Karatun zanen gine-gine

Karatun Gine-gine ko Akitekcha (Architecture) shi ne kimiyya da zane na gine-gine, wanda ya kama daga kan tsara shi a takarda da zana shi a kasa zuwa yin ginin gaba daya. Karatun Akitekcha yana koyar da tsara gine-gine.

Karatun Gine-gine
academic discipline (en) , industry (en) , type of arts (en) , specialty (en) da field of study (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Sumfuri
Bangare na	AEC industry (en) da built environment and design studies (en)
Amfani	ginawa
Karatun ta	sociology of architecture (en) , Ka'idar gine-gine da architectural analytics (en)
Product, material, or service produced or provided (en)	architectural structure (en) , architectural element (en) da architectural ensemble (en)
Hashtag (en)	Architecture
Has characteristic (en)	architectural style (en)
Tarihin maudu'i	history of construction (en) , history of architecture (en) da timeline of architecture (en)
Gudanarwan	Masanin gine-gine da zane
Uses (en)	architectural engineering (en)

Karatun gine-gine

Gine-gine shine fasaha da fasaha na ƙira da gini, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ƙwarewar da ke tattare da ginin. Yana da duka tsari da samfurin zane-zane, daukar ciki, tsarawa, tsarawa, da gina gine-gine ko wasu gine-gine. Kalmar ta fito ne daga gine-ginen Latin; daga tsohuwar Girkanci ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn) 'mai ginin gine-gine'; daga ἀρχι- (arkhi-) 'shugaba' da τέκτων (téktōn) 'mai halitta'. Ayyukan gine-gine, a cikin kayan gini na gine-gine, ana ganin su sau da yawa a matsayin alamun al'adu da kuma ayyukan fasaha. Yawanci ana gano wayewar tarihi tare da nasarorin gine-ginen da suka tsira. Al'adar wadda ta faro tun zamanin da, an yi amfani da ita azaman hanyar bayyana al'adu ta hanyar wayewa a dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai. Don haka, ana ɗaukar gine-gine a matsayin nau'in fasaha. An rubuta rubutun kan gine-gine tun zamanin da. Rubutun farko da aka tsira akan ka'idodin gine-gine shine karni na 1 AD littafin De architectura ta masanin ginin Roman Vitruvius, bisa ga wanda kyakkyawan gini ya kunshi firmitas, utilitas, da venustas (dorewa, amfani, da kyau). Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Leon Battista Alberti ya ci gaba da haɓaka ra'ayoyinsa, yana ganin kyau a matsayin ingantaccen ingancin gine-ginen da za a same shi gwargwadon girmansu. A cikin karni na 19, Louis Sullivan ya bayyana cewa "siffa yana bin aiki". "Aiki" ya fara maye gurbin "mai amfani" na gargajiya kuma an fahimci cewa ya haɗa da ba kawai mai amfani ba amma har da kayan ado, tunani, da al'adu. An gabatar da ra'ayin gine-gine mai dorewa a ƙarshen karni na 20.

Ginin gine-gine ya fara ne a matsayin gine-gine na karkara, na baka wanda ya bunkasa daga gwaji da kuskure zuwa nasarar kwafi. Gine-ginen birane na dā sun shagaltu da gina gine-gine na addini da gine-gine masu alamar ikon siyasa na masu mulki har sai da gine-ginen Girka da na Romawa suka mai da hankali ga kyawawan halaye. Gine-ginen Indiya da Sinawa sun yi tasiri a duk faɗin Asiya kuma gine-ginen Buddha musamman sun ɗauki ɗanɗano iri-iri na gida. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Turai, salon Romanesque da Gothic Cathedrals da Abbeys sun fito yayin da Renaissance ya fi son sifofin gargajiya waɗanda masu gine-ginen da aka sani da suna. Daga baya, ayyukan gine-gine da injiniyoyi sun rabu.

Gine-gine na zamani ya fara bayan yakin duniya na daya a matsayin motsi na avant-garde wanda ke neman samar da sabon salon da ya dace da sabon tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki bayan yakin da aka mayar da hankali kan biyan bukatun tsakiya da na aiki. An ba da fifiko kan fasahohin zamani, kayan aiki, da sauƙaƙan siffofi na geometric, wanda ya ba da hanya ga manyan gine-gine. Yawancin masu ginin gine-ginen sun yanke kauna da tsarin zamani wanda suka dauka a matsayin tarihi da kyama, kuma gine-gine na zamani da na zamani ya bunkasa. A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, fannin gine-ginen gine-gine ya samo asali don haɗawa da komai daga ƙirar jirgi zuwa kayan ado na ciki.

Ma'anoni Gine-gine na iya nufin:

Kalma na gaba ɗaya don kwatanta gine-gine da sauran sifofin jiki. Fasaha da kimiyya na zayyana gine-gine da (wasu) sifofin da ba na gini ba. Salon zane da hanyar gina gine-gine da sauran tsarin jiki. Siffa ko tsari mai haɗa kai ko daidaitacce. Ilimin fasaha, kimiyya, fasaha, da ɗan adam. Ayyukan ƙira na masu zane-zane, daga macro-matakin (tsarin birni, gine-ginen gine-gine) zuwa ƙananan matakan (bayanin gine-gine da kayan aiki). Ayyukan gine-gine inda gine-gine na nufin bayarwa ko ba da sabis na sana'a dangane da ƙira da gina gine-gine ko gina gine-gine.

Babban Masanin gine-gine wani reshe ne na sanin fasaha, wanda ke magana da kimar kyawawa na gine-gine, ilimin tauhidi da kuma alaƙa da haɓaka al'adu. Yawancin masana falsafa da masana ilimin falsafa tun daga Plato zuwa Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Robert Venturi da Ludwig Wittgenstein sun damu da kansu game da yanayin gine-gine da ko an bambanta gine-gine da gini.

Littattafan tarihi Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi na farko a kan batun gine-gine shine De architectura na maginin Romawa Vitruvius a farkon karni na 1 AD. A cewar Vitruvius, ginin mai kyau ya kamata ya gamsar da ka'idoji uku na firmitas, utilitas, venustas, wanda aka fi sani da fassarar asali - ƙarfi, kayayyaki da jin dadi. Daidai da Ingilishi na zamani zai kasance:

Dorewa - gini ya kamata ya tashi da ƙarfi kuma ya kasance cikin yanayi mai kyau Utility - ya kamata ya dace da dalilan da aka yi amfani da shi Beauty - ya kamata ya zama mai ban sha'awa A cewar Vitruvius, mai zane ya kamata ya yi ƙoƙari ya cika kowane ɗayan waɗannan halayen guda uku kamar yadda zai yiwu. Leon Battista Alberti, wanda ya yi karin bayani game da ra'ayoyin Vitruvius a cikin littafinsa, De re aedificatoria, ya ga kyau da farko a matsayin abin da ya dace, kodayake kayan ado kuma ya taka rawa. Ga Alberti, ƙa'idodin daidaitawa sune waɗanda ke tafiyar da kyakkyawan yanayin ɗan adam, ma'anar zinare. Babban abin da ya fi dacewa da kyau shi ne, don haka, wani yanki na zahiri na abu, maimakon wani abu da aka yi amfani da shi a sama, kuma ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar duniya da ake iya ganewa. Ba a ci gaba da ra'ayin salo a cikin zane-zane ba sai karni na 16, tare da rubuce-rubucen Giorgio Vasari. A karni na 18, an fassara Rayuwarsa na Mafi kyawun Mawallafi, Sculptors, da Architects zuwa Italiyanci, Faransanci, Sifen, da Ingilishi.

A cikin karni na 16, masanin Mannerist na Italiyanci, mai zane-zane da masanin ka'idar Sebastiano Serlio ya rubuta Tutte L'Opere D'Architettura et Prospetiva (Cikakken Ayyuka akan Gine-gine da Ra'ayi). Wannan bita ta yi tasiri mai girma a ko'ina cikin Turai, kasancewar littafin jagora na farko wanda ya jaddada aiki maimakon ka'idojin gine-gine, kuma shi ne na farko da ya fara kididdige umarni biyar.

A farkon karni na 19, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin ya rubuta Contrasts (1836) cewa, kamar yadda taken ya nuna, ya bambanta zamani, duniyar masana'antu, wanda ya yi watsi da shi, tare da kyakkyawan hoto na duniya na zamani. Gine-ginen Gothic, Pugin ya yi imani, shine kawai "nau'in gine-gine na Kirista na gaskiya." Masanin fasaha na Ingilishi na ƙarni na 19, John Ruskin, a cikin Lamps of Architecture nasa Bakwai, wanda aka buga a 1849, ya fi kunkuntar ra'ayinsa game da abin da ya ƙunshi gine-gine. Gine-gine shine "zane-zanen da ke watsawa da kuma ƙawata gine-ginen da maza suka taso ... don ganin su" yana taimakawa "ga lafiyar tunaninsa, iko, da jin daɗinsa". Ga Ruskin, kayan ado yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukansa ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa ginin ba aikin gine-gine ba ne da gaske sai dai idan an “kawata”. Ga Ruskin, ginin da aka gina da kyau, daidaitaccen tsari, ginin aiki yana buƙatar darussan kirtani ko rustication, aƙalla.

Dangane da bambancin ra'ayi na gine-gine da gine-gine kawai, mashahurin mawallafin na ƙarni na 20 Le Corbusier ya rubuta cewa: "Kuna amfani da dutse, itace, da siminti, kuma da waɗannan kayan kuna gina gidaje da fadoji: wannan gini ne. Hasalima yana kan aiki. . Amma ba zato ba tsammani ka taba zuciyata, ka yi mani dadi, na ce: Wannan shi ne Architecture. An ce Ludwig Mies van der Rohe na zamani na Le Corbusier ya bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 1959 cewa "gine-gine yana farawa ne lokacin da kuka hada tubali biyu a hankali. A nan za a fara."

Ka'idoji na zamani Shahararren masanin gine-gine na ƙarni na 19, Louis Sullivan, ya inganta ƙa'ida mai wuce gona da iri ga ƙirar gine-gine: "Form yana bin aiki". Yayin da ra'ayin cewa la'akari da tsarin da kyau ya kamata ya kasance gaba ɗaya batun aiki ya gamu da shahara da shakku, yana da tasirin gabatar da manufar "aiki" a maimakon "mai amfani" Vitruvius. "Aiki" ya zo a gani kamar yadda ya ƙunshi duk ma'auni na amfani, fahimta da jin dadin gini, ba kawai mai amfani ba amma har da kyawawan dabi'u, tunani da al'adu.

Nunzia Rondanini ta bayyana cewa, "Ta hanyar tsarin gine-ginen kyawawan dabi'unsa ya wuce abubuwan da suka dace da sauran ilimin kimiyyar dan Adam. Ta hanyar nata hanyar bayyana dabi'u, gine-gine na iya motsa jiki da tasiri a rayuwar zamantakewa ba tare da tunanin cewa, a ciki da kanta ba." zai inganta zamantakewar al'umma....Taƙaita ma'anar (architectural) ga fasaha don fasaha ba wai kawai mayar da martani ba ne;

Daga cikin falsafar da suka yi tasiri ga masu gine-ginen zamani da tsarinsu na ginin gini akwai Rationalism, Empiricism, Structuralism, Poststructuralism, Deconstruction and Phenomenology.

A ƙarshen karni na 20 an ƙara sabon ra'ayi ga waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin kamfas na duka tsari da aiki, la'akari da dorewa, don haka gine-gine mai dore.Don gamsar da tsarin zamani ya kamata a gina gini ta hanyar da ta dace da muhalli ta fuskar samar da kayansa, tasirinsa ga yanayin halitta da ginannen muhallin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma buƙatun da yake yi kan yanayin yanayin dumama. , samun iska da sanyaya, amfani da ruwa, kayan sharar gida da haske.

Ginin ya fara samo asali ne daga yanayin da ake ciki tsakanin bukatu (misali matsuguni, tsaro, da ibada) da ma'ana (akwai kayan gini da ƙwarewar masu halarta). Yayin da al'adun mutane suka bunkasa kuma ilimi ya fara zama tsari ta hanyar al'ada da ayyuka na baka, gini ya zama sana'a, kuma gine-gine ya zama kalmar da aka yi amfani da shi don kwatanta abubuwan da aka tsara da kuma girmamawa. An ɗauka cewa an sami nasarar tsarin gine-gine ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure, tare da ci gaba da ƙarancin gwaji da ƙarin maimaitawa yayin da sakamakon ya zama mai gamsarwa akan lokaci. Ana ci gaba da samar da gine-ginen al'adu a sassa da dama na duniya.

Gine-ginen zamani

Ginin zamani

Tun daga shekarun 1980, yayin da abubuwan da ke tattare da gine-gine suka fara karuwa (dangane da tsarin tsarin, ayyuka, makamashi da fasaha), fannin gine-gine ya zama nau'i-nau'i da yawa tare da ƙwarewa ga kowane nau'in aikin, ƙwarewar fasaha ko hanyoyin bayarwa. Bugu da ƙari, an sami ƙarin rabuwa na 'tsara' mai zane-zane daga mahallin 'aikin' wanda ke tabbatar da cewa aikin ya cika ka'idodin da ake bukata kuma yana magance al'amuran alhaki. Hanyoyin shirye-shiryen zayyana kowane babban gini sun ƙara yin rikitarwa, kuma suna buƙatar nazarin farko game da al'amura kamar dorewa, dorewa, inganci, kuɗi, da bin dokokin gida. Babban tsari ba zai iya zama ƙirar mutum ɗaya ba amma dole ne ya zama aikin mutane da yawa. Zamani da Postmodernism sun sha suka daga wasu ma’abota sana’ar gine-ginen da suke ganin cewa gine-ginen da suka yi nasara ba na wani mutum ba ne, ko na falsafa, ko kyawawan dabi’u na daidaikun mutane; a maimakon haka dole ne a yi la'akari da bukatun yau da kullum na mutane da kuma amfani da fasaha don ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa, tare da tsarin zane yana sanar da shi ta hanyar nazarin halayya, muhalli, da zamantakewa.

Dorewar muhalli ya zama al'amari na yau da kullun, tare da tasiri mai zurfi akan sana'ar gine-gine. Yawancin masu haɓakawa, waɗanda ke tallafawa tallafin kuɗi na gine-gine, sun sami ilimi don ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙirar muhalli mai dorewa, maimakon mafita dangane da farashi nan da nan. Ana iya samun manyan misalan wannan a ƙirar ginin hasken rana, ƙirar rufin kore, kayan da ba za a iya lalata su ba, da ƙarin kulawa ga tsarin amfani da makamashi. Wannan babban sauyi na gine-gine ya kuma canza makarantun gine-gine don mai da hankali kan muhalli. An sami haɓakawa a cikin adadin gine-ginen da ke neman saduwa da ƙa'idodin ƙira masu dorewa na kore. Ayyuka masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke cikin tushen gine-ginen yare suna ƙara ba da kwarin gwiwa ga dabarun zamani masu dorewa na muhalli da zamantakewa. Tsarin kima na Majalisar Gine-gine na Green Green na Amurka (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) ya taimaka a cikin wannan.

A halin yanzu, ƙungiyoyin New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture, ƙarin gine-gine da Sabbin gine-gine na gargajiya suna haɓaka ci gaba mai dorewa zuwa ginin da ke yabawa da haɓaka haɓaka mai kaifin basira, al'adun gine-gine da ƙira na gargajiya. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin gine-gine na zamani da na zamani na duniya, da kuma jingina ga keɓaɓɓun gidaje da kuma ɓangarorin kewayen birni. Ganuwar labulen gilashi, wanda ya kasance alamar rayuwar birni na zamani a cikin ƙasashe da yawa ya bayyana hatta a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Najeriya inda aka nuna salon duniya tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 galibi saboda dogaron masana gine-ginen da aka horar da su daga ƙasashen waje.

Gine-ginen wurin zama

Gine-ginen wurin zama shine ƙirar aikin da ya dace da rayuwar mai amfani yayin da ake bin ƙa'idodin gini da dokokin yanki.

Gine-gine na kasuwanci Gine-ginen kasuwanci shine ƙirar gine-ginen kasuwanci waɗanda ke biyan bukatun kasuwanci, gwamnati da cibiyoyin addini.

Gine-ginen masana'antu Babban labarin: Gine-ginen masana'antu Gine-ginen masana'antu shine ƙirar gine-ginen masana'antu na musamman, wanda babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali shi ne tsara gine-ginen da za su iya cika aikin su yayin da tabbatar da tsaro na motsi na aiki da kayayyaki a cikin ginin.

Shiffidaddun gine-gine

Tsarin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Babban labarin: Tsarin shimfidar wuri Gine-ginen shimfidar wuri shine ƙira na wuraren jama'a na waje, alamomin ƙasa, da sifofi don cimma sakamako na muhalli, ɗabi'a, ko kyawawan halaye. Ya ƙunshi bincike na tsari na yanayin zamantakewa, muhalli, da ƙasa da kuma matakai a cikin shimfidar wuri, da kuma tsara ayyukan da za su haifar da sakamakon da ake so. Matsakaicin sana'a ya haɗa da ƙirar shimfidar wuri; tsare-tsaren yanar gizo; sarrafa ruwan guguwa; maido da muhalli; wuraren shakatawa da shirye-shiryen nishaɗi; sarrafa albarkatun gani; tsare-tsaren samar da ababen more rayuwa kore; da gidaje masu zaman kansu da wurin zama babban tsari da ƙira; duk a ma'auni daban-daban na ƙira, tsarawa da gudanarwa. Ana kiran mai aiki a cikin sana'ar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri. [

Hotuna

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  Wanda ya karanci aikin gine-gine na amfani da Fasaha wurin tsara gine-ginen Zamani
• 
  Gine-ginen da aka tsara kafin a aiwatar (spanish)

Manazarta

[1] Museo Galileo, Museum and Institute of History and Science, The Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine, (accessed 30 January 2013) [2] Giovanni Fanelli, Brunelleschi, Becocci, Florence (1980), Chapter: The Dome pp. 10–41. [3] "architecture – Expression of technique". Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2022. [4] Pierre, Leclercq; Safin, Stéphane; Delfosse, Vincent (October 2010). "Phases of an architectural project". Mixed-Reality Prototypes to Support Early Creative Design. doi:10.1007/978-1-84882-733-2_21. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 – via ResearchGate. [5] "architecture". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017. [6] Pace, Anthony (2004). "Tarxien". In Daniel Cilia (ed.). Malta before History – The World's Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture. Miranda Publishers. ISBN 978-9990985085. [7] "7 Things I Learned About "Home" from Talking to Architects on Every Continent". Apartment Therapy. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020. [8] Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1993), Oxford, ISBN 0198605757 [9] Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, ISBN 978-0-87779-132-4 [10] "Gov.ns.ca". Gov.ns.ca. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011. [11] Deleuze, Gilles (1990). Pourparlers. Paris: Minuit. p. 219. It is not the line that is between two points, but the point that is at the intersection of several lines. [12] D. Rowland – T.N. Howe: Vitruvius. Ten Books on Architecture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, ISBN 0-521-00292-3 [13] "Vitruvius Ten Books on Architecture, with regard to landscape and garden design". gardenvisit.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2005. [14] "Vitruvius". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2011. [15] Françoise Choay, Alberti and Vitruvius, editor, Joseph Rykwert, Profile 21, Architectural Design, Vol. 49 No. 5–6 [16] Sebastiano Serlio – On domestic architecture Archived 16 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Columbia University Libraries, accessed February 5, 2021 [17] D'Anjou, Philippe (2011). "An Ethics of Freedom for Architectural Design Practice". Journal of Architectural Education. 64 (2): 141–147. doi:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01137.x. JSTOR 41318789. S2CID 110313708. [18] John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, G. Allen (1880), reprinted Dover, (1989) ISBN 0-486-26145-X [19] Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, Dover Publications(1985). ISBN 0-486-25023-7 [20] Verney, Harriet (25 July 2017). "9 innovative contemporary buildings that test the limits of humble brick". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

Definitions

• Kalma nagaba ɗaya don kwatanta gine-gine da sauran sifofin jiki.
• Fasaha da kimiyya na zayyano gine-gine da (wasu) abubuwan da bana gine-gine bane .
• Ayyukan ƙira na masu zane-zane, daga matakin-macro ( tsarin birane, gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ) zuwa ƙananan matakan (bayanan gine-gine da kayan aiki).
• Ayyukan gine-gine inda gine-gine na nufin bayarwa ko ba da rantawa na sana'a dangane da ƙira da gina gine-gine ko gina gine-gine.