Wikipedia

Hongi Hika

Hong Hika ( c. 1772 - 6 Maris 1828) ɗan New Zealand Māori rangatira (shugaban) ne kuma jagoran yaƙi na iwi na Ngāpuhi. Ya kasance jigo mai mahimmanci a farkon shekarun tuntuɓar Turai na yau da kullun da zama a New Zealand. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Māori na farko da suka fahimci fa'idar musket na Turai a cikin yaƙi, ya yi amfani da makaman Turai don mamaye yawancin arewacin New Zealand a farkon karni na sha tara na Yaƙin Musket. Sai dai kuma ba wai kawai an san shi da bajintar soja ba; Hongi Hika ya ƙarfafa zaman Pākehā (Turawa), ya gina dangantaka mai fa'ida tare da mishan na farko na New Zealand, ya gabatar da Māori ga aikin noma na Yamma kuma ya taimaka wajen rubuta harshen Māori. Ya tafi Ingila ya sadu da Sarki George IV. Yakin sojansa, tare da sauran Yaƙin Musket, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka ƙarfafa Biritaniya ta mamaye New Zealand da yarjejeniyar Waitangi da ta biyo baya tare da Ngāpuhi da sauran iwi da yawa.

Hongi Hika
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Kaikohe (en) Fassara, 1772
ƙasa Sabuwar Zelandiya
Mutuwa Whangaroa (en) Fassara, 6 ga Maris, 1828
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Turikatuku (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a rangatira (en) Fassara da tribal chief (en) Fassara
Hongi Hika

Rayuwar farko da yakin: 1772-1814

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An haifi Hongi Hika kusa da Kaikohe a cikin dangi mai ƙarfi na Te Uri o Hua hapū (ƙarshen ƙabila) na Ngāpuhi. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Tuhikura, mace Ngāti Rēhia. Ita ce matar mahaifinsa ta biyu Te Hōtete, ɗan Auha, wanda tare da ɗan'uwansa Whakaaria suka faɗaɗa yankin Ngāpuhi daga yankin Kaikohe zuwa yankin Bay of Islands. Hongi ya ce daga baya a rayuwarsa cewa an haife shi a shekarar Māori ne ya kashe mai binciken Marion du Fresne (a cikin 1772), kuma yanzu an yarda da wannan a matsayin shekarar haihuwarsa, [1] ko da yake wasu kafofin da suka gabata sun sanya haihuwarsa a kusa da shekarar 1780.

Hongi Hika ya yi fice a matsayin shugaban soji a yakin Ngāpuhi, wanda Pokaia, kawun Hone Heke ya jagoranta, ya yi adawa da Te Roroa hapū na Ngāti Whātua iwi a 1806–1808. A cikin fiye da shekaru 150 tun lokacin da Māori suka fara hulɗa da Turawa, bindigogi ba su shiga cikin amfani da yawa ba. Ngāpuhi ya yi yaƙi da ƙananan adadi a cikin 1808, kuma Hongi ya kasance a ƙarshen wannan shekarar a karo na farko da Māori ya yi amfani da musket a aikin. Wannan ya kasance a yaƙin Moremonui wanda aka yi galaba a kan Ngapuhi; [2] Ngāpuhi sun sha kaye a hannun Ngāti Whātua masu adawa yayin da ake sake lodin kaya. Waɗanda aka kashe sun hada da ’yan uwan Hongi biyu da Pokaia, Hongi da sauran waɗanda suka tsira sun tsere ne kawai ta hanyar buya a cikin wani fadama har Ngāti Whātua ya janye yunƙurin don kaucewa tada hankalin utu. [1]

Bayan mutuwar Pokaia, Hongi ya zama jagoran yaki na Ngāpuhi. Jarumansa sun haɗa da Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa da Mahanga. [3] A cikin 1812 Hongi ya jagoranci babban taua (jam'iyyar yaki) zuwa Hokianga da Ngāti Pou. Duk da shan kashin da Ngāpuhi ya yi a Moremonui, ya fahimci yuwuwar kimar musket a cikin yaƙi idan an yi amfani da su da dabara da mayaƙa tare da horon da ya dace.

Tuntuɓar Turawa da tafiya zuwa Ostiraliya: 1814-1819

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Shugabannin Hongi Hika (tsakiyar) da Waikato sun gana da Kendall

Ngāpuhi ya mallaki Bay of Islands, farkon wurin tuntuɓar yawancin Turawa da ke ziyartar New Zealand a farkon ƙarni na 19. Hongi Hika ya ba da kariya ga masu wa’azi na farko na mishan da masu ruwa da tsaki na Turai da matsugunai, yana jayayya da fa’idar ciniki. Ya yi abota da Thomas Kendall, ɗaya daga cikin masu wa'azi guda uku da ƙungiyar mishan ta Coci ta aiko don kafa Kiristanci a New Zealand. Kendall ya rubuta cewa, a lokacin da ya fara haduwa da Hongi a shekarar 1814, ya riga ya mallaki miyagu guda goma na kansa, kuma ya ce yadda Hongi ya yi amfani da shi ya ba shi daraja sosai, tunda ba shi da wani mutum da zai koya masa. [4] Kamar sauran Turawa da suka sadu da Hongi, Kendall ya rubuta cewa ya ji daɗin yanayinsa da fara'a da tawali'u. :42A cikin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce, yawancin turawa na farko suna kiransa "Shungee" ko "Shunghi".

Babban ɗan'uwan Hongi, Kāingaroa, babban sarki ne, kuma mutuwarsa a 1815 ya kai Hongi ya zama ariki na Ngāpuhi. A dai-dai wannan lokaci Hongi ya auri Turikatuku, wacce ta kasance mai ba shi shawara ta fannin soja, duk da cewa ta makance da wuri a aurensu. Daga baya ya ɗauki kanwarsa Tangiwhare a matsayin ƙarin mata. Dukansu sun haifa aƙalla ɗa da ɗiyarsa. Turikatuku ita ce matar da ya fi so kuma bai taba tafiya ko yaki ba sai da ita. Maziyartan masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje na farko a shekara ta 1814 sun shaida ibadarta a gare shi.

A cikin shekarar 1814 Hongi da ɗan'uwansa Ruatara, shi kansa shugaban Ngāpuhi, ya ziyarci Sydney tare da Kendall kuma ya sadu da shugaban ƙungiyar Mishan na Cocin Samuel Marsden . Daga baya Marsden ya bayyana Hongi a matsayin "kyakkyawan hali ... maras sauƙin ɗabi'usa da ladabi". Ruatara da Hongi sun gayyaci Marsden don kafa aikin Anglican na farko zuwa New Zealand a yankin Ngāpuhi. Ruatara ya mutu a shekara mai zuwa, ya bar Hongi a matsayin mai kare manufa a Rangihoua Bay . An kuma kafa wasu ayyuka a karkashin kariyarsa a Kerikeri da Waimate North. Yayin da yake kasar Ostiraliya Hongi Hika ya karanci fasahar soja da aikin gona na Turai ya kuma sayo miya da alburusai. :45

Sakamakon kariyar Hongi, jiragen ruwa sun ƙara yawa, kuma damarsa ta kasuwanci ta karu. Ya fi sha'awar yin ciniki da musket amma masu mishan (musamman Marsden) ba sa son yin hakan. :59Wannan ya haifar da rikici amma ya cigaba da kare su, bisa ga cewa yana da mahimmanci a kula da tashar jiragen ruwa mai aminci a cikin Bay of Islands, kuma a kowane hali wasu da suka ziyarci tsibirin ba su da hankali. Ya sami damar yin ciniki da kayan aikin noma na ƙarfe don haɓaka haɓaka aiki da noman amfanin gona, tare da taimakon aikin bayi, wanda za'a iya samun nasarar cinikin siyar da musket. A shekara ta 1817 Hongi ya jagoranci wani taron yaki zuwa Thames inda ya kai hari a sansanin Ngāti Maru na Te Totara, inda ya kashe 60 tare da kama fursunoni 2,000. [5] A cikin 1818 Hongi ya jagoranci ɗayan Ngāpuhi taua guda biyu a kan Gabashin Cape da Bay of Plenty iwi Ngāti Porou da Ngaiterangi. An lalata wasu ƙauyuka hamsin sannan taua ta dawo a shekarar 1819 dauyke da bayi kusan 2,000 da aka kama. [6]

Hongi ya ƙarfafa kuma ya taimaka wa Kiristoci na farko zuwa New Zealand, amma bai tuba zuwa Kiristanci da kansa ba. A ranar 4 ga Yuli 1819 ya ba da kadada 13,000 na fili a Kerikeri ga Societyungiyar Mishan ta Ikilisiya don dawo da gatari 48, wanda ya zama sananne da Filin Society. Shi da kansa ya taimaki masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje wajen haɓaka rubutaccen yaren Māori. [7] :44Ba Hongi kadai ya ke ganin alakar da ’yan mishan a matsayin ciniki da son kai ba; hakika kusan babu Māori da ya koma Kiristanci tsawon shekaru goma. Babban juzu'i na arewacin Māori ya faru ne kawai bayan mutuwarsa. [8] [9] Ya kāre Thomas Kendall lokacin da ya bar matarsa, ya ɗauki matar Maori kuma yana halartar bukukuwan addini na Māori. A rayuwa ta gaba, cikin fushi da koyarwar tawali’u da rashin tashin hankali, ya bayyana Kiristanci a matsayin addinin da ya dace da bayi kawai. [9]

Tafiya zuwa Ingila da yakin da ya biyo baya: 1820-1825

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A cikin shekarar 1820 Hongi Hika, ɗan'uwansa Waikato, da Kendall sun yi tafiya zuwa Ingila a cikin jirgin ruwa mai kifin New Zealander . Ya shafe watanni 5 a Landan da Cambridge inda fuskar sa <i id="mwrA">ta moko</i> tattoo suka sanya shi wani abu mai ban sha'awa. A yayin tafiyar ya gana da Sarki George IV wanda ya ba shi rigar sulke. Daga baya ya sanya wannan a yakin New Zealand, wanda ya haifar da tsoro a tsakanin abokan hamayyarsa. A Ingila ya ci gaba da aikinsa na yare, yana taimaka wa Farfesa Samuel Lee wanda ke rubuta ƙamus na farko na Māori – Turanci, A Grammar da ƙamus na Harshen New Zealand . [4] Rubuce-rubucen Māori yana kula da jin daɗin arewa har yau sakamakon haka; misali, sautin da aka saba furta "f" a cikin Māori ana rubuta shi "wh" saboda yaren arewa mai taushin Hongi Hika.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Hongi Hika ya koma Bay of Islands a ranar 4 ga Yulin shekarar 1821. Ya yi tafiya tare da Waikato da Kendall, a cikin jirgin <i id="mwug">Speke</i> wanda ke jigilar masu laifi zuwa New South Wales kuma daga can kan Westmoreland . An ba da rahoton cewa ya yi musanya da yawa daga cikin kyaututtukan da ya karɓa a Ingila da kayan miski a New South Wales, abin da ya firgita masu mishan, kuma ya ɗauko ƙoƙon ƙoƙon ɗari da yawa da ke jiransa. Baron Charles de Thierry wanda Hongi ya sadu da shi a Cambridge, Ingila ne ya ba da odar muskets. De Theyry ya sayar da musket don filaye a cikin Hokianga, ko da yake an yi jayayya da da'awar De Theyry na ƙasar. Hongi ya iya daga bindigogi ba tare da an biya su kudin ba. Ya kuma samu dimbin foda, alburusan ball, takubba da wukake. [10]

Yin amfani da makaman da ya samu a Ostiraliya, a cikin watanni da dawowar sa Hongi ya jagoranci rundunar mayaka kusan 2,000 (wanda sama da 1,000 ke dauke da muggan makamai) a kan na Ngāti Pāoa shugaban, Te Hinaki, a Mokoia da Mauinaina pā (Māori). garu) akan kogin Tamaki (yanzu Panmure ). Wannan yaƙin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar Hinaki da ɗaruruwa, idan ba dubbai ba, na Ngāti Paoa maza da mata da yara. [11] Wannan yaƙin ya kasance ramuwar gayya ne don shan kaye da aka yi a baya a kusan shekara ta 1795, inda Ngāpuhi ya yi asara mai yawa. Mutuwar da aka yi a cikin wannan aikin guda ɗaya a lokacin Yaƙin Musket na ƙabilanci na iya zarce duk mace-mace a cikin shekaru 25 na Yaƙin New Zealand daga baya. [12] Ya sa rigar sulke wadda Sarki George IV ya ba shi a lokacin wannan yaƙin; ya ceci rayuwarsa, wanda hakan ya haifar da jita-jita na rashin nasara. [6] Daga nan sai Hongi da mayaƙansa suka ƙaura don kaiwa Ngāti Maru pā na Te Totara hari, wanda a baya ya kai hari a shekarar 1817. Hongi da mayaƙansa sun yi kamar suna sha'awar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya sannan suka kai hari a daren yayin da masu gadin Ngāti Maru suka yi ƙasa. An kashe ɗaruruwa kuma adadin da ya fi girma, kamar 2,000, an kama su kuma aka mayar da su Bay of Islands a matsayin bayi. [13] Har ila yau, wannan yaƙin ya kasance ramuwar gayya ne don shan kaye da aka yi a baya kafin shekarun muskets, a shekara ta 1793.

A farkon shekarar 1822 ya jagoranci rundunarsa zuwa kogin Waikato inda, bayan nasarar farko, Te Wherowhero ya ci shi, kafin ya sake samun nasara a Orongokoekoea . Te Wherowhero ya yiwa Ngāpuhi kwanton bauna dauke da matan Ngāti Mahuta da aka kama kuma ya 'yanto su. A cikin 1823 ya yi sulhu da Waikato iwi kuma ya mamaye yankin Te Arawa a Rotorua, bayan da ya haura kogin Pongakawa ya ɗauki waka (kowanne yana auna tsakanin ton 10 zuwa 25) a kan kasa zuwa tafkin Rotoehu da tafkin Rotoiti .

A shekara ta 1824 Hongi Hika ya sake kai hari kan Ngāti Whātua, ya rasa mazaje 70, ciki har da babban ɗansa Hāre Hongi, a yaƙin Te Ika a Ranganui. A cewar wasu asusun Ngāti Whātua ya yi asarar maza 1,000, ko da yake Hongi Hika da kansa, ya yi watsi da wannan bala'in, ya sanya adadin zuwa 100. A kowane hali faɗuwar ta zama bala’i ga Ngati Whātua; waɗanda suka tsira sun koma kudu. [2] Sun bar yankin Tāmaki Makaurau mai albarka ( Tāmaki Makaurau ) mai faffadan tashar jiragen ruwa a Waitematā da Manukau ; ƙasar da ta kasance mallakar Ngāti Whātua tun lokacin da suka ci ta da mamaya sama da shekaru ɗari da suka wuce. Hongi Hika ya bar Tāmaki Makaurau kusan babu kowa a matsayin yankin buffer na kudu. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan haka lokacin da Laftanar Gwamna William Hobson ya yi fatan cire sabuwar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka daga mazauna da kuma tasirin Ngāpuhi a cikin Bay of Islands,[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>Ya sami damar siyan wannan daga Ngāti Whātua, don gina Auckland, ƙauyen da ya zama babban birni na New Zealand. A shekara ta 1825 Hongi ya rama kashin farko da Moremonui ya yi a yakin Te Ika-a-Ranganui, ko da yake bangarorin biyu sun sha asara mai yawa. [2]

Shekaru na ƙarshe da mutuwa: 1826-1828

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A cikin shekarar 1826 Hongi Hika ya ƙaura daga Waimate don ya ci Whangaroa kuma ya sami sabon matsuguni. A wani ɓangare wannan shi ne a hukunta Ngāti Uru da Ngāti Pou saboda tursasa mutanen Turai a Wesleydale, manufa ta Wesley a Kaeo . A ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 1827 wani ɓangare na mayaƙansa, ba tare da saninsa ba, suka abka wa Wesleydale kuma aka yi watsi da shi. [14]

A cikin Janairun shekarar 1827, mayaƙin Maratea ya harbe Hongi Hika a cikin ƙirji yayin wani ɗan ƙaramin aiki a Hokianga. [2] Bayan ya koma Whangaroa ƴan kwanaki sai ya tarar da matarsa Turikatuku ta rasu. Hongi ya dade tsawon watanni 14, kuma a wasu lokuta ana tunanin cewa zai iya tsira daga raunin da ya ji; ya ci gaba da yin shiri don nan gaba ta hanyar gayyatar masu wa’azi na mishan don su zauna a Whangaroa, yana tsara balaguron Waikato kuma ya ƙulla makirci don kama sansanin a Kororāreka ( Russell ). Ya gayyaci waɗanda ke kusa da shi don su saurari iskar da ke cikin huhunsa, wasu kuma sun yi ikirarin cewa ta hanyarsa sun iya gani gaba daya. Ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cuta a ranar 6 ga Maris 1828 a Whangaroa. Ya rasu ya bar ‘ya’yansa biyar, kuma inda aka binne shi na ƙarshe wani sirri ne da aka tsare shi. [1]

Da alama mutuwar Hongi Hika ta zama wani sauyi a cikin al'ummar Māori. Ya bambanta da al'adar gargajiya da ta biyo bayan mutuwar wani muhimmin rangatira (shugaba), babu wani hari da wasu kabilun da ke makwabtaka da su suka kai ta hanyar muru (harin da aka yi dangane da mutuwar) [15] na Hongi Hika. Da farko dai akwai damuwa a tsakanin mazauna da ke ƙarƙashin kariyarsa cewa za a iya kai musu hari bayan mutuwarsa, amma babu abin da ya same shi. Aikin Wesleyan a Whangaroa ya lalace kuma ya koma Māngungu kusa da Horeke .

Frederick Edward Maning, wani Pākehā Māori, wanda ya rayu a Hokianga, ya rubuta wani labari kusa da zamani na Hongi Hika a cikin Tarihin Yaƙi a Arewacin New Zealand Against Chief Heke . Labarinsa ya ce Hongi ya yi gargadin a kan gadon mutuwarsa cewa, idan "jajayen tufafi" za su sauka a Aotearoa, "idan ka ga sun yi yaki da su". James Stack, mai wa’azin mishan Wesleyan a Whangaroa, ya rubuta wata tattaunawa da Eruera Maihi Patuone a ranar 12 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 1828, inda aka ce Hongi Hika ya gargaɗi mabiyansa da su yi adawa da duk wani ƙarfi da ya zo musu, kuma kalamansa na mutuwa “Komai daga wane kwata ne makiyanku suka zo, bari yawansu ya kasance da yawa, idan sun zo wurin suna jin yunwa, kia toa, kia toa – yi ƙarfin hali, ku yi ƙarfin hali ."

Gado

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Ana tunawa da Hongi Hika a matsayin jarumi kuma jagora a lokacin yaƙin Musket . Wasu masana tarihi sun danganta nasarar da Hongi Hika ya samu a fannin soji da samun kayan masarufi, inda suka kwatanta kwarewarsa ta soja da ta sauran manyan jagororin yakin Maori na wancan lokacin, Te Rauparaha, [1] yayin da wasu ke cewa kamata ya yi a ba shi daraja saboda kasancewarsa hazikin Janar. . [2] A kowane hali, yana da hangen nesa don samun makamai na Turai kuma ya haifar da ƙirar yaƙin Māori da dabarun yaƙin Māori; Wannan juyin halitta ya kasance abin ban mamaki ga sojojin Birtaniya da na mulkin mallaka a shekarun baya lokacin Tawayen Hone Heke a 1845–46. Kamfen na Hongi Hika ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'umma, amma kuma ya yi tasiri ta hanyar karfafa matsugunin Turai na farko, inganta aikin noma da bunkasa rubutaccen harshe na Māori.,.

Ayyukan Hongi Hika sun canza ma'auni na iko ba kawai a cikin Waitemata ba har ma da Bay of Plenty, Tauranga, Coromandel, Rotorua da Waikato zuwa wani abin da ba a taɓa gani ba, kuma ya haifar da sake rarraba yawan jama'a. Sauran ƙabilun Arewa sun yi wa kansu makamai masu linzami don kare kansu sannan suka yi amfani da wadanda suka kai hari tare da mamaye ƙabilun kudu. [6] Ko da yake Hongi ba ya yawan mamaye yankunan da aka mamaye, kamfen dinsa da na sauran mayakan musket sun haifar da sauye-sauyen hijira, da'awa da kuma da'awar da a karshen karni na 20 za su dagula taƙaddama game da sayar da filaye a Kotun Waitangi, misali aikin Ngāti Whātua. Bastion Point a cikin 1977-78. [16] [17]

Hongi Hika bai taba yin yunƙurin kafa kowace irin gwamnati ta dogon lokaci a kan iwi da ya ci ba kuma da wuya ya yi ƙoƙarin mamaye yanki na din-dindin. Da alama burinsa na da dama, bisa kara masa mana a matsayin jarumi. An ce ya furta a lokacin ziyararsa Ingila, "Sarki ɗaya ne kawai a Ingila, za a yi sarki ɗaya a New Zealand", amma idan yana da burin zama sarkin Māori, ba a taɓa samun su ba. [1] A cikin shekarar 1828 Māori ba su da asalin ƙasa, suna ganin kansu a matsayin na ware iwi. Zai yi shekaru 30 kafin Waikato iwi ya gane sarkin Maori. Wannan sarkin shi ne Te Wherowhero, mutumin da ya gina mana shi don kare Waikato daga Hongi Hika a cikin 1820s..[18]

Ɗansa na biyu, Hāre Hongi Hika (wanda ya ɗauki sunan babban ɗan'uwansa bayan mutuwar marigayin a 1825), ya sanya hannu a cikin shekarar 1835 zuwa Sanarwar 'Yancin New Zealand . Ya zama fitaccen shugaba bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa kuma yana daya daga cikin rangatira shida da suka sanya hannu kan takardar ta rubuta sunansa, maimakon yin tohu (mark). Daga baya ya zama babban jigo a gwagwarmayar Māori don samun yancin kai a ƙarni na sha tara kuma ya taka rawa wajen bude Te Tii Waitangi Marae a 1881. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1885, yana da shekaru saba'in. [19] 'Yar Hongi Hiki Hariata (Harriet) Rongo ta auri Hone Heke a gidan ibada na Kerikeri a ranar 30 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 1837. Ta gaji amana da tuk'in mahaifinta, ta kawo mana nata ga zumunci. Ta zauna na wasu shekaru tare da dangin Charlotte Kemp da mijinta James Kemp .

An nuna Hongi Hika yana jagorantar wata ƙungiya ta yaƙi da Te Arawa iwi a cikin wani faifan bidiyo na 2018 don waƙar Alien Weaponry na waƙar "Kai Tangata" ta New Zealand.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DNZB
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Te Roroa Report of the Waitangi Tribunal" (PDF). The Ministry of Justice. New Zealand Government. 1992. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  3. ↑ Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956). "Heke's War in the North". Te Ao Hou / The New World (16): 38. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named King
  5. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Musket Wars. Page 3 – Beginnings". New Zealand History. Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  7. ↑ "A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of New Zealand -Thomas Kendall and Samuel Lee (1820)". Royal Society Te Apārangi. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  8. ↑ Lineham, Peter J. "Page 4. Methodist, Catholic and other missions". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Binney, Judith (1969). "Christianity and the Maoris to 1840: A Comment" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of History. 3 (2): 143. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  10. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  11. ↑ "The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1857". A Glimpse of New Zealand as it Was. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  12. ↑ "End of the New Zealand Wars". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ocean
  14. ↑ "The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1867". Wangaroa, New Zealand. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  15. ↑ "Muru". Ministry of Justice. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011.
  16. ↑ "Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Orakei Claim (Wai-9)" (PDF). Ministry of Justice. New Zealand Government. November 1987. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  17. ↑ Clark, Precious (2001). "Te Mana Whenua O Ngati Whatua O Orakei". Auckland University Law Review. 9 (2): 562. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  18. ↑ "Te Wherowhero". New Zealand History. Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  19. ↑ "Hāre Hongi Hika". New Zealand History. Manatū Taonga, Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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