Harshen Toto
[[Category:articles
with short description]]
| Toto | |
|---|---|
| Samfuri:Script, তোতো | |
|
Samfuri:Photomontage The word "Toto" in Toto and Bengali script | |
| Yanki | West Bengal |
| Ƙabila | Toto |
'Yan asalin magana | 1,411 (2014)[1] |
| Bengali script and Toto (script) | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
txo |
| Glottolog |
toto1302[2] |
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Samfuri:Contains special characters Toto (Bengali: তোতো, Toto: Samfuri:Script)Yaren Sino-Tibet ne da ake magana a kan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan, ta kabilar Toto a Totopara, West Bengal tare da iyaka da Bhutan. Hakanan ana magana a Subhapara, Dhunchipara, da Panchayatpara hilllocks akan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan a gundumar Jalpaiguri, West Bengal (Ethnologue).
Matsayi
gyara sasheUNESCO ta jera Toto a matsayin yare mai hatsarin gaske, mai yiwuwa masu magana 1,000. Koyaya, yawancin iyalai a cikin al'umma suna magana Toto a gida. Yawancin yara suna koyon Toto a gida, kodayake suna amfani da Bengali a makaranta.
Cibiyar Nazarin Anthropological na Indiya (AnSI) ta shirya gudanar da bincike a kan harshen kabilar Toto, wanda yawansu ya ragu zuwa 1,536, ba su fahimci cewa harshen ya fi ƙabilanci ba. Masu bincike da kuma membobin al’ummar Toto sun yarda cewa harshen na fuskantar barazana kuma tasirin wasu harsuna, musamman Nepali da Bengali, na karuwa kowace rana.[3]
Aikin Harsunan Himalayan yana aiki akan zanen nahawu na farko na Toto.
Fassarar sauti
gyara sasheToto ya ƙunshi ƙananan wayoyi 25, waɗanda 19 baƙaƙe ne shida kuma wasula ne. Wayoyin wannan harshe sune kamar haka:
Wasula
Akwai wayoyi guda shida a cikin harshen Toto: /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /o/, /u/. Ana iya rarraba su:
- a kwance zuwa rukuni uku a matsayin gaba maras zagaye, na tsakiya mara zagaye da baya;
- a tsaye zuwa kungiyoyi hudu kusa, kusa-tsaki, bude-tsaki da budewa.
- Akwai diphthong guda takwas da aka gane a cikin Toto, waɗannan su ne:
- /eu/ - yana faruwa a matsayi na farko da na tsakiya,
- /au/, /ou/ - yana faruwa ne kawai a matsayi na tsakiya,
- /ei/, /əi/, /ai/, /oi/ - yana faruwa a matsakaici da matsayi na ƙarshe, da
- /ui/ - yana faruwa a kowane matsayi.[1]
Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i masu zuwa suna tabbatar da matsayin sautin wasali:
/i/~/e/
/iŋ/ 'dan'uwan suruki', vs. /eŋ/ 'ginger'
/ciwa/ 'Tear', vs. /cewa/ 'cut' (tufafi)
/i/~/a/
/guJi/ 'mujiya', vs. /guJa/ 'aljihu'
/nico/ 'wuta', vs. /naco/ 'biyu'
/i/~/u/
/Jiya/ 'rat', vs. /Juya/ 'tsuntsu'
/ei/~/əi/
/e/~/a/
/lepa/ 'kwakwalwa', vs. /lapa/ 'Ganye betel na daji'
/kewa/ 'haihuwa', vs. /kawa/ 'sauti'
/e/~/o/
/je/ 'ciyawa', vs. /jo/ 'nono'
bi..[1]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | aspirated | plain | aspirated | |||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | pʰ | t | tʰ | c | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | ||||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
Kamus
gyara sasheA ƙasa akwai wasu kalmomin Toto daga van Driem (1995), wanda ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi don ba da shawarar cewa Toto na iya zama harshen Sal..[4]
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'to drink'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'shoulder'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'cooking pot' (second syllable), cf. Dzongkha Samfuri:Transliteration 'jug'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'seed'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'today'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'moon'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'fall' (cf. Benedict's PTB *lip 'dive, sink, drown')
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'big' (first syllable)
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'shit'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'right' (vs. 'left')
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'stomach' (first syllable); the second syllable Samfuri:Transliteration is cognate with Toto Samfuri:Transliteration 'meat'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'meat'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'bamboo species' (first syllable), Nepali Samfuri:Transliteration
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'paddy'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'wing'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'sun'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'stand'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'yesterday'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'navel'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'bring'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'to shit'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'sleep'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'urine'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'dog'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'name'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'horn'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'flower'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'snake'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'stone'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'tongue'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'to dream'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'ear'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'eye'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'fish'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'body hair'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'I'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'sole of the foot'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'pig'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'thou'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'tooth'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'die'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'eat'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'be sweet, taste sweet'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'mango' (suffix: Samfuri:Transliteration)
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'jackfruit' (suffix: Samfuri:Transliteration)
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'kill'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'dig'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'egg'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'sit, stay'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'water'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'tear'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'spit'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'rain'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'blood'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'milk'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'buffalo'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'come down, descend'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'neck'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'weave'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'cry'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'monkey'
- Samfuri:Transliteration 'mouse, rat'
Karin magana
gyara sasheSunan Toto na sirri sune (van Driem 1995)[4]
gyara sashe| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| first person | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
| second person | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
| third person | Samfuri:Transliteration | Samfuri:Transliteration |
Lambobi
gyara sasheLambobin Toto sune (van Driem 1995)[4]
gyara sasheNau'in Rubutu
gyara sashe| Toto script Samfuri:Script | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Languages | Toto |
| Creator | Dhaniram Toto |
| Published |
2015
|
| Direction | Samfuri:ISO 15924 direction |
Unicode alias | Samfuri:ISO 15924 alias |
| U+1E290–U+1E2BF | |
An buga rubutun haruffan da dattijon al'umma kuma marubuci, Dhaniram Toto ya haɓaka don harshen a cikin 2015, kuma ya ga iyakance amma ana ƙara amfani da shi a cikin adabi, ilimi, da lissafi; Mafi mahimmanci, an ƙara haruffan Toto zuwa ma'auni na Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021. Kafin buga wannan rubutun, Dhaniram Toto da sauran membobin al'umma (waɗanda adadin karatunsu kamar yadda binciken samfurin da aka gudanar a 2003 ya kasance kawai 33.64 bisa dari). ) rubuce-rubucen littattafai da kasidu a cikin rubutun Bengali.[3]
Unicode
gyara sasheSamfura: Babban haruffan Toto an ƙara shi zuwa Matsayin Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021 tare da sakin sigar 14.0.
gyara sasheTushen Unicode na Toto shine U+1E290–U+1E2BF
gyara sashe:
Duba
gyara sashe- Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)
Don Karatu
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Languages of India" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-08.|
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Toto". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Singh, Shiv Sahay (1 August 2014). "Toto language more endangered than tribe". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 van Driem, George. 1995. The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- Amitabha, S. (1993). Toto, Society and Change: A Sub-Himalayan Tribe of West Bengal. Firma KLM.
- Basumatary, C. (2014). The Phonological Study of Toto Language. Language in India, 14:6, 59–84. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf
- Chaudhuri, B. (1992). Tribal Transformation in India. New Delhi, India: Inter-India Publications.
- Doherty, B. (2012, April 29). India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html
- Samfuri:Linguistic Survey of India
- Mehrotra, R. (1974). Endangered Languages in India. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 105–114. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from https://web.archive.org/web/20111016074549/http://www.degruyter.de/journals/ijsl/detailEn.cfm
- Perumalsamy P (2016) "Toto Language" in Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal Volume I by Office of the Registrar General India: New Delhi pp 628–702 https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34826
- Singh, S. (2014, August 1). Toto Language More Endangered Than Tribe. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece
- van Driem, G., & Bronkhorst, J. (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (pp. 559–760). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub.
- van Driem, G. (2007). South Asia and Middle East. In C. Moseley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (pp. 289–348). London and New York: Routledge.
- van Driem, George. 1995. The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.