François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort
François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort (ko Dufort; 25 ga Satumba 1743 - 21 Afrilu 1801)wani janar na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance gwamna-janar na Saint-Domingue a taƙaice.Ya zo ne a lokacin da masu shukar suka kasance masu adawa da sabuwar Jamhuriyyar Faransa ta Farko tare da manufofinta na daidaito na kowa da kowa, lokacin da bayi da yawa suka bar gonaki kuma suna gwagwarmaya don samun 'yanci,kuma lokacin da Mutanen Espanya da ke makwabtaka da Santo Domingo suka yi yaƙi da su.Faransa Ya fara tawaye a birnin Cap-Français da ke arewacin kasar,kan kwamishinonin da ke wakiltar Jamhuriyar.Bayan tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin farar fata magoya bayan Galbaud da mulattoes da kuma sabbin’yantattun bayi da ke goyon bayan kwamishinonin an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira zuwa Amurka tare da da yawa daga cikin’yan tawayen da iyalansu.
 François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ga Janairu, 1793 - Oktoba 1793 ← Léger-Félicité Sonthonax - Etienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux →
21 ga Yuni, 1792 - 12 ga Augusta, 1792 | |||||
| Rayuwa | |||||
| Haihuwa | Nantes, 25 Satumba 1743 | ||||
| ƙasa | Faransa | ||||
| Mutuwa | Kairo, 21 ga Afirilu, 1801 | ||||
| Yanayin mutuwa |
Sababi na ainihi (plague (en)  ) | ||||
| Ƴan uwa | |||||
| Ahali |
César Galbaud du Fort (en) da Pierre Alphonse Julien Galbaud du Fort (en) | ||||
| Karatu | |||||
| Makaranta |
School of Applied Artillery (en) | ||||
| Harsuna | Faransanci | ||||
| Sana'a | |||||
| Sana'a | soja | ||||
| Kyaututtuka | |||||
| Aikin soja | |||||
| Fannin soja |
infantry (en) artillery (en) | ||||
| Digiri |
maréchal de camp (en) | ||||
| Ya faɗaci |
French Revolutionary Wars (en) Haitian Revolution (en) French invasion of Egypt and Syria (en) | ||||
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Shekarun farko
gyara sasheAn haifi François Thomas Galbaud du Fort a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1743 a Le Fort,Nantes .Ya yi baftisma a Notre Dame,Nantes,a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1743.Iyayensa sune François Galbaud Dufort da Agnès Dubreuil (1717-1793).[1]Mahaifinsa shi ne conseiller du roy maître ordinaire des comptes de Bretagne.Yana daya daga cikin 'ya'ya hudu maza shida mata.[2]Galbaud ya zama almajiri a makarantar manyan bindigogi a 1760,an nada shi laftanar a 1762,kyaftin a 1772.[2]Ya kasance kawai 5 feet (1.5 m) tsayi.[3]A cikin 1775 ya auri Marie-Alexis Tobin de Saint-Aubin.[1] Matarsa yar Creole ce wacce danginta suka mallaki dukiya mai yawa a Saint-Domingue.'Ya'yansu uku duk sun shiga soja.[3]
Galbaud ya yi yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.Bayan haka ya kasance a cikin sansanin soja a Strasbourg har zuwa juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789.An ba shi shawarar ga giciye na Order of Saint Louis a 1788 a kan dogon sabis,kawai ado da ya samu.Ya goyi bayan juyin juya hali,kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kulob din Jacobin na Strasbourg a cikin Janairu 1790.Daga baya ya kasance a cikin kulob din Jacobin a Metz.Lokacin da ya rasa gabatarwa a cikin bazara na 1791 ya koka da nuna bambanci saboda ra'ayinsa na juyin juya hali. [3]
Galbaud ya zama Laftanar-Kanar a 1791.Louis na 16 ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa sansanin maréchal de a 1792,matsayi na ƙarshe da sarki ya yi.A 1792 ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar Charles François Dumouriez .[2] Galbaud yayi ƙoƙari ya jagoranci sojoji 1,500 don ƙarfafa sansanin Verdun,amma ya mika wuya kafin ya isa.Duk da haka,ya dakatar da abokan gaba a wani mataki a kan Biesme ridge,kuma ya shiga yakin Valmy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1792.An aika shi don yin shawarwari tare da sojojin Prussian,kuma ya yi magana da kwamandan su Duke na Brunswick,ta hanyar asusunsa yana ba da kariya ga Faransa.[3]An lura Galbaud,kuma da yawa masu tasiri na Saint-Domingue a Paris suna tunanin zai zama gwamnan da ya dace da mulkin mallaka.[4]
An nada Galbaud Gwamna Janar na Tsibirin Windward,sannan a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1793 aka canza wannan zuwa Gwamna Janar na Saint-Domingue a madadin Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes . Mahaifiyarsa,wadda ta mallaki dukiya a Saint-Domingue, ta mutu bayan ƴan kwanaki,kuma Galbaud abokin gādo ne.A karkashin dokar Afrilu 4th,1792 wannan ya hana Galbaud zama gwamna.Ya sanar da Ministan Sojojin ruwa matsalar, amma da bai samu amsa ba sai ya bar Brest a farkon watan Afrilu a kan jirgin ruwan Concorde ya isa Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien) a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1793.[4]
Saint-Domingue
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Saint-Domingue ya kasance cikin tashin hankali a wannan lokacin,tun lokacin da fararen fata suka kasance masu adawa da kwamishinonin farar hula Léger-Félicité Sonthonax da Étienne Polverel.Wasu daga cikin turawan sun so a maido da sarautar.A halin yanzu,bayi a cikin gida sun yi tawaye.Janar Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Cap-Français a arewa.[4]Ya kamata Galbaud ya jira a tabbatar da shi a matsayin gwamna da kwamishinonin farar hula,waɗanda ke Port-au-Prince.A maimakon haka sai ya yi rantsuwar mulki a ranar da ya zo ya yi jawabin da ya yi kamar ya shaida wa Turawan mulkin mallaka cewa za su iya dogaro da goyon bayansa.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1793 ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Polvérel da Sonthonax yana sanar da zuwansa,amma bai tura sako daga gwamnatin da ta ba su umarnin yaƙi da Spain da Biritaniya ba.[4]
Kwamishinonin sun isa Cap-Français a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1793,inda mutane masu launi suka yi maraba da su amma sun sami liyafar sanyi daga fararen fata.Sun ji cewa Galbaud yana abokantaka ne da bangaren da ke adawa da hukumar,kuma ba su da niyyar yin biyayya ga kwamishinonin.[4] Dangantaka tsakanin Galbaud da kwamishinonin ta yi tsami sosai tun daga farko.Galbaud ba zai yarda da"'yan ƙasa na 4 ga Afrilu" [lower-alpha 1] cikin tawagarsa ba, ko kuma ya sa "dukkan ƙwaraƙwaran garin zama daidai da matarsa." [6] Polvérel da Sonthonax sun nemi Galbaud ya yi murabus,kuma lokacin da ya ƙi,suka kore shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1793.Kwamishinonin sun yi hira da Galbaud,wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai bi umarninsu ba kuma zai iya nuna cewa an yafe masa cikas na mallakar kadarorinsa.[4] A ranar 13 ga Yuni 1793 Polvérel da Sonthonax sun yi shelar cewa sun kori Galbaud kuma sun umarce shi da ya hau kan Normande,ya tashi zuwa Faransa kuma ya ba da labarin halinsa ga Babban Taron Kasa.[4]An adana doguwar wasiƙar da Galbaud ya rubuta wa taron ƙasa daga kurkuku yana nuna rashin amincewa da kama shi.[7]Kwamishinonin sun gudanar da fete a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1793 wanda suka gayyaci mata masu yawa masu kyauta,ko dai sun auri maza masu launi ko fararen fata.[8]
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun tada ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Cap-Français kan kwamishinonin.[4]A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yi shelar cewa yana ci gaba da aiki kuma ya yi kira da a taimaka wajen korar kwamishinonin farar hula.Ya sauka a karfe 3:30 na yamma a kan shugaban mazaje 3,000,wadanda ba su gamu da turjiya ba da farko.[4]Kanar Antoine Chanlatte ya dauki kwamandan sojojin fararen fata da masu launin da suka zo taimakon kwamishinonin.Jean-Baptiste Belley,baƙar fata mai’yanci wanda daga baya ya zama memba na taron ƙasa ya taimaka masa.An yi gumurzu a kan titi,inda magoya bayan kwamishinonin,duk da cewa sun fi yawa,sun yi galaba a kansu,suka kama dan'uwan Galbaud da wasu hafsoshin ruwa da dama.[4]> Gobara ta tashi a garin.[9]Galbaud ya yi ritaya tare da ƙarfinsa zuwa jiragen ruwa,amma ya sake sauka da asuba a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 kuma ya kama arsenal daga masu kare launin fata.[4]
Kwamishinonin da maza masu launin fata sun ja da baya zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan wurin Haut-du-Cap.[4] Ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da sauran turawa suka fara washe garin, suna watsi da umarnin Galbaud.An hada su da wasu‘yan ta’addan bakaken fata dari da dama wadanda kwamishinonin sun‘yantar da su amma ba su da makamai,kuma suka shiga cikin halaka tare da bayin da ke garin.[4]Baƙar fata da aka 'yantar da bayin birni,waɗanda Pierrot,Macaya da Goa suka jagoranta,sun fahimci cewa kwamishinoni suna gefensu. Ɗalibai suka jagorance su suka far wa ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da farar fata da suka tare su. Bayan gwagwarmayar tashin hankali turawan suka firgita suka koma cikin jiragen ruwa,ciki har da Galbaud,amma sun ci gaba da kula da makaman.[4]
Kwamishinonin sun sami kansu a cikin tsaka mai wuya,tun da sun dogara da goyon bayan ’yan tada kayar baya,kuma Mutanen Espanya suna ba da kyauta mai ban sha'awa na 'yantar da su idan bayin suka zo wurinsu.[4]A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 sun yi shelar cewa duk baƙar fata da za su yi yaƙi da su Spain da sauran abokan gaba za a ba su 'yancinsu.[4][lower-alpha 2] Wannan manufar ta sake farfado da dokar da sarki ya bayar a shekara ta 1784 amma ba a aiwatar da hakan ba saboda juriya daga masu shukar.[11]Sanarwar 21 ga Yuni ta zama sauyi a cikin gwagwarmaya,kuma a cikin faɗuwar motsi don 'yantar da bayi.[6]A cikin majalisar yaki a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yanke shawarar lalata bindigogin dukkanin batura da za su iya cutar da jiragen ruwa,ta haka ne ya lalata garkuwar birnin da turawa.Daga nan aka yanke shawarar cewa dukkan jiragen za su tashi zuwa Amurka,kuma daga nan zuwa Faransa.[4]
'Yan ta'addan da aka 'yantar sun bi sahun sojojin farar fata da na mulatto masu biyayya ga kwamishinonin tare da fatattaki ma'aikatan ruwa daga cikin makamai da kuma birnin a ranakun 22-23 ga watan Yuni.[4]Yawancin Cap Francais an kona su a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1793.Galbaud ya gudu zuwa Baltimore a cikin jerin jiragen ruwa 120 dauke da 'yan gudun hijira 10,000.[8]Jirgin ya tashi zuwa Amurka a ranar 24-25 ga Yuni.A wannan dare Rear Admiral Joseph de Cambis ya sake samun iko a kan ma'aikatan jirgin Jupiter,inda Galbaud ya fake,kuma ya kama Galbaud.Duk da haka,jim kaɗan bayan isa Amurka Galbaud ya sami nasarar sa ma'aikatan su sake yin tawaye ga Cambis,wanda dole ne ya bar jirgin ya fake a ofishin jakadancin Faransa.[4]Kwamishinonin farar hula sun koma Cap-Français a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1793,inda suka cire jami'ai marasa aminci daga ofis kuma suka maye gurbinsu da amintattun maza.[4]A ranar 10 ga Yuli 1793 sun rubuta wa Babban Taron Kasa suna kwatanta abin da ya faru,da kuma yadda Galbaud ya bar lardin arewa ba tare da kariya ba.[4]An zarge Gilbaud da 'yan uwansa "masu tayar da hankali" da haɗa kansu "a lokacin mulkin tarayya, tare da dukan 'yan mulkin mallaka,ko 'yan kasuwa na sarakuna da sarakuna,a cikin manyan biranen kasuwancin mu."[6]A ranar 29 ga Agusta da 31 ga Oktoba 1793 Sonthonax da Polverel sun ba da umarni waɗanda suka 'yantar da duk bayi a lardunan arewa da kudanci bi da bi.[11]
Daga baya aiki
gyara sasheLokacin da Galbaud ya isa birnin Paris a cikin bazara na 1794,nan take aka jefa shi cikin kurkukun Abbaye bisa zarginsa da zama dan sarauta.Matarsa ta yi aiki don a sake shi,kuma an yi masa afuwa bayan wata takwas.[3]Ba zai iya komawa soja ba,amma ya sami aiki a ofishin Kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a.Wata daya bayan juyin mulkin Napoleon na Nuwamba 1799 ya koma soja, kuma aka tura shi Masar, inda ya kasance tare da matarsa. [3] Ya isa Masar a shekara ta 1800 tare da mukamin birgediya-janar.[2]Galbaud ya mutu da annoba a cikin 1801 a Alkahira,Masar.[3]
Bayanan kula
gyara sashe- ↑ The decree of 4 April 1792 declared a state of emergency in Saint-Domingue and granted all free people in the colony full political rights, whatever the status of their parents.[5]
- ↑ Other sources give the date of the momentous proclamation giving freedom to slaves who fought for the Republic as 20 June 1793.[10]
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vendée Militaire.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 S.N.-T. 1875.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Popkin 2010.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 Ardouin 1853.
- ↑ Ghachem 2012, p. 252.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Geggus & Fiering 2009.
- ↑ Galbaud-Dufort 1793.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Clark 2013.
- ↑ Ghachem 2012.
- ↑ Ghachem 2012, p. 256.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Powell 2008.