English: World map of all of the areas that were once ruled by the Ottoman Empire
List of sources
Oman
“1552 Ottoman fleet under command of Piri Reis attacks Muscat and captures the town and the forts before departing.”
Historical Muscat: An Illustrated Guide and GazetteerJohn PetersonBRILL, 2007
“However, before they could act, the Ottomans captured Muscat”
Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf PoliticsMehran KamravaRoutledge, 31 May 2020
“In 1659 the Ottoman Empire took possession.”
The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: A to GSaul Bernard Cohen, Saul CohenColumbia University Press, 2008
“1659 , when the Ottoman Empire replaced it as a leading regional force . The Turks ruled Oman until 1741.”
A Historical Atlas of OmanMichael IssacThe Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 15 Dec 2003
Ukraine, Podolia, Cossack Hetmanate
“The Ottomans continued to recognize some use for the Cossack vassal state and appointed Iurii Khmelnytsky as hetman”
The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth CenturiesGábor Kármán, Lovro KunčevićBRILL, 20 Jun 2013
“Finally, after defeating Poland in 1672, the Ottomans annexed a huge swath of territory in Right Bank Ukraine (Podolia, Bratslav, and southern Kiev palatinates). Meanwhile, Doroshenko scrambled wildly, changing his allegiance several times among Poland, the Ottoman Empire”
A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its PeoplesPaul R. MagocsiUniversity of Toronto Press, 1 Jan 2010
Maps
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Morocco, Wattasid Sultanate
“while Muhammad al-Shaykh resumed the struggle against the Wattasid. The latter thereupon sought aid from the Turks, who were by now firmly established in Algiers, and declared himself a vassal of the Ottoman Sultan.”
The Muslim World: The last great Muslim empiresBertold SpulerE. J. Brill, 1969
“the Wattasid ruler, Abu Hasun, sent a message of submission to the far-off sultan of the Ottoman Empire”
Ahmad Al-Mansur: Islamic VisionaryRichard Lee SmithPearson Longman, 2006
“Ali Abu Hassun then ruled on behalf of Ahmad’s young son Nasir al-Qasiri and formally acknowledged the Ottoman sultan’s authority”
A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic PeriodJamil M. Abun-NasrCambridge University Press, 20 Aug 1987
“And such “vassal” status has been attributed to both Muslim and Christian polities-Fez (Morocco)”
The Appearance of Vassal States and “Suzerainty” in the Ottoman Empire:The Case of Wallachia and Moldavia - Mayuzumi Akitsu
Morocco, Saadi Sultanate
“Abdallah el - Ghalib se soit vu contraint de payer durant son règne , au Grand Seigneur , un tribut de vassalité annuel , reconnaissant de ce fait l ' influence prédominante de l ' Empire ottoman sur l ' ensemble du Maghreb”
La bataille de l'Oued el-Makhâzen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 aout 1578)Pierre BerthierEditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique
“His two-year reign was understood by all to be a period of de facto Moroccan vassalage to Istanbul”
Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim OrientVincent BarlettaUniversity of Chicago Press
“Abd al-Malik, vassal des Turcs, controle Fès”
Langues et littératures, Volume 1Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines
“Ramadan Pasha, arrived at the province of Fas [Fez, northern Morocco), the conquest of which was made easy, thanks to God's help. The previous ruler of Fâs, [Abu] "Abd [Allah al-Mutawakkil) fled as far as the city of Merrankush
[Marrakesh]. The conquest of the latter was made easy as well”
هيسبريس تمودا, Volume 29, Issue 1Editions techniques nord-africaines
“LIASSEN TURKIJE. - Intermittent relations of vassalage existing between the Cherifs and the Grand Seigneur”
Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc de 1530 à 1845: Sér. Dynastie Saadienne, 1530-1660.E. Leroux,
“The twenty-five years of reign of Al-Mansûr the Victorious (1578-1603) constitute a parenthesis of peace, stability and prosperity during which the Sultan
succeeded in containing and then withdrawing Morocco from Turkish vassalage, while following with realism a policy of alliance with Catholic Spain.”
Salé et ses corsaires, 1666-1727: un port de course marocain au XVIIe siècleLeïla MazianePresses universitaires de Caen
Maps
African states in the 15th – 17th centuriesDiercke International Atlas
Attila Sendromu: Batı Hıristiyanlığının ŞuurötesiBy Fevzi Samuk
Adal Sultanate
“In return, Ahmed Grañ agreed to formally recognise Ottoman suzerainty, pay 100,000 okkas of gold annually to the Ottoman governor”
The Ottoman Age of ExplorationGiancarlo CasaleOxford University Press, 25 Feb 2010
Swahili coast
“fleets under Mir Ali Bey were easily able to force most of the coastal cities between Mogadishu and Kilwa to accept Ottoman suzerainty”
War in the World: A Comparative History, 1450-1600Jeremy BlackMacmillan International Higher Education, 28 Sept 2011
“succeeded in establishing Ottoman suzerainty on the East African coast from Mogadishu down to Mombasa”
Revisiting Hormuz: Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern PeriodDejanirah Couto, Rui Manuel Loureiro, Rui LoureiroOtto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008
“of Mir 'Ali Bey, who persuaded most of the cities of the Swahili coast between Mogadishu and Kilwa to recognize Ottoman supremacy”
The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic HistorySanjay SubrahmanyamJohn Wiley & Sons, 7 Mar 2012
Eritrea, Djibouti, Red Sea coast
“The largely coastal territory west of the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan, came under Turkish imperial rule following the conquests of Suleiman I”
The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of EmpireRaymond JonasHarvard University Press,
“extended from the southern border of Egypt all the way to the Horn of Africa, encompassing most of present-day Sudan, Djibouti on the horn of Africa, and coastal Ethiopia”
Daily Life in the Ottoman EmpireMehrdad KiaABC-CLIO, 17 Aug 2011
“After 1557 the coastal plain of Eritrea became part of the expanding Ottoman Empire”
Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive StateMartin PlautOxford University Press, 1 Feb 2017
Libyan desert and northern Chad and Niger
“Chadic state continued to exercise some authority over Fezzan until 1574 when the Ottoman Turks invaded Fezzan and occupied the oasis”
Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and FrenchDierk LangeJ.H.Röll Verlag, 2004
“the extension of Turkish control to Ghat , Murzuq and Ghadames in the mid sixteenth century”
The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony OliverCambridge University Press
“In the 1870s , the Ottoman Turks succeeded in extending their influence even into the deep interior of the continent , to Tibesti and the region of Chad”
Asian and African Studies, Volumes 24-25Slovenská akadémia vied. Kabinet orientalistiky, Ústav orientalistiky (Slovenská akadémia vied)Vydavatel̕stvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, 1991
“Small Ottoman garrisons had been established at oases such as Bardaï, Tibesti, Aïn Galakka and Borkou, but they were steadily withdrawn following the Italian invasion.”
A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911-1912Charles StephensonTattered Flag,
“Since 1901, Ottoman military detachments had been sent periodically to Tibesti and Kawār, as part of Ottoman assertions of sovereignty in the central Sahara”
The Value of Disorder: Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian SaharaJulien Brachet, Judith ScheeleCambridge University
“District administrators were sent by the Porte and three districts (kaza) were
established: Resade and Tibesti (in contemporary Chad) in 1880 and 1884,
and the district of Kawar”
Turkey in Africa: A New Emerging Power?Elem Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, Ali Onur TepeciklioğluRoutledge
“The Ottomans set , in 1911 , regular armies into Borku and established a qaimmaqam at Kufra”
Sanūsīyah: A Study of a Revivalist Movement in IslamNicola A. ZiadehBrill Archive
“Simultaneously, in the north, the scattered Turkish outposts in Tibesti and Borkou (frequently including only the Toubou fighting under the Ottoman flag) also contested the entry of French authority into the region.”
Historical Dictionary of ChadMario J. Azevedo, Samuel DecaloRowman & Littlefield]
“Par exemple au Borkou, on note la présence de l'empire turc jusqu'en 1912”
Le contrôle des armes à feu en Afrique occidentale française, 1834-1958Sokhna SanéKARTHALA Editions
Algerian desert
“The country south of In Salah was more troubled than it had been in years. The Ottoman Dey of Algiers, the nominal ruler of the area”
Sands of Death: An Epic Tale Of Massacre And Survival In The SaharaMichael AsherHachette UK
“Avant 1830, les Touatiens payaient l’impot au dey d’Alger”
Mémoires de la Société Bourguignonne de Géographie et d'Histoire, Volumes 11-12By Societé Bourguignonne de Géographie et d'Histoire, Dijon
Maps
History map of Europe in 1810:The French Empire (1804-1814) and dependent States.
University of Texas at Austin. From The Public Schools Historical Atlas edited by C. Colbeck
Qatar
“The Al Thanis allied themselves to the Ottomans, who were then expanding their role in the Gulf, as a counterweight to Britain. In 1871, the Al Thanis used the support provided by this alliance to seize power over most of Qatar. They recognized Ottoman suzerainty in 1872”
Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, And The Uae: Challenges Of SecurityAnthony H CordesmanRoutledge,
Arabia
“in May 1914 Ibn Saud finally signed a treaty that formalized his status as a Turkish vassal”
Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for SecurityNadav SafranCornell University Press
“Formally, the rival Emirates of Nejd and Jabal Shammar, jointly controlling the northern interior, were vassals of the Ottoman Empire”
The Sunset of Tradition and the Origin of the Great WarAlexander WolfhezeCambridge Scholars Publishing
“against aggression by a Turkish vassal state , such as Jabal Shammar”
British Relations with Ibn Saud of Najd, 1914-1919Daniel Nolan SilverfarbUniversity of Wisconsin--Madison
“For example, during the Ottoman invasion of Najd in 1838, which ended with the appointment of a vassal emir”
The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi ArabiaNabil MoulineYale University Press
“Najd was incorporated as an administrative district of the Vilayet of Basra”
Cambridge Anthropology: A Journal of the Department of Social Anthropology, Cambridge University, Volume 12Department of Social Anthropology, Cambridge University
“Arabia remained unsettled until the beginning of the 16th century , when the whole peninsula came under the nominal rule of the Ottoman Sultans”
The Middle East and North Africa 2003By Eur
“The entire Arabian Peninsula was regarded as Ottoman imperial territory”
Mubarak Al-Sabah: Founder of Modern Kuwait 1896-1915B. SlotArabian, 2005
“At the beginning of the 16th century the whole peninsula came nominally under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan”
The Read Sea and the Gulf of AdenRuth LapidothMartinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1982
“The whole of the Arabian Peninsula became part of Turkey's Ottoman Empire in the 16h century”
Indian Trade Journal, Volume 402, Issues 10-13Department of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics., 2007
Maps
Turcici Imperii Descriptio, Antwerp c. 1570ORTELIUS, Abraham
Turcici Imperii Imago, Amsterdam c. 1606HONDIUS, Jodocus
The Turkish Empire, London c. 1627SPEED, John
Africa c.1830
Ottoman Empire 1914
Territory in Iran
“In October 1727 , however , Ashraf contrived to conclude a treaty with the Porte * ; in which was stipulated the cession , by Persia , of the cities of Zanjan , Sultaniyah , Abher , and Teheran ; and the restoration of Khoïstan”
The Dynasty of the KajarsʻAbd al-Razzāq ibn Najaf Qulī Maftūn DunbalīJ. Bohn,
“By the terms of the peace made by Ashraf with the Ottomans in 1140/1727 Kirmānshāh , Hamadān , Sanandadi , Ardalan and Nihāwand and various other places were allocated in perpetuity to Turkey”
The Encyclopaedia of IslamBrill Archive
“signed at Hamadan in 1727, whereby Persia abandoned to Turkey a large part of her western provinces and the Caucasus”
Essays in Political GeographyCharles A. FisherRoutledge
Khoqand Khanate
“Yakub Bey established a rather modern state in East Turkestan in the 1870's and shortly thereafter accepted the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan-Caliph Abdulaziz. The vow of alle-giance was renewed after Abdulhamid II came to the throne in 1876. As a consequence of his act of submission Yakub Bey read the Friday khutba and minted coins in the name of the sultan.”
Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Volume 32Mouton
“Kashgaria acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire”
YAKUB BEG (1820-1877) AND THE MOSLEM REBELLION IN CHINESE TURKESTANTSING YUANCentral Asiatic JournalVol. 6, No. 2 (June 1961), pp. 134-167 (34 pages)Published By: Harrassowitz Verlag
“Henceforth , Kashgaria acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire . Yakub Beg , in coining his silver tungas , stamped his name on one side and the Sultan's on the other . Moreover , the Ottoman flag became the standard of his”
Central Asiatic Journal, Volume 6O. Harrassowitz
“Until the early 1880s, Kashgar was technically under Ottoman suzerainty”
The Subjects of Ottoman International LawLâle Can, Michael Christopher Low, Kent F. Schull, Robert ZensIndiana University Press
Aceh Sultanate
“The Aceh letter insisted that the sixteenth-century acceptance of Turkish suzerainty (Chapter 5) was still valid”
A History of Southeast Asia: Critical CrossroadsAnthony ReidJohn Wiley & Sons
“He and his Turkish sympathizers located in the Turkish archives evidence of Ottoman suzerainty over Aceh from both the sixteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries”
Aceh: History, Politics and CultureArndt Graf, Susanne Schroter, Edwin WieringaInstitute of Southeast Asian Studies
“Aceh had recognized Turkish suzerainty in those days and had sent a mission to Turkey.”
Sumatran Sultanate and Colonial State: Jambi and the Rise of Dutch Imperialism, 1830–1907Elsbeth Locher-Scholten
Egyptian territories (Bugunda, Wadai, Darfur etc)
“M'tesa , at my request , called Ide to him and addressed a letter to the Khedive in which he acknowledged himself a Vassal of Egypt , asking at the same time protection and the means and aid necessary”
The Uganda JournalUganda Society
“Museta is supposed to have acknowledged himself as a vassal of Egypt”
Asian and African StudiesJerusalem Academic Press
“Before he departed from Buganda in 1874 , Long claimed that he had got Muteesa to sign a treaty which ceded the entire head waters of the Nile including the Kingdom of Buganda to Egypt”
Muteesa of UgandaM. S. M. Semakula KiwanukaEast African Literature Bureau
“At the same time that Zubayr had won Bahr al - Ghazal and Darfur for the Egyptian Sudan , the Wadai submitted spontaneously to Khedive Ismaïl”
The Last Khedive of Egypt: Memoirs of Abbas Hilmi IIAbbas Hilmi II, II, ʻAbbās II (Khedive of Egypt), Abbas II (Khedive of Egypt), Ägypten ʿAbbās II. (Khedive)Ithaca Press
“CONQUEST OF DARFUR , 1874 . During the year 1874 an important addition was made to the Egyptian possessions in the shape of the province of Darfur”
The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government, Volume 1Lord Edward Gleichen
“the Wadai sultan , Ali Mohammed Sharif , with a delegation to negotiate his submission to the Khedive”
The Nile in Darkness: A flawed unity, 1863-1899John O. UdalM. Russell
Maps
Guyot's New Intermediate Geography (New York, New York: Ivison, Blakeman & Company, 1882) 86
Atlas Of Drioux and Leroy from 1883
Handy Atlas of the World (New York, New York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Co., 1883) 2
Africaby Johnston, Alexander Keith, 1804-1871; Keane, A. H. (Augustus Henry), 1833-1912 
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