Harshen Hamer
Hamer ko Hamer-Banna (Hamer: hámar aapó ) harshe ne a cikin reshen Kudancin Omotic na dangin harsunan Afroasiatic . Mutanen Hamar da Banna da masu magana da Karo suna magana ne a kudancin Habasha .
| Harshen Hamer | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
amf |
| Glottolog |
hame1242[1] |
Akwai nau'in pidginized a cikin amfanin gida. [2]
Fassarar sauti gyara sashe
Consonants gyara sashe
Hamer yana da wuraren magana guda shida na baƙaƙe, da kuma ɗabi'u goma sha ɗaya na magana, ko da yake tsarin ba gaba ɗaya ne ba.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvula | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsayawar huhu | pb | td | kg | q | ʔ | |
| Tsayawa Tsayawa | ɓ | ɗ | ɠ | |||
| Abubuwan da za a iya cirewa | t' | tʃʼ | ||||
| Masu saɓo | sz | ʃ | x | h | ||
| Haɗin kai | ts | t ɗ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Kaɗa | Ɗa | |||||
| Na gefe | l | |||||
| Semi wasula | w | j |
/p/ na iya kasancewa a matsayin [ɸ] a kowane matsayi, sai dai a matsayin /pp/ da /mp/, wanda a kowane lokaci ana gane shi azaman [p].[3] Wayoyin wayoyi da yawa suna da abubuwan da suka faru na tsaka-tsaki ko kuma na prevocalic:
/VbV/: [β]
/Vka/: [x]
/#qa/: [qʼ]
/#qo, #qu/: [ʔ]
/VɓV/: [b], [β]
/VɗV/: [d], [ʔ]
/#tʼa, #tʼi/: [ʦʼ]
/VtʃʼV/: [tʃ][4]
/n/ assimilates to a following velar (i.e., as [ŋ]).
Consonant length is distinctive non-initially. Long /ɾ/ is realized as a trilled /r/.
/n/ yana kamanceceniya da maɓalli mai zuwa (watau kamar [ŋ]).
Tsawon baka yana bambanta ba da farko ba. Dogon /ɾ/ ana gane shi azaman trilled /r/.
Wasula gyara sashe
Akwai wasula na asali guda biyar
| i | ku | |||
| e | o | |||
| a |
An ƙara raba wasulan zuwa manyan nau'i biyu (tare da na ukun kasancewar yanayin "umlaut" saman (duba ƙasa)). Rukunin I wasalan sun fi guntu, an sanya su cikin pharyngealized, kuma sun ja da baya tushen harshe. Rukunin rukuni na II sun fi tsayi, suna da girma, kuma suna da tushen harshe na gaba.
Wasili Harmony ya wanzu a cikin cewa kowace tushen kalma da kowane kari yana cikin ko dai nau'in I ko II. Lokacin da nau'in tushensa ba su yarda ba, wani nau'i na umlauting yana faruwa. Wasan wasali maras kyau yana riƙe ainihin wurin faɗar sa, kuma ana furta shi tsakanin madaidaicin nau'in wasali na I da na II, watau matsakaicin tsayi, da mara alamar pharyngealization, glottalization ko tushen harshe. Gabaɗaya, wasulan (s) na suffix suna yin umlauting, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan kari na "ƙarfi" waɗanda ke riƙe nau'in su, kuma suna haifar da wasulan tushen yin umlauting.
Akwai wasali na shida mara sauti, /ə/, wanda ke bayyana a cikin magana ta zahiri don "karye" in ba haka ba tari mara inganci. Babu buƙatar ɗaukar wannan sautin waya, kuma babu takamaiman dalilin da zai sa ya buƙaci grapheme, saboda yana faruwa gabaɗaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ke ainihin tsarin allophonic.
Sillable da tsarin kalma gyara sashe
Tsarin silsilar shine kawai (C)V(C), ko da yake baƙaƙe-ƙarshen ba safai ba ne. Zaɓuɓɓukan aƙalla wasula uku an rubuta su. Ba a rubuce-rubucen igiyoyi fiye da baƙaƙe biyu. Akwai ƙa'idodi masu yawa (mafi yawa masu sauƙaƙa) waɗanda ke tafiyar da metathesis da epenthesis lokacin da gungu masu haɗaka suka bayyana. A taƙaice, akwai nau'ikan tari guda uku: "mai inganci", "na musamman", da "marasa inganci". Ingantattun tagulla ba sa samun canji tsakanin sifofin su na asali da na sama. Tari na musamman suna fuskantar wani nau'in canji (gaba ɗaya metathetic) a cikin sifofin su. Rukunin da ba daidai ba suna saka sautin mara waya /ə/ tsakanin baƙaƙe biyu domin ƙirƙirar sifofin su.
Rubutun Rubutu gyara sashe
Babu wani tsarin rubutu na hukuma don Hamer, kodayake an gabatar da tsarin boko da yawa, tare da rubutun Gə'əz . Har yanzu, babu wani motsi don amincewa da kowane ɗayan waɗannan tsarin a hukumance.
"Lydall" romanization gyara sashe
Wannan shine boko da Jean Lydall yayi amfani dashi. Watakila ma'auni ne na gaskiya, kawai ta kasancewarsa wanda aka gabatar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke akwai.
Consonants gyara sashe
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvula | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsayawar huhu | bp | dt | jc | gk | ' | |
| Tsayawa Tsaya | q' | |||||
| Tsayawa Tsayawa | B | D | G | |||
| Masu saɓo | f | zs | š | x | h | |
| Haɗin kai | ts | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Kaɗa | r | |||||
| Na gefe | l | |||||
| Semi wasula | w | y |
Kashi na I wasula gyara sashe
| ɪ | ʊ | |||
| e | ku | |||
| ʌ |
Kashi na II wasula gyara sashe
| i | ku | |||
| e | o | |||
| a |
Wasulan wasali gyara sashe
Waɗanda aka ƙera ana rubuta su ta amfani da harafin don ainihin sautinsu, haɗe da layi.
Asalin Gə'əz gyara sashe
Ana ba da wasiƙu a ƙasa tare da sunayen Amharic na gargajiya. Layukan da aka yiwa alama da jajayen duhu suna da ma'anoni na musamman waɗanda ba za a iya yin cikakken bayanin su a cikin tebur ba: ana amfani da layin ʾÄlf don wasalan Rukuni na II ba tare da baƙaƙen da ya gabata ba, yayin da layin ʿÄyn ake amfani da shi don nau'in wasali na I ba tare da baƙon wanda ya gabata ba.
| ä [ə] |
u | i | a | e | ə [ɨ] |
o | wa | yä [jə] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoy | h | ሀ | ሁ | ሂ | ሃ | ሄ | ህ | ሆ | ||
| Läwe | l | ለ | ሉ | ሊ | ላ | ሌ | ል | ሎ | ሏ | |
| Ḥäwt | x | ሐ | ሑ | ሒ | ሓ | ሔ | ሕ | ሖ | ሗ | |
| May | m | መ | ሙ | ሚ | ማ | ሜ | ም | ሞ | ሟ | ፙ |
| Śäwt | ʃ | ሠ | ሡ | ሢ | ሣ | ሤ | ሥ | ሦ | ሧ | |
| Rəʾs | ɾ | ረ | ሩ | ሪ | ራ | ሬ | ር | ሮ | ሯ | ፘ |
| Sat | s | ሰ | ሱ | ሲ | ሳ | ሴ | ስ | ሶ | ሷ | |
| Ḳaf | q' | ቀ | ቁ | ቂ | ቃ | ቄ | ቅ | ቆ | ቋ | |
| Bet | b | በ | ቡ | ቢ | ባ | ቤ | ብ | ቦ | ቧ | |
| ɓ | በ፟ | ቡ፟ | ቢ፟ | ባ፟ | ቤ፟ | ብ፟ | ቦ፟ | ቧ፟ | ||
| Täwe | t | ተ | ቱ | ቲ | ታ | ቴ | ት | ቶ | ቷ | |
| c | ቸ | ቹ | ቺ | ቻ | ቼ | ች | ቾ | ቿ | ||
| Nähas | n | ነ | ኑ | ኒ | ና | ኔ | ን | ኖ | ኗ | |
| ʾÄlf | ʾ | አ | ኡ | ኢ | ኣ | ኤ | እ | ኦ | ኧ | |
| Kaf | k | ከ | ኩ | ኪ | ካ | ኬ | ክ | ኮ | ኳ | |
| Wäwe | w | ወ | ዉ | ዊ | ዋ | ዌ | ው | ዎ | ||
| ʿÄyn | ʿ | ዐ | ዑ | ዒ | ዓ | ዔ | ዕ | ዖ | ||
| Zäy | z | ዘ | ዙ | ዚ | ዛ | ዜ | ዝ | ዞ | ዟ | |
| Yämän | y | የ | ዩ | ዪ | ያ | ዬ | ይ | ዮ | ||
| Dänt | d | ደ | ዱ | ዲ | ዳ | ዴ | ድ | ዶ | ዷ | |
| ɟ | ጀ | ጁ | ጂ | ጃ | ጄ | ጅ | ጆ | ጇ | ||
| ɗ | ደ፟ | ዱ፟ | ዲ፟ | ዳ፟ | ዴ፟ | ድ፟ | ዶ፟ | ዷ፟ | ||
| Gäml | g | ገ | ጉ | ጊ | ጋ | ጌ | ግ | ጎ | ጓ | |
| ɠ | ገ፟ | ጉ፟ | ጊ፟ | ጋ፟ | ጌ፟ | ግ፟ | ጎ፟ | ጓ፟ | ||
| Ṣädäy | t͡s | ጸ | ጹ | ጺ | ጻ | ጼ | ጽ | ጾ | ጿ | |
| Äf | f | ፈ | ፉ | ፊ | ፋ | ፌ | ፍ | ፎ | ፏ | ፚ |
| Psa | p | ፐ | ፑ | ፒ | ፓ | ፔ | ፕ | ፖ | ፗ | |
Ilimin Halitta gyara sashe
Sunaye gyara sashe
Sunaye ba su da jinsi ko adadi na asali, amma suna iya zama na miji, na mace, da jam’i, dukkansu ukun suna da bambanci (wato ba za a iya sanya suna ga jinsi da jam’i ba). Duk da yake waɗannan ɓangarori ba su zama wajibi ba, suna haifar da yarjejeniya akan sifa da fi'ili. Alamun juzu'i sune:
| Namiji | Na mata | Jam'i |
|---|---|---|
| -â, -ta | -ba, -ba | -na na |
Siffofin da suka fara da "t" ana iya haɗa su kai tsaye zuwa tushen, kuma yawanci ana amfani da su tare da sunaye masu rai. Sauran nau'ikan za a iya haɗa su zuwa tushen ko zuwa tushe.
Ga sunayen da ba su da rai, alamar namiji yawanci rahusa ne, yayin da alamar mace tana ƙara girma. Misali, tukunyar yumɓu daa. Daatâ (namiji) yana nufin ƙaramin tukunyar yumbu, yayin da dáano (mace) babbar tukunya ce. Canje-canje a cikin harshe, yin amfani da namiji a matsayin raguwa ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda yake jujjuya jinsi na kyauta.
Bayanan kula gyara sashe
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Hamer". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Sara Petrollino (2016) Language variation and patterns of language use. In A Grammar of Hamar, a South Omotic language of Ethiopia, 2–4. Köln: Köppe.
- ↑ Template:Harvp
- ↑ Template:Harvp
Nassoshi gyara sashe
- Lydall, Jean (1976): "Hamer" a cikin: Bender, M. Lionel (ed. ): Harsunan da ba na Yahudawa ba na Habasha . East Lansing: Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan. pp. 393-438.
- Lydall, Jean (1988): Jinsi, Lamba da Girma a Hamar. a cikin: Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne da Fritz Serzisko (eds. ): Cushitic-Omotic: Takardu daga Taron Taro na Duniya akan Harsunan Cushitic da Omotic, Cologne, Janairu 6-7, 1986 . Hamburg. shafi na 77-90.
- Lydall, Jean (2005): Tarin yare na Hamär. in: Uhlig, Siegbert (ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 2 . Wiesbaden. shafi 981-982.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje gyara sashe
- Duniya Atlas na Tsarin Harshe bayanai akan Hamer
- Aikin Rosetta: Jerin Hamer-Banna Swadesh