Harshen Alama
Harsunan alamar (Wanda kuma aka sani da harsunan sa hannu) harsuna ne waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin gani-hannun don isar da ma'ana, maimakon kalmomin magana. Harsunan alamar ana bayyana su ta hanyar furucin hannu a haɗe da alamomin da ba na hannu ba. Harsunan alamomi cikakkun harsunan halitta ne tare da nahawunsu da ƙamus.[1] Harsunan alamar ba na duniya ba ne kuma yawanci ba sa fahimtar juna,[2]ko da yake akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin harsunan alamar.
Masana ilimin harshe suna ɗaukar sadarwar magana da sa hannu a matsayin nau'ikan harshe na halitta, ma'ana duka biyun sun samo asali ne ta hanyar tsari mai zurfi, tsayin daka kuma sun samo asali na tsawon lokaci ba tare da tsayayyen shiri ba [3]. Wannan yana samun goyan bayan gaskiyar cewa akwai babban cikas a tsakanin sassan jijiya na alamomi da sarrafa harshen magana, duk da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin yanayin. [4]Harshen kurame bai kamata ya ruɗe da harshen jiki ba, nau'in sadarwa mara magana.
A duk inda al’ummomin kurame suke, harsunan kurame sun haɓaka a matsayin hanyoyin sadarwa masu amfani kuma su ne tushen al’adun kurame na gida. Ko da yake kurame ne da masu wuyar ji suke amfani da sa hannu, to amma kuma mutane masu ji, kamar waɗanda ba su iya magana a zahiri, waɗanda ke da matsala da yaren baka saboda naƙasa ko yanayi (ƙarfafawa da madadin sadarwa), da wadanda suke da dangin kurma ciki har da yaran kurame manya.
Ba a san ainihin adadin harsunan alamar alama a duk duniya ba. Gabaɗaya kowace ƙasa tana da yaren kurayenta na asali; wasu suna da fiye da ɗaya. Harshen Ethnologue na 2021 ya lissafa harsunan alamar 150,[5] yayin da SIGN-HUB Atlas na Tsarin Harshen Alamun ya lissafa sama da 200 kuma ya lura cewa akwai ƙarin waɗanda ba a tattara su ba ko gano su tukuna.[6]Ya zuwa 2021, Harshen Alamun Indo-Pakistan shine yaren kurame da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya, kuma Ethnologue ya sanya shi a matsayin yare na 151 mafi “magana” a duniya.[7]
Wasu harsunan alamar sun sami wani nau'i na sanin doka.[8]
Masana ilimin harshe suna bambanta harsunan alamar ɗabi'a daga wasu tsarin da suka kasance magabatan su ko aka samu daga gare su, kamar ginannun lambobi na jagora don harsunan magana, alamar gida, "alamar jariri", da alamun da ba na ɗan adam ba.
Tarihi
gyara sasheRukunin kurame sun yi amfani da yaren kurame a cikin tarihi. Ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen farko na yaren kurame daga ƙarni na biyar K.Z., a cikin Plato’s Cratylus, inda Socrates ya ce: “Idan ba mu da murya ko harshe, kuma muna so mu bayyana wa juna abubuwa, da ba za mu yi ba. yi ƙoƙarin yin alamu ta hanyar motsa hannayenmu, kanmu, da sauran jikinmu, kamar yadda bebaye suke yi a halin yanzu?” [9] Har zuwa karni na 19, yawancin abin da aka sani game da harsunan alamar tarihi ya iyakance ga haruffan jagora. (tsarin haruffan yatsan hannu) waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don sauƙaƙe canja wurin kalmomi daga yaren magana zuwa harshen kurame, maimakon rubutun harshen da kansa. Muhawara game da yaren kurame na zuhudu da aka haɓaka a Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani an ɗauke shi a matsayin tsarin gesture maimakon yaren kurame na gaskiya.[10]
Bayanan farko na tuntuɓar Turawa da ƴan asalin yankin Tekun Fasha a yanzu da ake kira Texas da arewacin Mexiko sun lura da harshen alamar da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin zuwan Turawa.[11] Waɗannan bayanan sun haɗa da asusun Cabeza de Vaca a 1527 da Coronado a 1541.
Wani ɗan ƙasar Spain Pedro Ponce de León (1520-1584) ya ƙirƙira haruffan jagora na farko.[12]Wannan haruffan ya dogara ne, gabaɗaya ko ɓangarori, bisa sauƙaƙan motsin hannu da sufaye ke zaune cikin shiru.
A shekara ta 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet ya buga Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos ('Ragin haruffa da fasaha don koyar da bebe magana') a Madrid.[13] Ana la'akari da shi a matsayin farkon rubutun zamani na sautin harshen kurame, wanda ya tsara hanyar ilimin baka ga kurame da haruffan hannu.A Biritaniya, ana kuma amfani da haruffan hannu don dalilai da dama, kamar sadarwar sirri, [14]magana da jama'a, ko sadarwa ta hanyar ko tare da kurame.[15] A shekara ta 1648, John Bulwer ya bayyana "Master Babington", wani kurma wanda ya kware wajen yin amfani da haruffan hannu, "mai son jin daɗin yatsunsa", wanda matarsa za ta iya yin magana da shi cikin sauƙi, har ma a cikin duhu ta hanyar amfani da tatsuniyoyi. sanya hannu.[16]
A cikin 1680, George Dalgarno ya buga Didascalocophus, ko kuma, Mai koyar da kurma da bebaye, [17]inda ya gabatar da nasa hanyar ilimin kurma, gami da haruffan "arthrological", inda ake nuna haruffa ta hanyar nuni zuwa ga haɗin gwiwa daban-daban na yatsunsu. da tafin hannun hagu. An daɗe ana amfani da tsarin arthrological ta hanyar jin mutane na ɗan lokaci; [18] wasu sun yi hasashen cewa za a iya gano su zuwa farkon haruffan Ogham [19][20]].
Wasula na wannan haruffa sun wanzu a cikin haruffan zamani da ake amfani da su a Harshen Kurame na Biritaniya, Auslan da Harshen Kurma na New Zealand. Hotunan da aka fi sani da bugu na baƙaƙe na haruffan hannu biyu na zamani sun bayyana a cikin 1698 tare da Digiti Lingua (Latin don Harshe [ko Harshen] na Yatsa), ƙasida ta marubucin da ba a san sunansa ba wanda shi kansa ya kasa magana.[21] [22]Ya ba da shawarar cewa baƙon zai iya amfani da haruffan littafin, don yin shiru da ɓoyewa, ko kuma don nishaɗi kawai. Tara daga cikin haruffa za a iya gano su zuwa haruffan farko, kuma ana iya samun haruffa 17 na haruffan zamani na hannu biyu a cikin nau'i biyu na zane-zane 26 da aka kwatanta.
Charles de La Fin ya wallafa wani littafi a shekara ta 1692 yana kwatanta tsarin haruffa inda nuni ga sashin jiki yana wakiltar harafin farko na sashin (misali Brow=B), kuma wasulan suna kan yatsa kamar sauran tsarin Birtaniyya.[23] Ya bayyana irin waɗannan lambobin don duka Ingilishi da Latin.
A shekara ta 1720, haruffan littafin Ingilishi sun sami ƙarin ko žasa da sifar da suke yanzu.[24] Zuriyar wannan haruffan al'ummomin kurame (ko aƙalla a cikin azuzuwa) sun yi amfani da su a cikin ƙasashen da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka na Indiya, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Uganda da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma jumhuriya da lardunan tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Grand Cayman Island a cikin Caribbean, Indonesia, Norway, Jamus da Amurka. A lokacin Yaƙin Polygar da Birtaniyya, Veeran Sundaralingam ya yi magana da kanin bebe na Veerapandiya Kattabomman, Oomaithurai, ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame nasu.[bayyana bukatar].
Bafaranshe Charles-Michel de l'Épée ya buga haruffan littafinsa a ƙarni na 18, waɗanda suka tsira da yawa ba su canza ba a Faransa da Arewacin Amirka har ya zuwa yanzu. A shekara ta 1755, Abbé de l’Épée ya kafa makaranta na farko na yara kurame a birnin Paris; Laurent Clerc tabbas ya kasance sanannen digirinsa. Clerc ya tafi Amurka tare da Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet don gano Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka a Hartford, Connecticut, a cikin 1817.[25] [26]Dan Gallaudet, Edward Miner Gallaudet, ya kafa makarantar kurame a 1857 a Washington, DC, wanda a cikin 1864 ya zama Kwalejin Kura ta Kasa. Yanzu ana kiranta Jami'ar Gallaudet, har yanzu ita ce kawai jami'ar fasaha mai sassaucin ra'ayi ga kurame a duniya.
Harsunan kurame gabaɗaya ba su da alaƙar yare da harsunan da ake magana a ƙasashen da suka taso. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin yarukan alamomi da na magana yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta dangane da ƙasar fiye da harshen magana. Misali, kodayake Ostiraliya, Ingilishi Kanada, New Zealand, UK da Amurka duk suna da Ingilishi a matsayin babban yaren su, Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL), wanda aka samo daga Harshen Alamar Faransanci, [26] shine babban yaren alamar da ake amfani da shi a cikin Amurka. da Ingilishi Kanada, yayin da sauran ƙasashe uku suna amfani da nau'ikan Harshen Alamun Biritaniya, Australiya da New Zealand, waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da ASL.[27]Hakazalika, harsunan alamar Spain da Mexico sun bambanta sosai, duk da Mutanen Espanya shine harshen ƙasa a kowace ƙasa, [28] kuma harshen alamar da ake amfani da shi a Bolivia ya dogara ne akan ASL maimakon kowane harshe na alamar da ake amfani da shi a cikin kowane Mutanen Espanya. kasar magana.[29] Har ila yau, bambance-bambancen suna tasowa a cikin harshen alamar 'ƙasa' wanda ba lallai ba ne ya dace da bambance-bambancen yare a cikin harshen magana na ƙasa; maimakon haka, yawanci ana iya danganta su da wurin da makarantun kurame suke zaune.[30][31]
Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya, wadda aka fi sani da Gestuno, ana amfani da ita musamman a taron kurame na ƙasa da ƙasa irin su Deaflympics da tarurruka na Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Duniya. Yayin da bincike na baya-bayan nan ya yi iƙirarin cewa Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya wani nau'i ne na pidgin, sun kammala cewa ya fi rikitarwa fiye da pidgin na yau da kullum kuma hakika ya fi kama da cikakken harshen alamar.[32][33]. Yayin da kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya, wani lokaci ana kiranta da Gestuno, [34]Pidgin International Sign[33] ko Gesture International (IG).[35] Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya kalma ce da Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyin duniya ke amfani da ita.
Ilimin harshe
gyara sasheA cikin ma’anar harshe, harsunan kurame suna da wadata da sarƙaƙƙiya kamar kowane yare da ake magana, duk da rashin fahimta da ake yi cewa ba “harsuna na gaske ba ne”. Kwararrun masana ilimin harshe sun yi nazarin harsunan alamar alama da yawa kuma sun gano cewa suna nuna mahimman kaddarorin da ke wanzu a cikin dukkan harsuna.[36][37][38] Irin waɗannan mahimman kaddarorin sun haɗa da duality na zane[39] da maimaitawa.[40] Duality na zane yana nufin cewa harsuna sun ƙunshi ƙananan raka'a marasa ma'ana waɗanda za a iya haɗa su zuwa manyan raka'a tare da ma'ana (duba ƙasa). Kalmar maimaitawa tana nufin cewa harsuna suna nuna ƙa'idodin nahawu kuma fitar da irin wannan ƙa'idar na iya zama shigar da ƙa'idar iri ɗaya. Yana da, alal misali, mai yuwuwa a cikin yarukan kurame don ƙirƙirar jumlar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma wani juzu'i na ƙasa yana iya ƙunsar wani sashe na ƙasa.
Harsunan alamar ba mime ba ne - a wasu kalmomi, alamun al'ada ne, sau da yawa sabani kuma ba lallai ba ne su sami dangantaka ta gani da mai magana da su, kamar yadda yawancin harshen da ake magana ba na onomatopoeic ba ne. Duk da yake alamar ta fi tsari da yaɗuwa a cikin harsunan kurame fiye da na magana, bambamcin ba ya bambanta.[41]Tsarin gani yana ba da damar zaɓin ɗan adam don kusanci kusa tsakanin tsari da ma'ana, yanzu amma an danne a cikin harsunan magana, don a fi bayyana shi sosai.[42] Wannan baya nufin cewa yaren kurame fassarar gani ce ta harshen magana. Suna da hadaddun nahawu na nasu kuma ana iya amfani da su don tattauna kowane maudu'i, daga mai sauƙi da kankare zuwa maɗaukaki da ƙima. Harsunan kurame ba ƙirƙira ba ne na malamai, ko ƙididdiga na yaren da ake magana da shi na al'ummar da ke kewaye.[43]
Harsunan alamar, kamar harsunan magana, suna tsara raka'o'i na farko, marasa ma'ana zuwa raka'o'in ma'ana. Irin wannan ƙungiya a cikin yare na halitta ana kiransa duality of patterning. Kamar yadda a cikin harsunan da ake magana, waɗannan raka'o'in marasa ma'ana ana wakilta su azaman (haɗuwar) fasali, kodayake galibi ana yin kwatancen kwatankwacin "parameters" guda biyar: suffar hannu (ko tsarin hannu), daidaitawa, wuri (ko wurin magana), motsi, da maganganun da ba na hannu ba. (Waɗannan raka'o'in marasa ma'ana a cikin harsunan alamar an fara kiran su da suna cheremes,[44] daga kalmar Helenanci don hannu, ta hanyar kwatankwacin sautin wayoyi, daga Girkanci don murya, na harsunan magana. Yanzu wasu lokuta ana kiran su sautin waya lokacin da ake kwatanta harsunan alamar ma, tun da yake. aikin iri daya ne, amma an fi tattauna shi ta fuskar “fasalolin”[1] ko “parameters” [45] Gabaɗaya, duka harsunan alamomi da na magana suna da halayen da masana harshe suka samu a cikin dukkan harsunan ɗan adam na halitta, kamar su. as transitoriness, semanticity, arbitrariness, yawan aiki, da watsa al'adu.[bayani da ake bukata]
Fasalolin yare gama gari na yawancin harsunan alamar su ne faruwar gine-ginen ƙira, babban juzu'i ta hanyar sauye-sauyen motsi, da ma'anar ra'ayi na jigo. Fiye da harsunan magana, harsunan alamar suna iya ba da ma'ana ta hanyoyi guda ɗaya, misali. ta hanyar amfani da sararin samaniya, na'urori biyu na hannu, da fuskar mai sa hannu da jiki. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai tattaunawa da yawa game da batun ƙaƙƙarfan harshe a cikin harsunan alamar, gabaɗaya ana la'akari da rarrabuwar kawuna a matsayin mafi girman hoto, saboda waɗannan hadaddun gine-gine "aiki kamar yadda aka tsara wanda zai iya bayyana kowane ko duk abubuwan da ke biyowa: motsi, matsayi, madaidaicin bayani, ko sarrafa bayanai".[46] Ya kamata a lura cewa kalmar classifier ba duk wanda ke aiki akan waɗannan gine-ginen ke amfani da shi ba. A ko'ina cikin fannin ilimin harshe na kurame ana kuma magana da gine-gine iri ɗaya tare da wasu sharuɗɗan kamar alamomi.
A yau, masana ilimin harshe suna nazarin harsunan kurame a matsayin harsunan gaskiya, wani ɓangare na fannin ilimin harshe. Koyaya, nau'in "harsunan alamar" ba a ƙara su cikin Linguistic Bibliography/Linguistic Linguistic Harsuna har zuwa ƙarar 1988,[47]lokacin da ta bayyana tare da shigarwar 39.
Dangantaka da harshen magana
gyara sasheAkwai kuskuren da aka saba [48]cewa harsunan alamar ko ta yaya suka dogara da harsunan da ake magana da su: cewa ana magana da su da alamu, ko kuma cewa mutane ne suka ƙirƙira su.[49] Kamanceceniya a cikin sarrafa harshe a cikin kwakwalwa tsakanin sa hannu da harsunan magana sun ƙara dawwamar wannan kuskuren fahimta. Malaman ji a makarantun kurame, irin su Charles-Michel de l'Épée ko Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, galibi ana kiransu da kuskure a matsayin “masu ƙirƙira” na yaren kurame. Maimakon haka, yaren kurame, kamar dukan harsunan yanayi, mutanen da suke amfani da su ne suka haɓaka, a wannan yanayin, kurame, waɗanda ba su da ɗan sanin yaren da ake magana da su.
Yayin da yaren kurame ke tasowa, wani lokaci yana aron abubuwa daga harsunan da ake magana, kamar yadda duk harsuna ke aro daga wasu harsunan da suke mu’amala da su. Harsunan kurame sun bambanta da nawa suke karba daga harsunan magana. A cikin yarukan alamomi da yawa, ana iya amfani da haruffan hannu (hafin yatsa) a cikin sa hannu na sadarwa don aron kalma daga harshen da ake magana, ta hanyar fitar da haruffa. An fi amfani da wannan don ingantattun sunayen mutane da wurare; Hakanan ana amfani da shi a cikin wasu harsuna don ra'ayoyin waɗanda babu alamar su a wannan lokacin, musamman idan mutanen da abin ya shafa suna da yare biyu a cikin harshen magana. Harafin yatsu na iya zama wani lokaci tushen sabbin alamu, kamar alamun farko, wanda suffar hannu ke wakiltar harafin farko na kalmar magana da ma'ana iri ɗaya.
Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, harsunan kurame suna cin gashin kansu daga harsunan da ake magana kuma suna bin hanyoyin ci gaban kansu. Misali, Harshen Kurame na Biritaniya (BSL) da Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) sun bambanta sosai kuma ba za su iya fahimtar juna ba, duk da cewa mutanen Burtaniya da Amurka suna jin yaren magana iri ɗaya ne. Nahawu na yaren kurame ba sa kama da na harsunan magana da ake amfani da su a yanki ɗaya; a zahiri, dangane da syntax, ASL yana raba hannun jari tare da Jafananci da ake magana fiye da yadda yake da Ingilishi.[50]
Hakazalika, ƙasashen da ke amfani da harshe guda ɗaya a ko'ina na iya samun harsuna biyu ko fiye da haka, ko kuma yankin da ya ƙunshi fiye da yaren magana ɗaya zai iya amfani da yaren kurame ɗaya kawai. Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ke da harsuna 11 da ake magana da su a hukumance da makamantansu na sauran harsunan da ake amfani da su, misali ne mai kyau na wannan. Yana da yaren kurame guda ɗaya tare da bambance-bambancen guda biyu saboda tarihinsa na samun manyan cibiyoyin ilimi guda biyu na kurame waɗanda suka yi hidima ga yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar.
Nahawu na sararin samaniya da lokaci ɗaya
gyara sasheHarsunan kurame suna yin amfani da keɓantattun fasalulluka na matsakaicin gani (gani), amma kuma suna iya yin amfani da fasalulluka (harsunan alamar magana). Harshen magana ta kuma babban layi ne; sauti ɗaya ne kawai za a iya yin ko karɓa a lokaci ɗaya. Harshen alamar, a gefe guda, na gani ne, don haka, yana iya amfani da magana lokaci guda, kodayake wannan yana da iyaka ta hanyar magana da harshe. Hange na gani yana ba da damar sarrafa bayanai na lokaci guda.
Hanya ɗaya da yawancin harsunan kurame suke cin gajiyar yanayin yanayin harshe shine ta hanyar amfani da na'urori masu aunawa. Masu rarrabawa suna ƙyale mai sa hannu ya nuna nau'in mai magana, girmansa, siffarsa, motsi, ko girmansa.
Babban mayar da hankali kan yuwuwar daidaituwa a cikin harsunan alamar da ya bambanta da harsunan da ake magana wani lokaci ana yin karin gishiri, ko da yake. Yin amfani da na'urori biyu na hannu yana ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa na mota, yana haifar da adadi mai yawa [50] ko sanya hannu tare da mai magana ɗaya kawai. Bugu da ari, harsunan alamar, kamar harsunan da ake magana, sun dogara da jerin layi na alamomi don samar da jimloli; mafi yawan amfani da lokaci ɗaya ana gani a cikin ilimin halittar jiki (tsarin ciki na alamun mutum).
Abubuwan da ba na hannu ba
gyara sasheHarsunan alamar suna isar da yawancin abubuwan da suka dace ta hanyar abubuwan da ba na hannu ba. Ana amfani da matsayi ko motsi na jiki, kai, gira, idanu, kunci, da baki a haɗe daban-daban don nuna nau'ikan bayanai da yawa, gami da bambance-bambancen lexical, tsarin nahawu, abun laƙabi ko abun magana, da ayyukan magana.
A matakin lexical, ana iya ƙayyadadden alamun lexically don abubuwan da ba na hannu ba ban da furucin na hannu. Misali, yanayin fuska na iya rakiyar kalmomi na motsin rai, kamar a cikin alamar fushi a Harshen Kurame na Czech. Abubuwan da ba na hannu ba kuma na iya zama da bambanci ta hanyar lexical. Misali, a cikin ASL (Harshen Alamar Amurka), abubuwan da aka gyara fuska suna bambanta wasu alamu daga wasu alamu. Misali shi ne alamar da aka fassara kamar ba tukuna ba, wanda ke buƙatar harshe ya taɓa leɓe na ƙasa kuma cewa kai ya juya daga gefe zuwa gefe, ban da ɓangaren hannun hannu na alamar. Idan ba tare da waɗannan siffofi ba za a fassara alamar a matsayin marigayi.[51]Baki, waɗanda (ɓangarorin) kalmomin magana da ke tare da alamun ƙamus, kuma na iya zama dabam-dabam, kamar yadda a cikin alamomi iri ɗaya na likita da baturi a cikin Harshen Alama na Netherlands.[52]
Yayin da ake samar da abin da ke cikin jumlar da aka rattaba hannu da hannu, yawancin ayyuka na nahawu ana samar da su ba da hannu ba (wato tare da fuska da gangar jikin).[53] Irin waɗannan ayyuka sun haɗa da tambayoyi, ƙin yarda, juzu'i na dangi da batun magana.[54]ASL da BSL suna amfani da irin wannan alamar da ba ta hannun hannu ba don eh/a'a tambayoyi, misali. Ana nuna su ta hanyar ɗaga gira da karkatar da kai.[55][56]
Ana isar da wasu bayanan siffantawa da lafazin ta hanyar abubuwan da ba na hannu ba, amma abin da waɗannan abubuwan suka bambanta daga harshe zuwa harshe. Misali, a cikin ASL buɗaɗɗen baki da harshe mai annashuwa kuma ana iya gani a kusurwar baki yana nufin "rashin kulawa", amma irin wannan wanda ba na hannu ba a cikin BSL yana nufin "mai ban sha'awa" ko "marasa daɗi".[56]
Ayyukan magana kamar juyowa ana sarrafa su ta hanyar motsi kai da kallon ido. Tun da mai adireshi a cikin zance da aka sa hannu dole ne ya kasance yana kallon mai sa hannu, mai sa hannu zai iya guje wa barin wani ya juyo ta hanyar rashin kallonsu, ko kuma yana iya nuna cewa wani yana iya juyowa ta hanyar hada ido [57]
Alamu
gyara sasheAlama ita ce kamanceceniya ko kwatanci tsakanin sifar alama (harshe ko waninsa) da ma'anarta, sabanin son zuciya. Nazari na farko game da ikon mallakar ASL an buga shi a ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s. Yawancin masana harshen kurame na farko sun yi watsi da ra'ayin cewa ƙirƙira wani muhimmin al'amari ne na harsunan kurame, la'akari da mafi yawan abin da ake gani na iya zama na waje.[36][58]Duk da haka, nau'o'in mimetic na yaren kurame (alamomin da suke kwaikwayo, kwaikwaya, ko wakilta) ana samun su da yawa a cikin yarukan kurame iri-iri. Misali, lokacin da kurame ke koyon yaren kurame suke ƙoƙarin bayyana wani abu amma ba su san alamar da ke da alaƙa ba, sau da yawa za su ƙirƙira wata alamar alama da ke nuna ƙayyadaddun abubuwa.[59]Ko da yake ba ya ɓacewa daga wani yaren kurame, a hankali ƙima yana raguwa yayin da nau'ikan harsunan kurame suka zama al'ada kuma daga baya aka nahawu. Yayin da nau'i ya zama mafi al'ada, ana yada shi ta hanya mai mahimmanci ta hanyar sauti ga sauran jama'ar harshen kurame.[60]Nancy Frishberg ta ƙarasa da cewa ko da yake an samo asali ne a cikin alamomi da yawa, alamar alama tana raguwa a tsawon lokaci ta hanyar aiwatar da tsarin nahawu na halitta.[58]
A cikin 1978, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Roger Brown yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ba da shawarar cewa kaddarorin ASL suna ba shi fa'ida bayyananne ta fuskar koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa.[61]A cikin bincikensa, Brown ya gano cewa lokacin da aka koya wa rukuni na yara shida masu ji da alamun da ke da manyan taswirar taswira sun fi dacewa su tuna da alamun da ke cikin aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daga baya fiye da wani rukuni na yara shida da aka koya musu alamun da ke da alamun bayyanar. kadan ko babu alamar kaddarorin. Ya bambanta da Brown, masana ilimin harsuna Elissa Newport da Richard Meier sun gano cewa zane-zane "ya bayyana kusan ba shi da wani tasiri a kan sayan Harshen Alamun Amurka"[62]
Babban ɗawainiya ga majagaba na ilimin harshe na kurame yana ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa ASL harshe ne na gaske kuma ba kawai tarin gestures ko "Turanci a hannu ba." Ɗaya daga cikin gaskatawar da aka yi a wannan lokacin ita ce "harsuna na gaske" dole ne su ƙunshi dangantaka ta sabani tsakanin tsari da ma'ana. Don haka, idan ASL ya ƙunshi alamun da ke da alaƙa mai ma'ana mai ma'ana, ba za a iya ɗaukar shi a matsayin harshe na ainihi ba. A sakamakon haka, an yi watsi da alamarin gaba ɗaya a cikin bincike na harsunan kurame na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, gunki kuma yana taka rawa a yawancin harsunan magana. Jafananci da ake magana alal misali yana baje kolin kalmomi da yawa waɗanda ke kwaikwayon sautin masu iya magana da su (duba alamar sautin Jafananci). Daga baya masu bincike, don haka, sun yarda cewa harsunan dabi'a ba sa bukatar su ƙunshi dangantaka ta sabani tsakanin tsari da ma'ana [63]Yanayin gani na yaren alamar yana ba da damar mafi girman girman girman hoto idan aka kwatanta da harsunan magana kamar yadda mafi yawan abubuwa na ainihi za a iya kwatanta su ta hanyar siffa mai mahimmanci (misali, tebur yawanci yana da shimfidar wuri), amma yawancin abubuwan duniya suna yi. ba sa yin sautunan ƙira waɗanda za a iya kwaikwayi su ta hanyar harsunan magana (misali, tebur ba sa yin sautin samfuri). Dole ne a lura, duk da haka, cewa harsunan alamar ba su da cikakkiyar alama. A gefe guda kuma, akwai alamun sabani da yawa a cikin harsunan kurame kuma, a daya bangaren kuma, nahawun yaren kurame yana sanya iyaka ga girman alamar alama: Duk sanannun harsunan alamun, alal misali, suna bayyana ra'ayoyin ƙamus ta hanyar alamomin hannu. Daga wani yare mai kyan gani da gaske mutum zai yi tsammanin za a bayyana ra'ayi kamar murmushi ta hanyar kwaikwayon murmushi (watau, ta hanyar yin fuskar murmushi). Duk sanannun harsunan alamar, duk da haka, ba sa bayyana manufar murmushi ta fuskar murmushi, amma ta hanyar alamar hannu [64].
Hangen ilimin harshe ya ƙi ƙarin ma'anar al'ada na gunki a matsayin dangantaka tsakanin nau'i na harshe da kuma kankare, mai magana na ainihi na duniya. A maimakon haka, saitin wasiƙu ne da aka zaɓa tsakanin siffa da ma'anar alama.[41]A cikin wannan ra'ayi, alamar ta dogara ne a cikin wakilcin tunanin mai amfani da harshe ("con[65]strual" a cikin nahawu na fahimta). An ayyana shi a matsayin cikakken nahawu da kuma tsakiya na harshen alamar maimakon wani abu na gefe[66].
Hankalin ilimin harshe yana ba da damar wasu alamomi su zama cikakkiyar alama ko wani yanki mai alama idan aka yi la'akari da adadin wasiku tsakanin yuwuwar sigogi na tsari da ma'ana[67]. Ta wannan hanyar, alamar tambaya ta Harshen Alamar Isra'ila (ISL) yana da sassa na sigar sa waɗanda ke da alama ("motsi daga baki" yana nufin "wani abu da ke fitowa daga baki"), da kuma sassan da suke sabani (hannun hannu, da daidaitawa).[68]
Alamu da yawa suna da taswirori na misaltuwa haka nan kuma suna da alamomi ko na metonymic. Ga waɗannan alamomin akwai wasiƙa ta hanyoyi uku tsakanin nau'i, tushe mai tushe da ma'anar maƙasudi. Alamar ASL KOYI tana da wannan wasiƙa ta hanyoyi uku. Ma'anar maƙasudin ma'anar ita ce "ilmantarwa". Madogarar kankare tana sanya abubuwa cikin kai daga littattafai. Samfurin shine riko
Rarrabawa
gyara sasheKo da yake harsunan kurame sun fito a zahiri a cikin al'ummomin kurame tare ko a tsakanin harsunan da ake magana, ba su da alaƙa da harsunan magana kuma suna da tsarin nahawu daban-daban a asalinsu.
Za a iya rarraba harsunan kurame ta yadda suke tasowa.
A cikin al'ummomin da ba sa hannu, alamar gida ba cikakken harshe ba ne, amma kusa da pidgin. Alamar gida ba ta da kyau kuma gabaɗaya ba ta da kyau ga dangi na musamman, inda ɗan kurma ba ya hulɗa da wasu yara kurame kuma ba a karantar da alamar ba. Irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba a gabaɗaya su daga tsara zuwa na gaba. Inda aka ba da su, za a sa ran sake buɗewa zai faru, wanda zai haifar da cikakken harshe. Koyaya, alamar gida na iya zama kusa da cikakken harshe a cikin al'ummomin da yawan ji yana da yanayin harshe; Misalai sun haɗa da harsunan alamar Aborigin na Australiya da tsarin gesture a yammacin Afirka, kamar Mofu-Gudur a Kamaru.
Harshen alamar kauye harshe ne na gida wanda yawanci yakan taso a cikin al'ummomi da yawa a cikin al'ummar da ba ta dace ba tare da yawan kururuwa, kuma kurma ne ke amfani da shi da kuma wani yanki mai mahimmanci na jama'ar ji, waɗanda ke da kurma iyali da abokai. Shahararriyar waɗannan ita ce ɓataccen Harshen Alamar Vineyard na Martha na Amurka, amma kuma akwai harsunan ƙauye da yawa da suka warwatse a cikin Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka.
Harsunan kurame, a gefe guda, suna tasowa inda kurame suke taruwa don kafa al’ummarsu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da alamomin makaranta, irin su Harshen Kurame na Nicaragua, waɗanda ke tasowa a cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai na makarantun kurame waɗanda ba sa amfani da yare a matsayin yaren koyarwa, da kuma harsunan al’umma irin su Yaren kurame na Bamako, waɗanda ke tasowa inda kurame da ba su da ilimi suke taruwa. a cikin birane don yin aiki. Da farko, harsunan kurame da al'ummai masu sauraro ba su san yaren kurame ba, a yawancin lokuta har ma na dangi na kusa. Duk da haka, suna iya girma, a wasu lokuta zama harshen koyarwa da karɓar amincewa a hukumance, kamar a cikin yanayin ASL.
Dukansu sun bambanta da yarukan haramun magana kamar harsunan alamar Aboriginal na Australiya, waɗanda jama'ar ji suka haɓaka kuma kurame ne kawai ke amfani da su na biyu. Akwai shakku kan ko galibin waɗannan harsuna ne na kansu, maimakon lambobin hannu na harsunan magana, kodayake kaɗan kamar Harshen Alamar Yolngu sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga kowane yaren magana. Har ila yau, masu ji na iya haɓaka alamar don sadarwa tare da masu amfani da wasu harsuna, kamar yadda yake cikin Harshen Alamun Indiya na Plains; wannan tsarin sa hannu ne ko pidgin wanda kurame ba sa amfani da shi a cikin ƙasashen Plains, ko da yake yana yiwuwa ya rinjayi alamar gida.
Tuntuɓar harshe da haɗakarwa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin haɓakar harsunan alamar alama, yana sa bayyanannen rabe-raben iyali da wahala – galibi ba a sani ba ko kamanceceniya ta ƙamus saboda aro ne ko yaren iyaye na gamayya, ko kuma akwai harsuna ɗaya ko da yawa na iyaye, kamar ƙauye da yawa. harsunan da ke haɗuwa zuwa harshen Kurame-al'umma. Tuntuɓi yana faruwa tsakanin harsunan alamar, tsakanin yarukan alamomi da na magana (alamar lamba, nau'in pidgin), da kuma tsakanin harsunan alamun da tsarin gestural da sauran al'umma ke amfani da su. Wani mawallafi ya yi hasashen cewa Harshen Alamar Adamorobe, yaren alamar ƙauye na Ghana, na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da "jargon cinikin gestural da ake amfani da shi a kasuwanni a cikin Yammacin Afirka", a cikin ƙamus da fasalin yanki da suka haɗa da prosody da sautin sauti.[69][70]
BSL, Auslan da NZSL yawanci ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin yare da aka sani da BANZSL. Harshen Alamar Maritime da Harshen Alamun Afirka ta Kudu su ma suna da alaƙa da BSL.[71]
Harshen Alamar Danish da zuriyarsa Harshen Alamar Yaren Norway da Harshen Alamar Iceland sun fi fahimtar juna tare da Harshen Alamar Sweden. Harshen Alamar Finnish da Harshen Alamar Fotigal sun samo asali ne daga SL na Yaren mutanen Sweden, kodayake tare da admixture na gida a cikin yanayin SL ɗin da ba a iya fahimtar juna ba. ya ba da shawarar cewa SL, Finnish, da Fotigal a maimakon haka suna da alaƙa da Harshen Alamun Biritaniya.[70]
Harshen Alamar Indiya ISL yayi kama da Harshen Alamun Pakistan. (Rufin yatsan ISL yana amfani da hannaye biyu, kama da Harsh[72][73]lamar Biritaniya.).
Harshen Alamar Jafananci, Harshen Alamar Taiwan da Harshen Kur'an Koriya ana tsammanin membobin dangin Harshen Kurman Jafan ne.[72]
Iyalin Harshen Kurame na Faransa. Akwai yarukan kurame da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga Harshen Alamar Faransanci (LSF), ko kuma sakamakon tuntuɓar harshe tsakanin harsunan kurame na gari da LSF. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Harshen Alamar Faransanci, Harshen Alamar Italiyanci, Harshen Alamar Quebec, Harshen Alamar Amurka, Harshen Alamar Irish, Harshen Kura na Rasha, Harshen Alamar Yaren Holland (NGT), Harshen Alamar Sipaniya, Harshen Alamar Mexiko, Harshen Alamar Brazil (LIBRAS), Catalan Harshen Alama, Harshen Alamar Ukrainian, Harshen Alamar Austrian (tare da tagwayen Harshen Alamar Hungarian da zuriyarta Harshen Alamar Czech) da sauransu.[74]
Rukunin wannan rukunin ya haɗa da harsunan da Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) ya yi tasiri sosai, ko kuma nau'ikan ASL na yanki ne. Harshen Alamar Bolivia wani lokaci ana ɗaukar yare na ASL. Harshen Alamar Thai gauraye ne da aka samo daga ASL da yarukan alamar na Bangkok da Chiang Mai, kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa wani ɓangare na dangin ASL. Sauran yiwuwar ASL ta yi tasiri sun haɗa da Harshen Alamun Uganda, Harshen Alamar Kenya, Harshen Alamar Philippine da Harshen Alamar Malaysia.
Bisa ga rahoton SIL, harsunan alamar na Rasha, Moldova da Ukraine suna da babban matsayi na kamancen kalmomi kuma suna iya zama yare na harshe ɗaya, ko kuma yare daban-daban. Rahoton guda ya ba da shawarar "tarin" yaren kurame da ke kewaye da Harshen Kurame na Czech, Harshen Harshen Hungarian da Harshen Alamar Slovak. Wannan rukunin na iya haɗawa da Romanian, Bulgarian, da yaren kurame na Poland.
Harshen kurame na Jamus (DGS) ya haifar da Harshen kurame na Poland; Hakanan aƙalla yana tasiri Harshen Alamar Isra'ila mai ƙarfi, kodayake ba a sani ba ko ƙarshen ya samo asali daga DGS ko daga Harshen Alamar Austrian, wanda ke cikin dangin Faransa.
Yare na kudancin Sinanci ya haifar da Harshen kurame na Hong Kong, wanda ake amfani da shi a Hong Kong da Macau
Harshen Alamar Lyon na iya zama tushen Harshen Alamar Flemish (VGT) kodayake wannan ba a sani ba.
Harsunan alamar Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, da Iraq (da yuwuwar Saudi Arabiya) na iya zama wani yanki na sprachbund, ko yana iya zama yare ɗaya na babban Harshen Alamar Larabci na Gabas.
Waɗanda aka sani sun haɗa da Harshen Alamar Nicaragua, Harshen Alamar Turkiyya, Harshen Alamar Armeniya, Kata Kolok, Harshen Alamar Al-Sayyid Bedouin da Harshen Alamar Providence Island.
Iyakar cikakkiyar rarrabuwa tare da waɗannan layukan da ke wuce ƙayyadaddun jeri na harsuna tun daga 1991.[75]Rarraba ya dogara ne akan harsunan alamar 69 daga bugu na 1988 na Ethnologue waɗanda aka sani a lokacin taron 1989 kan harsunan kurame a Montreal da ƙarin harsuna 11 da marubucin ya ƙara bayan taron.[76]
A cikin rabe-rabensa, marubucin ya banbanta tsakanin harsunan firamare da na mataimaka[77] da kuma tsakanin harsuna guda da kuma sunaye da ake tunanin suna nufin yare fiye da daya.Samfurin-Ajin harsuna ya ƙunshi duk waɗannan harsunan alamar da ba za a iya samo su daga kowane harshe ba.[78]Harsunan Prototype-R harsuna ne waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su ta hanyar samfura-A (a yawancin lokuta ana zaton Harshen Alamun Faransa ne) ta hanyar tsari Kroeber (1940) da ake kira "yaɗawar ƙara kuzari".[77] Iyalan BSL, DGS, JSL, LSF (da yuwuwar LSG) sune samfuran sake fasalin da sake fasalin harsunan samfuri. Ana ganin Creolization a matsayin inganta ilimin halittar jiki a cikin harsunan alamari, idan aka kwatanta da rage ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar jiki a cikin harsunan magana.
Rubutun rubutu
gyara sasheRubutun harshe (komawa zuwa Edward Sapir) ya dogara ne akan tsarin kalma kuma yana bambanta azuzuwan ilimin halittar jiki kamar su agglutinating/concatenating, inflectional, polysynthetic, hadawa, da ware su.
Harsunan alamar sun bambanta a cikin tsarin rubutun kalmomi. Misali, Harshen Alamar Australiya, Harshen Alamar Jafananci da Harshen Alamar Indo-Pakistani sune Maudu'i-abu-ka'ida yayin da ASL Take-fi'ili-abu ne. Tasiri daga harsunan magana da ke kewaye ba abu ne mai yuwuwa ba.
Harsunan alamar sun kasance suna haɗa harsunan ƙira, inda aka shigar da siffa mai ƙira mai wakiltar abu a cikin waɗancan fi'ili masu wucewa waɗanda ke ba da damar gyare-gyare. Don irin wannan rukuni na fi'ilai masu jujjuyawa (musamman fi'ilai masu motsi), jigo ne wanda aka haɗa. A cikin ƙananan yarukan alamar (misali Harshen Alamar Jafananci) kawai an haɗa wakilai. Ta wannan hanyar, tun da ana kula da batutuwa na intransitives iri ɗaya ga abubuwan da ke canzawa, haɗawa cikin yarukan kurame ana iya cewa yana bin tsari mara kyau.
Brentari[79][80]yana rarraba harsunan alamar a matsayin gabaɗayan ƙungiyar da aka ƙaddara ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa (na gani maimakon saurare) azaman rukuni ɗaya tare da fasalin monosyllabic da polymorphemic. Ma’ana, kalma xaya (watau kalma xaya, alamar xaya) na iya bayyana sifofi da yawa, misali, jigo da abin da kalmar fi’ili ke tantance alkiblar motsin fi’ili (tafi).
Wani bangare na nau'in nau'in da aka yi nazari a cikin harsunan kurame shine tsarinsu na lambobi.[81]. An sami bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin harsunan alamar.
Samun
gyara sasheYaren kurame tun lokacin da aka haife su za su samu shi, kamar yadda ji yara ke samun harshensu na asali[82]
Hasashen Lokacin Mahimmanci yana nuna cewa harshe, magana ko sa hannu, ana samun sauƙin samuwa tun yana ƙarami da babba saboda robobin kwakwalwar yaron. A cikin binciken da aka yi a Jami'ar McGill, sun gano cewa masu amfani da Harshen Kurame na Amirka waɗanda suka sami yaren asali (daga haihuwa) sun fi kyau lokacin da aka nemi su kwafin bidiyo na jimlolin ASL fiye da masu amfani da ASL waɗanda suka sami yaren daga baya a rayuwa. Har ila yau, sun gano cewa akwai bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin ilimin nahawu na jimlolin ASL tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu, duk suna nuna cewa akwai muhimmin lokaci mai mahimmanci a cikin koyon harsunan sa hannu.[83]
Samun abubuwan da ba na hannu ba yana bin tsari mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin da aka koyi kalmar da ko da yaushe tana da wata alama ta musamman wacce ba ta hannunta ba (kamar kalmar wh-question), abubuwan da ba na hannu ba suna maƙala da kalmar amma ba su da sassaucin da ke tattare da amfani da manya. A wani lokaci, abubuwan da ba na hannu ba suna sauke kuma an samar da kalmar ba tare da bayyanar fuska ba. Bayan 'yan watanni, wadanda ba littafin ba sun sake bayyana, a wannan karon ana amfani da su ta yadda manyan masu sa hannun za su yi amfani da su [84]
Siffofin da aka rubuta
gyara sasheHarsunan kurame ba su da fom ɗin rubutu na gargajiya ko na yau da kullun. Kurma da yawa ba sa ganin bukatar rubuta harshensu [85]
Hanyoyi da yawa don wakiltar harsunan kurame a rubuce an haɓaka su.
Bayanin Stokoe, wanda Dokta William Stokoe ya ƙirƙira don ƙamus ɗinsa na 1965 na Harshen Alamun Amurka, [90] shine tsarin bayyanar da sauti. An ƙera shi musamman don wakiltar amfani da hannaye, ba shi da hanyar bayyana yanayin fuska ko wasu abubuwan da ba na hannun hannu ba na harsunan kurame. Koyaya, an tsara shi don bincike, musamman a cikin ƙamus, ba don amfanin gaba ɗaya ba.
Na Hamburg Notation System (HamNoSys), wanda aka haɓaka a farkon 1990s, cikakken tsarin sauti ne, ba a tsara shi don kowane yaren kurame ɗaya ba, kuma an yi niyya azaman tsarin kwafi ga masu bincike maimakon a matsayin rubutu mai amfani.
David J. Peterson ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙirƙiri tsarin rubutun sauti don sa hannu wanda ke da abokantaka na ASCII wanda aka fi sani da Harshen)
SignWriting, wanda Valerie Sutton ta haɓaka a cikin 1974, tsari ne na wakiltar harsunan alamar ta hanyar sauti (ciki har da baki, yanayin fuska da yanayin motsi). Wani lokaci ana amfani da rubutun don cikakken bincike, takaddun harshe, da kuma buga rubutu da aiki cikin harsunan kurame.
si5s wani rubutun rubutu ne wanda galibin sauti ne. Koyaya, ƴan alamun tambari ne da/ko ra'ayi saboda bambancin yanki a cikin yarukan kurame.
ASL-phabet wani tsari ne da aka tsara da farko don ilimin yara kurame ta Dokta Sam Supalla wanda ke amfani da ƙananan tarin alamomi a cikin tsari na Handshape-Location-Movement. Ana iya rubuta alamomi da yawa (homograph).
Tsarin Rubutun Haruffa na Harsunan Alama (Sistema de escritura alfabética, SEA, ta sunan Sipaniya da gajarta), wanda masanin harshe Ángel Herrero Blanco da masu binciken kurame guda biyu, Juan José Alfaro da Inmacuada Cascales suka buga, an buga su azaman littafi a cikin 2003 [86] kuma an sanya shi cikin Harshen Kurame na Mutanen Espanya akan layi. Wannan tsarin yana yin amfani da haruffan haruffan Latin tare da ƴan yarukan yaruka don wakiltar alamar ta cikin jeri na morphemic S L C Q D F (alamar bimanual, wuri, lamba, siffar hannu, shugabanci da sigar ciki). Sakamakon kalmomin ana nufin karantawa ta hanyar sa hannu. An ƙera tsarin don dacewa da kowane yaren kurame tare da gyare-gyare kaɗan kuma a yi amfani da shi ta kowace matsakaici ba tare da kayan aiki na musamman ko software ba. Abubuwan da ba na hannu ba za a iya ɓoye su zuwa wani wuri, amma marubutan suna jayayya cewa tsarin baya buƙatar wakiltar duk abubuwan da ke cikin alamar don zama mai amfani, kamar yadda rubutun baka ba ya yin hakan. Tsarin ya ga wasu sabuntawa waɗanda aka adana a bainar jama'a a shafin wiki.[87] Cibiyar Daidaita Harshen Harshen Mutanen Espanya don daidaita Harshen Harshe ta yi amfani da SEA don rubuta duk alamun da ke cikin ƙamus.[88]
Ya zuwa yanzu, babu yarjejeniya game da rubutaccen nau'in yaren kurame. Ban da Sa hannu Rubutun, babu ɗaya da ake amfani da shi sosai. Maria Galea ya rubuta cewa SignWriting "yana zama tartsatsi, wanda ba a iya ganewa kuma ba a iya gano shi ba. Kamar yadda yake aiki da aka rubuta a ciki da kuma game da ingantaccen tsarin rubutu kamar rubutun Latin, lokaci ya isa inda SW ya yadu sosai, cewa ba zai yiwu ba a cikin kamar yadda za a jera duk ayyukan da aka yi ta amfani da wannan tsarin rubutu da kuma waɗanda aka rubuta game da wannan tsarin rubutu.” [89] A cikin 2015, Jami'ar Tarayya ta Santa Catarina ta karɓi takardar shaidar da aka rubuta cikin Harshen Alamar Brazil ta amfani da Sutton SignWriting don digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin harshe. Rubutun “Rubutun nahawu marasa Magana a cikin Jumloli a cikin LIBRAS Amfani da Tsarin Rubutun Alama” na João Paulo Ampessan ya ce “bayanin ya nuna cewa akwai bukatar yin amfani da lafuzan da ba na hannu ba a cikin rubuta harshen kurame.[90]
Alamar fahimta
gyara sasheGa mai sa hannu na asali, tsinkayen alamar yana rinjayar yadda hankali ke yin ma'anar ƙwarewar harshe na gani. Misali, siffar hannu na iya bambanta dangane da sauran alamun da aka yi kafin ko bayanta, amma ana tsara waɗannan bambance-bambancen cikin nau'ikan fahimta yayin haɓakarsa. Hankali yana gano bambance-bambancen suffar hannu amma yana rukuni iri ɗaya a cikin nau'i ɗaya.[91] Ana adana nau'ikan kayan hannu daban-daban a cikin wasu nau'ikan. Hankali ya yi watsi da wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin nau'ikan fahimta daban-daban, a lokaci guda yana adana bayanan gani a cikin kowane nau'in tsinkaye na bambancin salon hannu.
A cikin al'umma
gyara sasheLokacin da kurame suka zama ɗan ƙaramin adadin yawan jama'a, al'ummomin kurame sukan tasowa waɗanda suka bambanta da al'ummar ji da ke kewaye[92]Waɗannan al’ummomin kurame sun yaɗu sosai a duniya, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da harsunan kurame da ake amfani da su a birane da sauran al’umma, kuma al’adun da suka haɓaka suna da yawa.
Misali ɗaya na bambancin yaren kurame a cikin al'ummar Kurame shine Black ASL. An haɓaka wannan yaren kurame a cikin al'ummar Baƙar fata a matsayin bambance-bambance a lokacin rarrabuwar kawuna da wariyar launin fata a Amurka, inda aka tilasta wa ɗaliban Kurame Baƙar fata shiga makarantu daban fiye da takwarorinsu kurame.[93]
Amfani da yaren kurame a cikin al'ummomin ji
gyara sasheA wani lokaci, inda yawan kurame ya yi yawa, dukan al'ummar yankin sun yi amfani da yaren kurame, suna yin abin da wani lokaci ake kira "harshen alamar kauye" [94] ko "al'umman sa hannu na tarayya".[95]Yawanci wannan yana faruwa a cikin ƙananan, ƙaƙƙarfan al'ummomi masu haɗaka tare da rufaffiyar wurin tafki. Shahararrun misalan sun haɗa da:
Harshen Alamar Martha's Vineyard, Amurka
Harshen Alamar Al-Sayyid Bedouin, Isra'ila
Kata Kolok, Bali
Harshen Alamar Adamorobe, Ghana
Yucatec Maya Harshen Kurame, Mexico
A cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomin, kurame gabaɗaya suna da haɗin kai a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya kuma ba masu rauni a cikin al'umma ba, ta yadda zai yi wahala a yi magana game da wata al'umma ta "Kurame" dabam.[96]
Yawancin harsunan alamar Aboriginal na Australiya sun tashi a cikin mahallin haramtacciyar magana, kamar lokacin makoki da bukukuwan qaddamarwa. Su ne ko kuma sun sami ci gaba sosai a tsakanin Warlpiri, Warumungu, Dieri, Kaytetye, Arrernte, da Warlmanpa, kuma sun dogara ne akan harsunan magana daban-daban.
Harshen alamar ya taso a tsakanin kabilun Indiyawan Amurka a yankin Great Plains na Arewacin Amurka (duba Harshen Alamun Indiya na Filaye) kafin tuntuɓar Turai. An yi amfani da shi ta hanyar jin mutane don sadarwa a tsakanin kabilu masu harsuna daban-daban, da kuma kurame. Akwai musamman masu amfani a yau tsakanin Crow, Cheyenne, da Arapaho.
Har ila yau, ana amfani da yaren kurame a matsayin hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta madadin ko inganta sadarwa ta mutanen da za su iya ji amma suna da matsala ta amfani da muryoyinsu don yin magana.[97]
Daɗawa, makarantun ji da jami'o'i suna nuna sha'awar haɗa yaren kurame. A cikin Amurka, yin rajista don azuzuwan ASL (Harshen kurame na Amurka) a matsayin wani ɓangare na zaɓin ɗalibai na harshe na biyu yana ƙaruwa.[105] A New Zealand, shekara guda bayan zartar da Dokar NZSL ta 2006 a majalisa, an fitar da tsarin NZSL don makarantu don ɗaukar NZSL a matsayin zaɓi na zaɓi. An tsara manhajar karatu da kayan koyarwa don kaiwa ga matsakaitan makarantu tun daga Shekaru 7 zuwa 10, (NZ Herald, 2007).
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-SLM-1
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-2
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-3
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-4
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-5
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-6
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-7
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-8
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-bauman2008-9
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-10
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Wurtzburg_and_Campbell-11
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Nielsen_2012-12
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-13
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-14
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-15
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-16
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-17
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-18
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-19
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-20
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-21
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-22
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-23
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-24
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-25
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-:1-26
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-27
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-28
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-29
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-30
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-31
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-32
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-kee-33
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-34
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-35
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-klima-36
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-SLM-1
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-37
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-38
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-39
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-40
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Taub_2001-41
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-42
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-43
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-44
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-45
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-46
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-47
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-48
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-49
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-51
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-52
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-53
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-54
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Baker&Cokely-55
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Sutton-Spence&Woll-56
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-57
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-:2-58
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-59
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-60
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-61
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-62
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-63
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-64
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-68
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Wilcox_2004-65
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Wilcox_2000-66
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Meir_2010-67
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-69
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Wittmann,_H._1991-70
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-71
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-72
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-72
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-73
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-74
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-76
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-79
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-80
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-Brentari1998-83
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-84
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-85
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-86
- ↑ "Kwafin ajiya" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803996-9
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_the_Sociology_of_Language
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781282574960
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190707142030/http://sid.usal.es/libros/discapacidad/20740/8-7-2/diccionario-normativo-de-la-lengua-de-signos-espanola-dvd.aspx
- ↑ https://www.academia.edu/10451785
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210129185100/https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/180688/351070.pdf
- ↑ "Kwafin ajiya" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fbf03212211
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639215
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-14997-5
- ↑ http://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/deaf-discourse-the-social-construction-of-deafness-in-a-bedouin-community(eb0cb2ac-7045-40fe-8bcf-a40b2c534003).html
- ↑ https://napacenter.org/aac-autism
- ↑ https://www.mla.org/content/download/83540/2197676/2016-Enrollments-Short-Report.pdf
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language#cite_note-106