Harshen Wahgi
Wahgi yaren Trans–New Guinea ne na reshen Chimbu–Wahgi wanda kusan mutane 100,000 ke magana a tsaunukan Papua New Guinea . Kamar sauran harsunan Chimbu, Wahgi yana da wasu baƙaƙe na gefe da ba a saba gani ba .
| Harshen Wahgi | |
|---|---|
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
wgi |
| Glottolog |
nucl1620[1] |
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheConsonants
gyara sashe| Bilabial | (palatalized)<br id="mwHQ"><br>dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink~Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | |||
| Obstruent | oral | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink~Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | ||
| prenasalised | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink~Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | |||
| Lateral | Samfuri:IPAlink~Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | ||||
| Semivowel | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | |||||
An “raba baƙaƙen hakori” tare da rufewa tare da nisa mai nisa na muryar murya. Wannan mai yiwuwa yana nufin cewa su laminal ne, kuma baƙaƙen alveolar suna apical . Baƙaƙen hakori suna da allfofi masu ɓarna a cikin bambancin kyauta.
Bayanin (palatalized) hakori yana nuna cewa suna iya zama alveolo-palatal ko wani abu makamancin haka. Wannan an ƙara ba da shawarar ta wasulan tsaka-tsakin da /ɬ̪/</link> , a fili har ma ta hanyar allophone ɗin sa mara kyau: /oɬ̪/ [oɪ̯ɬ̪]</link> 'wata', /ˈéɬ̪é/ [ˈéɬ̪ɪ̯è]</link> [sic] 'nan'.
Sinadarin hanci na baƙaƙen prenasalized yana sillabic idan ba a riga shi da wasali ba, amma yana ɗaukar ƙananan sautin da ba ya bambanta kuma ba a taɓa damuwa ba: /ˈmbà/ [m̩̀ˈba]</link> 'amma', /ˈpɪ̀ɬ̪mbé/ [ˈpɪ̀ɬ̪m̩̄bé]</link> 'mun sani'. Baƙaƙen da ba a kai ba ana tsinkayar a matsayin sassa ɗaya kalma-da farko, amma azaman hanci + dakatar da kalma-tsakaici. [2]
Nasals da semivowels ba su da wani sanannen allophony, baya ga zaɓin zaɓi na /n̪/</link> . Sauran baƙaƙe sun bambanta sosai, tare da yawancin bambance-bambancen zama na matsayi:
| kalma-farko | tsaka-tsaki | kalma-karshe | kalma-farko, </br> magana-tsakaici |
kalma-karshe, </br> magana-tsakaici | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | p~b </br> pʷ~bʷ [4] |
p~b | pʰ~ɸ | pʰ~ɸ~pᵊ [5] | |
| /mb/ | ᵐp~ᵐb | mp~mb | mpʰ~mɸ | mpʰ~mɸ~mpᵊ [5] | |
| /s/ | t̪~t̪s̪~s̪~t̪ɕ~ɕ </br> s̪ʷ [4] |
t̪s̪~s̪~t̪ɕ~ɕ </br> t [6] |
t̪s̪~s̪~t̪ɕ~ɕ | [7] | |
| /nz/ | d̪~ⁿd | n̪d̪~n̪d̪z̪~n̪d̪ʑ~n̪t̪~n̪s̪~n̪t̪ | n̪t̪~n̪s̪~n | ||
| /t/ | t~d </br> t [4] </br> |
da ~ r | r̥ | t~d [8] </br> [9] |
ɗ~r~r̥ </br> t̚ [10] |
| /nd/ | ba ~ d | nt~n | ntʰ | ntʰ~ ba | |
| /k/ | ku ~ ɡ </br> kʷ~ɡʷ [11] |
ku ~ ɡ </br> ŋ (?) [12] |
kʰ | ||
| /ng/ | ᵑk~ᵑɡ </br> Ƙimar [4] |
tsink~ŋ | (ba ya faruwa) | ||
| /ɬ̪/ | (ba faruwa) | [13] ~ɬ̪~ɮ̪ | Ƙirƙiri | ||
| /ƙa/ | ɺ̥~ɺ̥~ɺ̥tʰ~ɺ̥tr̥~ɺ̥r̥ | ɺ̥~ɺ̥~ɺ̥tʰ~ɺ̥tr̥~ɺ̥r̥ | |||
| /ʟ/ | ʟ~kʟ~ʟ̝~ɢ̆ | ʟ~ku |
Yaren kudancin Kuma yana da waɗannan ɓangarorin guda uku, kodayake alveolar ba a saba gani ba. (Yaren Danga na arewa yana da gefe biyu, gogaggun haƙori da ɓangarorin alveolar [ɬ] .</link> ko [ɬ̪]</link> kafin hakora da kuma alveolar consonants; Alveolar kawai zuwa [ɬ]</link> kafin alveolar consonants. A cikin nau'ikan wuri tare da kari wanda ya fara da /t/, /t/ yana bayan gefe, ta yadda a saman Wahgi ya bambanta haƙori vs alveolar lateral fricatives da alveolar lateral fricatives vs flaps.
Wasula
gyara sashe| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i | u | |
| Kusa-kusa | ɪ | ||
| Tsakar | e | ɔ | |
| Bude | ä |
- /a/ appears as [ä] in all positions except before /k/ and /p/, where it is [ɐ]. In medial position it is in occasional free variation with [æ].
- /ɔ/ appears as [ɔ] in all positions except before nasals, where it is [ɒ]. Word-finally it is in free variation with [o].
- /u/ is reduced to labialization ([ʷ]) between /p t s k ng/ and stressed /i/ or /ɪ/.
Duk wasula sun karkata zuwa [ɪ̈]</link> a cikin rufaffiyar ma'auni na ƙarshe mara ƙarfi (ba tare da la'akari da "clitics" na gaba ba).
A cikin saurin magana, rashin damuwa /u, ɪ, e/</link> ɓata tsakanin maɗaukakiyar kalmomi. Misali, a cikin saurin magana /ˈpetepˈka/</link> ana kiransa [ˈpeɾpˈka]</link> .
Sautin da damuwa
gyara sasheWahgi ya bayyana yana da sautunan kalmomi guda uku maimakon sautin sauti akan kowace ma'auni. Aƙalla harafi ɗaya zai kasance yana da babban sautin sauti, wanda zai haifar da sifofi mai tsayi, tashi da faɗuwa a kan kalmomi guda ɗaya ko biyu, da kololuwa, tashi da faɗuwa a kan kalmomi uku zuwa biyar. Damuwa kuma ya bayyana yana da bambanci, amma bincike yana da wahala.
A kan duka monosyllabic da disyllabic kalmomi, sautunan guda uku ana gane su suna girma, tashi da faɗuwa: [HH], [LH] da [HL]. Binciken sautunan sautin sauti guda biyu, HIGH da LOW, yana da rikitarwa ta bayyanar sautunan kalmomi guda uku akan monosyllables tare da codas na ƙarshe (da gajerun wasulan sauti). [14]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Wahgi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Phillips 1976: 54
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Phillips 1976
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Realized as labial before a vowel sequence /uˈi/ or /uˈɪ/ (with stress on the /i/ or /ɪ/): /puˈi/ = [ˈpʷi~ˈbʷi], /suˈi/ = [ˈs̪ʷi], etc.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 [(m)pᵊ] an option before an obstruent
- ↑ [t̪] only appears word-medially as the second member of a consonant cluster
- ↑ Final [s̪] appears before a following [ɾ, r]
- ↑ Following alveolars, velars, nasals (except /nz/) and laterals
- ↑ Following vowels, bilabials and sibilants (including /nz/)
- ↑ before [n]
- ↑ /k/ is labialized not just before /ui/ and /uɪ/, but before /o/ when that /o/ is followed by /n/ or /n̪/ (unless the nasal is then followed by /e/), or by /nd/ or /nz/ regardless of the next vowel, as in /kon/ 'bag' and /konze/ 'ball' but not /kone/ 'place'.
- ↑ The text says "/k/ occurs in free variation with /ŋ/ following word-initial vowel." It is unclear what this is supposed to mean. The illustrative examples show [k~ɡ] in /ˈpàkám/ [ˈpàkám, ˈpàɡám] 'forked branch' but only [ŋ] in /ˈmòkínè/ [ˈmòŋínè] 'food', neither of which match the wording for free variation with /ŋ/.
- ↑ a "voiceless dental fricative lateral with voiceless grooved dental fricative release"
- ↑ Monosyllables with falling tone are transcribed with low tone in Phillips 1976.