Harsunan Sal
Harsunan Sal, wanda kuma aka sani da harsunan Brahmaputran, reshe ne na harsunan Tibeto-Burman da ake magana da su a arewa maso gabashin Indiya, da kuma sassan Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), da Sin.
| Harsunan Sal | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| Glottolog | brah1260[1] |
Madadin sunaye
gyara sasheEthnologue yana kiran ƙungiyar "Jingpho-Konyak-Garo-Bodo", yayin da Scott DeLancey (2015) [2] yana nufin "Bodo-Konyak-Garo-Jinghpaw" (BKJ). Glottolog ya lissafa wannan reshe a matsayin "Brahmaputran (brah1260)", kamar yadda harsunan ke faruwa a kusa da kwarin Brahmaputra.
Rarraba tsakanin Sino-Tibet
gyara sasheScott DeLancey (2015) [2]yana ɗaukar harsunan Sal, waɗanda yake nufin Garo-Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw (BKJ), don zama wani ɓangare na babban rukunin Tibeto-Burman ta Tsakiya.[2]
Rabewar ciki
gyara sasheBenedict (1972:7) ya lura cewa harsunan Bodo–Garo, Konyak, da Jingpho (Kachin) da kuma ɓataccen harshe na Chairel, sun raba tushen tushen “rana” da “wuta”.
Burling (1983) ya ba da shawarar haɗakar Bodo–Garo, Konyak (Arewacin Naga), da harsunan Jingpho, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sabbin ƙamus da yawa, gami da:
*sal "rana" (STEDT #2753)
Yaki "wuta" (STEDT #2152)
*s-raŋ "sky" (STEDT #3571)
*wa "baba" (STEDT #5484)
*nu "uwa" (STEDT #1621)
Burling (1983) ya kira ƙungiyar da aka tsara Sal, bayan kalmomin sal, san da jan don "rana" a cikin waɗannan harsuna daban-daban. Coupe (2012:201–204) ya bayar da hujjar cewa, wasu sabbin abubuwan da Burling ya gabatar, ko dai ba a tabbatar da su a cikin yarukan Sal ba, ko kuma suna da kwarjini a wasu harsunan Sino-Tibet. Duk da haka, Matisoff (2013) [3]ya yarda da ƙungiyar Burling's Sal, kuma yana ɗaukar *s-raŋ 'sky/rain' da *nu 'mother' a matsayin mafi gamsarwa ga sababbin sababbin abubuwa.
An gabatar da iyali gabaɗaya tare da rassa uku (Burling 2003:175, Thurgood 2003:11):
Harsunan Bodo–Garo, gami da harsunan Bodo da Koch, ana magana da su a arewa maso gabashin Indiya na jihohin Assam, Meghalaya da Tripura.
Mutanen Naga suna magana da harsunan Konyak a kudu maso gabashin Arunachal Pradesh da arewa maso gabashin Nagaland (dukansu a arewa maso gabashin Indiya). Ana kiran wannan rukunin Gabashin Naga ta Burling (1983) da Northern Naga ta wasu marubuta. (Sauran harsunan Nagaland suna cikin rukunin Kuki-Chin-Naga daban.)
Harsunan Kachinic ko Jingpho–Luish sun haɗa da Jingpho (Jinghpaw, Singhpo ko Kachin), waɗanda ake magana da su a arewacin Burma da yankunan da ke kusa da su, da harsunan Luish (ko Sak) da ake magana da su a yammacin Burma.
Shafer ya hada biyun farko a matsayin sashin Baric, kuma Bradley (1997:20) shima ya hada su a matsayin reshe.
Bradley (1997) ya ɗauki Pyu da Kuki-Chin a matsayin mai yiwuwa suna da alaƙa da Sal, amma ba shi da tabbas game da wannan.
Peterson (2009)[4]ya ɗauki Mru-Hkongso a matsayin reshen Tibeto-Burman na daban, amma ya lura cewa Mru-Hkongso yana da kamanceceniya da Bodo-Garo wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda farkon rabuwar Mruic daga reshen Tibeto-Burman wanda ya haɗa da. Bodo-Garo.
Van Driem (2011)
Reshen Brahmaputran na van Driem (2011) yana da bambance-bambancen guda uku:
Bodo–Garo da Konyak.[5]
Bodo–Garo, Konyak, and Dhimalish.[6]
Bodo–Garo, Konyak, Dhimalish, and Kachin–Luic.[6]
Mafi ƙanƙanta shi ne na baya-bayan nan, kuma wanda van Driem ya ɗauka a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar Sino-Tibet.[7] Amma, Glottolog bai yarda da Dhimalish a matsayin harshen Sal ba.[8]Sotrug (2015) [9]da Gerber, et al. (2016) [10]yi la'akari da Dhimalish yana da alaƙa musamman da harsunan Kiranti maimakon harsunan Sal.
Matisoff (2012, 2013)
James Matisoff (2012) [11]ya yi waɗannan abubuwan lura game da ƙungiyar Sal.
Ko da yake Bodo–Garo da Arewa maso Gabas Naga (Konyak) hakika suna da alaƙa, Jingpho da Arewa maso Gabashin Naga (Konyak) da alama sun fi kusanci da juna fiye da Jingpho da Bodo-Garo.
Luish shi ne reshen Tibeto-Burman da ke da alaƙa da Jingpho, wanda aka ba da ƙarin shaida a cikin Matisoff (2013).[3]
Kamanceceniya tsakanin Jingpho da Nungish ya kasance saboda tuntuɓar. Don haka, Nungish ba shi da alaƙa da Jingpho musamman, kuma ba yaren Sal ba ne. A gefe guda, Lolo-Burmese ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da Nungish fiye da Jingpho.
Matisoff (2012) ya lura cewa, waɗannan rassan Tibeto-Burman ba su rabu da kyau ba a cikin tsari irin na bishiya, sai dai sun samar da alaƙa. Duk da haka, Matisoff (2013:30)[3] har yanzu yana ba da Stammbaum mai zuwa don reshen Sal.
Sal
- Bodo-Garo
- Jingpho-Konyak
- Konyakian (Naga Arewa)
- Jingpho-Asakian
- Jingphoic
- Asakiyan
Harshen Taman da ba a bayyana ba na arewacin Myanmar yana nuna wasu kamanceceniya da harsunan Luish, Jingpho, da Bodo-Garo, amma ba a tantance ko Taman yaren Sal ne ko a'a ba.[12]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/brah1260
|chapterurl=missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19606028-00442p02
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 https://www.academia.edu/16300693/Re-examining_the_genetic_position_of_Jingpho_putting_flesh_on_the_bones_of_the_Jinghpho_Luish_Relationship
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070911/http://ic.payap.ac.th/sino-tibetan-conference/Conference%20Handbook.pdf?v=1256612245
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#CITEREFvan_Driem2014
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#CITEREFvan_Driem2001
- ↑ https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2641q8vv
- ↑ http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dhim1245
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_languages#cite_ref-8
- ↑ https://www.academia.edu/30259338/Links_between_Lhokpu_and_Kiranti_some_observations
- ↑ https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2012_MSA_Languages/pdf/JAM_Jingpho-Luish_20121003.pdf
- ↑ https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/219018