinsa na huɗu, ya hana gina kaburbura a kan hanya mai tsarki ta Wepwawet.[7][30] Naoses guda biyu yana dauke da mutum-mutumi guda biyu kowanne na Neferhotep, da kuma ginshiƙi mai ɗauke da zane-zanen Neferhotep's da Sobekhotep IV a Karnak.[2][31] Har ila yau, akwai wasu ƴan bayanai daga yankin Faiyum inda babban birnin ƙasar Masar yake a lokacin, musamman wani mutum-mutumi na sarki da aka keɓe ga Sobek da Horus na Shedet, wanda a yanzu ake baje kolin a cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Archaeological na Bologna[3]. Sarki lists Bayan waɗannan shaidun zamani, an jera Neferhotep akan shigarwar 34th na jerin sarakunan Karnak[32] da kuma shafi na 7, jere na 25 na canon Turin.[3] [33] Jerin sarakunan Turin ya yabawa Neferhotep da sarauta na shekaru 11 da watanni 1 zuwa 4, na biyu ko na uku mafi tsayi a daular bayan Merneferre Ay (shekaru 23) da Sobekhotep IV (shekaru 9-12).[2]. Tarihi [gyara tushe] Rubutun a tsibirin Sehel yana nuna Anukis yana ba da alamar rayuwa ga Neferhotep I.[27]. Neferhotep I's dangi matsayin matsayi na lokaci an kiyaye shi godiya ga kundin Turin da kuma abubuwan shaida na zamani. Shi ne magajin Sobekhotep III kuma magajin Sobekhotep IV. Tun da mahaifinsa Haankhef da mahaifiyarsa Kemi su ma suna da shedar gaske kuma ba a san cewa suna da wani lakabi da ya wuce na "Uban Allah" da "Mahaifiyar Sarki", bi da bi, masana kimiyyar Masar irin su Kim Ryholt da Darrell Baker sun yi imanin cewa Neferhotep I ba. Haihuwar sarauta kuma ya kwace mulki. Asalin soja na danginsamai yiwuwa ya taka rawa a cikin wannan[3]. A gefe guda kuma, an yi muhawara game da cikakken matsayin Neferhotep, tare da Ryholt da Baker suna ganinsa a matsayin Fir'auna na 26 da 27 na Daular 13 yayin da Detlef Franke da Jürgen von Beckerath suka yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai mai mulki na 22.[8]. [34] Hakazalika, cikakken kwanan watan mulkin Neferhotep ya bambanta da kusan shekaru 40 tsakanin malamai, tare da Kim Ryholt tun farkon mulkinsa c. 1740 BC da Thomas Schneider c. 1700 BC.[2][9] Yawan mulki [gyara tushe] Mutum-mutumi na Neferhotep I daga naos na farko da aka samu a Karnak, yanzu a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Masar.[35][36] Ko Neferhotep I ya kwace karagar mulki ne da kudin Sobekhotep III ko kuma ya gaji shi, mai yiyuwa ne ya hau karagar mulkin Masar da ta wargaje. Masanin ilimin Masar Kim Ryholt ya yi imanin cewa daular Kan'ana ta 14 ta riga ta wanzu a lokacin, ta samar da daula mai cin gashin kanta da ke iko da akalla Gabashin Nilu.[2] Wannan zai iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa kawai shaidar Neferhotep a cikin Masarautar Masar shine hatimin scarab guda ɗaya. Yayin da wasu malamai suka yarda da wannan bincike, daga cikinsu akwai Gae Callender, Janine Bourriau da Darrell Baker, [3] [7] [37] wasu sun ƙi, ciki har da Manfred Bietak, Daphna Ben-Tor da James da Susan Allen. wanda ya ce Neferhotep I ya yi sarauta bisa dukan Masar.[38][39][40] Misalai na shaida akan wannan ra'ayi sune shaidu da yawa na Neferhotep da aka samu a arewa maso gabashin Masar, a cikin Levant, musamman stela na Gwamnan Byblos Yantinu[41] da hatimin scarab guda huɗu daga Kan'ana, [20] yana nuna cewa ya riƙe. isasshen iko don kula da dangantakar kasuwanci da wannan yanki. A madadin haka, abubuwan tono na baya-bayan nan sun haifar da hatimi na ɗan'uwan Neferhotep Sobekhotep IV a kusanci tare da hatimin sarki Hyksos mai iko na daular 15th (c.1650-1550 BC) a cikin rufaffiyar mahallin archaeological,[42] mai yiwuwa yana nuna cewa su biyun zamani ne. [43] Idan haka ne, da Neferhotep na kasance tare da Khyan ko kuma daya daga cikin magabatansa, irin su Sakir-Har, kuma da ba zai yi sarauta a kan Kogin Nilu ba. An yi muhawara sosai da wannan ƙarshe a yanzu tunda Sobekhotep IV da Khyan sun rabu da c. Shekaru 100 a cikin tarihin Masar na yau da kullun. Ayyuka [gyara tushe] Duk da ɗimbin shaidun da aka sani na Neferhotep I, kaɗan ba a san ayyukan da ya yi a lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru goma ba. Tufafin [31] na Neferhotep I da Sobekhotep IV da kuma naos na Neferhotep da Georges Legrain ya gano a Karnak[36] sun nuna cewa ya gudanar da wasu ayyukan gini a can.[2] An ƙara tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar gano 2005 a Karnak na naos na biyu gidaje mai tsayin mita 1.80 (5.9 ft) tsayin mutum-mutumi na Neferhotep yana riƙe da kansa da kansa. Naos yana ƙarƙashin tushe na arewacin obelisk na Hatshepsut.[44] [45] [46] Muhimmin abin tunawa da sarkin da ya rayu har wa yau shi ne wani katon faifai, wanda ya lalace sosai tun lokacin mulkinsa na biyu kuma aka samu a Abydos. Rubutun kan stela ɗaya ne daga cikin tsoffin rubutun sarauta na Masar don yin rikodin yadda sarki zai yi tunani da kuma ba da umarnin yin sassaka. Kamar yadda aka saba, stela yana farawa da titular Neferhotep: [47] [48] [49] Girman Horus: Wanda ya kafa Kasa Biyu, Shi na Mata Biyu: Bayyana Gaskiya, Falcon na Zinariya: Ƙaunar Ƙauna, Sarkin Sama da Ƙasar Masar Khasekhemre, Ɗan Ra Neferhotep, haifaffen mahaifiyar sarki Kemi. an ba da rai, kwanciyar hankali, da mulki kamar Ra har abada. Sai ya bayyana yadda Neferhotep, zaune a cikin fadarsa "Maɗaukakin Ƙawata" mai yiwuwa yana cikin Itjtawy, yana son a yi hoton Osiris domin ya shiga cikin bikin shekara-shekara da ake yi a cikin girmamawar allah a Abydos a Upper Misira. 47] Don wannan karshen, Neferhotep ya fara tambayar jami'ansa game da umarnin game dayin siffofi na Allah da aka ce suna cikin “rubutun farko na Atum”[47]. Sai jami’ansa suka kai shi ɗakin karatu na haikali inda aka rubuta rubuce-rubucen kuma ya ba da umarnin a aika da wani manzo, “Mai Kula da Dukiyar Sarauta” zuwa bikin Abydos. A halin yanzu, ko kuma kafin a aiko da manzo, mutum-mutumin Osiris an yi shi ne da azurfa, da zinariya da tagulla, aikin da ake gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin kulawar sarki[47]. A ƙarshe, sarkin da kansa ya je Abidos don bikin Osiris.[6] Gabaɗaya, lokacin Neferhotep a kan karagar mulki yana da wadata saboda akwai abubuwan tarihi masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda aka tsara ga mulkinsa da na ɗan'uwansa, [50] kuma musamman a cikin sassaka an samar da wasu ayyukan fasaha masu inganci. Kabarin [gyara tushe] Babban labarin: S 9 (Abydos) Tun daga shekara ta 2017, ba a gano kabarin Neferhotep I a hukumance ba, kodayake akwai ƙara mai ƙarfi a yanzu don kasancewa a cikin Abydos. Tun daga shekara ta 2013 wata ƙungiyar masu binciken kayan tarihi daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Josef W. Wegner ke tono wani Masarautar Late Middle-Second Intermediate Period royal necropolis a Abydos, a gindin wani tudu na halitta da aka sani da tsohon Masarawa a matsayin Dutsen. ko Anubis. Necropolis yana kusa da babban ginin jana'izar Senusret III na daular 12 kuma ya ƙunshi ƙarin manyan kaburbura guda biyu, da alama sun kasance pyramids da aka gina a tsakiyar daular 13, da kuma ba ƙasa da kaburburan sarauta takwas ba, mai yiwuwa suna yin soyayya. zuwa daular Abydos. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kaburburan, waɗanda aka yi wa fashi da yawa da kayayyaki da duwatsu a lokacin tsaka-tsaki na biyu, wanda aka sani a yau da kabari S10, yanzu an yi imani da cewa na sarki Sobekhotep IV ne, ɗan'uwan Neferhotep, bisa wasu bincike da yawa da ke nuna sunan Sobkehotep daga kaburburan sarauta na kusa, kamar na Woseribre Senebkay. A matsayin karin magana, Wegner ya nuna cewa ba a san sunansa ba, babba, makwabciyar kabarin S9 na iya zama na Neferhotep I. Masana ilimin Masar kuma sun lura cewa duka sarakunan biyu sun yi aiki sosai a yankin Abydos a lokacin mulkinsu.[51] Tsofaffin hasashe game da wurin kabarin Neferhotep sun haɗa da abin da Nicolas Grimal ya gabatar, cewa an binne Neferhotep a cikin wani dala a el-Lisht, kusa da na Senusret I, [5] ra'ayi da Michael Rice ya raba.[6]. Wannan ya ci gaba da zato, saboda babu wani kayan tarihi da ke ba da izinin tantance Neferhotep a matsayin wanda ya mallaki irin wannan dala. Hasashen Grimal ya dogara ne kawai akan shaidar kai tsaye: kasancewar scarabs na Neferhotep a Lisht da kuma gano shawabti na yarima Wahneferhotep "(Sarki) Neferhotep ya jure" kusa da ƙofar arewa na haikalin gawawwaki na rukunin dala na Senusret. I.[14][52][53] An nannade shawabti da lilin kuma an sanya shi a cikin ƙaramin akwatin gawa, [54] wanda aka yi kwanan watan daular 13 a kan filaye mai salo. Wannan tare da sunan Wahneferhotep da lakabinsa na "Ɗan Sarki" suna nuna cewa Wahneferhotep ɗan Neferhotep I ne, [14] wanda wataƙila an binne shi a kusa da dala na mahaifinsa. A madadin, Dawn Landua-McCormack ya ba da shawarar cewa dala ta Kudu Saqqara na iya kasancewa ɗan takarar wurin binne Neferhotep. Wannan dala, wanda aka kwatanta da daular ta 13 ta tsakiya, an tanadar da ɗakunan sarcophagus guda biyu masu ƙayyadaddun da ƙila an tsara su ga wasu ƴan'uwan hamshakan attajirai na daular kamar Neferhotep I da Sobekhotep IV.[55]. Mahimman bayanai [gyara tushe] Zana da Karl Richard Lepsius na wani rubutu na dutse daga Konosso yana nuna Montu, Min da Satet tare da zane-zanen Neferhotep I.[27]. Ba a san yanayin mutuwar Neferhotep ba bayan mulkin shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Magajinsa shi ne ɗan'uwansa, Sobekhotep IV, wanda watakila shi ne mafi muhimmanci a cikin daular 13.[2]. Wani ɗan'uwa, Sihathor, ya bayyana a cikin Canon Turin a matsayin magaji, amma ga alama hakanYa yi sarauta na 'yan watanni kawai a matsayin mai kula da Neferhotep I kuma bai taba zama mai mulki mai zaman kansa ba, watakila saboda ya riga ya rasu. Bayan wannan, yana yiwuwa Neferhotep I ya naɗa ƙanensa Sobekhotep IV a matsayin mai mahimmanci. Akwai rubuce-rubuce guda biyu daga Sehel suna nuna Neferhotep I, Sihathor da Sobekhotep IV, wanda zai iya nufin cewa sun yi mulki na ɗan lokaci tare, [11] ko da yake Sihathor an bayyana matattu a cikin jerin sunayen biyu.[3]. Wani shaida kuma shine rubutu daga Wadi Hammamat wanda ke nuna zane-zane na Neferhotep I da Sobekhotep IV a daidai, kusa da juna.[3][56] Wasu masana Masarautar Masar suna ganin wannan a matsayin shaida ta asali tsakanin waɗannan sarakuna biyu, yayin da wasu, ciki har da Ryholt, suka yi watsi da wannan fassarar kuma sun yi imanin cewa Sobekhotep ne ya yi rubutun don girmama ɗan'uwansa da ya rasu.[2][3] Daidaitawar tarihi [gyara tushe] Takalma mai ɗauke da sunan Neferhotep I yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga masana ilimin kimiya na tarihi da masana tarihi kamar yadda yake ba da damar daidaitawa tsakanin tarihin Masar da Kusa da Gabas.[41] Wannan stela tana nuna “Gwamnan Byblos, Yantinu ... wanda Gwamna Yakin ya haifa” yana zaune a kan wata karagar mulki, wanda a gabansa akwai nadi da magabata na Neferhotep I.[2]. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don dalilai guda biyu: na farko, Yakin a bayyane yake tare da Yakin-Ilu na Byblos wanda aka sani daga hatimin silinda na Sehetepibre, yana nuna cewa wannan sarki da Neferhotep sun rabu da tsara.[2]. Na biyu, an san wani "Sarkin Byblos Yantin-'Ammu" daga ma'ajiyar tarihin Mari wanda aka fi saninsa da gwamnan Byblos Yantinu na stela.[57] Tabbas, Byblos yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa na Masar a lokacin kuma "sarkin Byblos" dole ne ya zama sarkin Semitic na birnin yana mulkinta da sunan Fir'auna. Rukunan tarihin Mari galibi sun kasance a zamanin sarkin birnin na ƙarshe, Zimri-Lim, ɗan zamanin Hammurabi wanda a ƙarshe ya kori Mari. Wannan yana ba da haɗin kai Neferhotep I - Yantinu - Zimri-Lim - Hammurabi
Neferhotep I
