Elizabeth da Mary Kirby
Elizabeth Kirby(1823–1873)da Mary Kirby(daga baya Mary Gregg,1817–1893) marubutan Ingilishi ne masu nasara da masu kwatanta littattafai na yara da littattafai kan kimiyyar halitta.An san Mary Kirby musamman don jagorantar taron Flora na Leicestershire da Elizabeth don littattafan 'ya'yanta.Dukansu biyu suna da haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce na rayuwa wanda ya haɓaka kimiyya.Ana tsammanin Maryamu ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara buga wani binciken kimiyya na flora na gundumarta a karni na sha tara.
 Elizabeth da Mary Kirby | |
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sibling duo (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Suna a Kana | エリザベス・キルビー da エリザベス・カービー |
Rayuwa
gyara sasheMaryamu da Elizabeth Kirby 'yan'uwa biyu ne na dangi masu wadata a wasu lokuta waɗanda aka girma a Leicester.Lokacin girma,Maryamu da Elizabeth sun halarci Coci da makaranta akai-akai;dukkansu sun yi ilimi sosai.[1]Maryamu musamman tana da ilimin harsuna kuma ta yi amfani da laccoci a cibiyar makanikai,inda abokiyar dangi ta kasance shugaba. Botany yana ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka zama ruwan dare gama gari ga mata masu shekaru daban-daban don koyo a lokacin.Maryamu ta ci gaba da sha'awar batun ilimin halittu da wuri ta hanyar ba da lokaci daga gida a Ramsgate tattara samfurori.[1]Maryamu ita ce ɗa na biyu na mahaifinta kuma ta girmi 'yar uwarta, Alisabatu shekaru shida. [1]Yayin da suke cikin samartaka, mahaifiyarsu mara aiki Sarah Bentley ta rasu.Ita ce matar mahaifinsu ta biyu. Mahaifinsu,Yohanna mutum ne na ruhaniya wanda ke da sana’ar sha’awa. Lokacin da John Kirby ya mutu a 1848 ya bar su ba tare da samun kudin shiga ba. Don wucewa,sun sami damar zama a wani gida na kusa mallakar dangi yayin da suke aiki don tallafawa kansu na kuɗi.[2] Duk da haka ya bar wata jarida da Maryamu ta ci gaba da kuma kadarorinsa wanda a ƙarshe ya ba da fam dubu biyar. [3]
A cikin 1848 Maryamu ta buga daftarin farko na Flora na Leicestershire wanda ta ƙirƙira tare da gagarumin taimako daga Andrew Bloxam[4]da 'yar uwarta waɗanda suka ƙara goyan bayan bayanan botanical.Littafin ya kasance cikin wayo da jama'a suka samo asali a cikin 1848 yayin da kowane shafi ya bar komai.[5] Shirin,wanda ya yi nasara,shine a nemi masu siyan da wuri su yi rubutu akan shafukan da ba kowa ba.[5]Wannan ya ba da babban binciken a cikin 1850 zuwa Lissafin nau'ikan 939 wanda littafin ya yaba da littafin da ke jagorancin Sir William Hooker.Irin wannan ci gaban ya kasance ba a saba gani ba daga mata a lokacin,amma ba a ji ba.Misali,Katherine Sophia Baily ta Ireland“...ita ce mace ta farko da aka shigar da ita cikin kungiyar Botanical Society of Edinburgh jim kadan bayan kafuwarta a shekara ta 1836,kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta hada tsiro (wanda ta wuce Mary Kirby ta 1850 Flora na Leicestershire)."[6]Ana tunanin Maryamu ita kaɗai ce mace a ƙarni na goma sha tara da ta rubuta littafi game da flora na gundumarta.
Ba tare da samun dogon lokaci ba burin ’yan’uwan ya koma zama kwararrun marubuta.Samun nasara,sun zama masu dogaro da kansu ta hanyar kuɗi. Maryamu ta lura cewa 'yancin kai na kuɗi da aka samu daga aikinsu shine"...mafi daɗi kuma mafi kyawun kowane. ."[1]
An bai wa ’yan’uwa mata dama a farkon sana’arsu wanda yawancin mata masu sha’awar wannan fanni ba su samu ba. Jarrold da Sons,mawallafin The Observing Eye,sun nemi taimakon 'yan'uwa mata da jerin.Sama da shekaru 25 'yan'uwa mata sun ƙirƙira aƙalla littattafai 24 ciki har da adadin da ya haɓaka kimiyya. Ta hanyar cire rarrabuwar ilimin kimiyya sun nemi sha'awar masu karatu na yau da kullun cikin abubuwan al'ajabi na yanayi. Littattafai irin na ’yan’uwan Kirby sun zama mataimaka ga iyaye mata da ke koyar da ’ya’yansu gabatarwar ilimin kiwo a cikin gida.Sun kuma rubuta labarai don mujallu,littattafan makaranta, almara da jagororin kimiyyar halitta waɗanda ke cike da misalai.Hotunan gani sun tabbatar da kasancewa hanya mai inganci ta sa kimiyya ta zama mai sauƙi da shahara kuma amfani da shi a cikin kayan kimiyya galibi marubuta mata ne suka aiwatar da su kamar 'yan'uwan Kirby.Abokan takwarorinsu maza sun yi amfani da zane-zane a ƙasa akai-akai a cikin aikin da aka ba da rahoton don ci gaba da aiki mafi girma.[7]Wani salon shahara da suka yi amfani da shi shine labarin mutum na farko.Ta hanyar samar wa masu sauraronsu cikakkun bayanai da hotuna sun"tasar da"mai karatu zuwa saitin da ba zai iya isa ba.A cikin al'ummar kimiyya, an sami raguwa tsakanin membobin da aka yi niyya ga ƙwararrun takwarorinsu da waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin masu shahara.An misalta wannan ta hanyar hulɗar da Mary Kirby ta ba da labari tare da masanin ilimin kimiyya John Lindley . Shi,kamar yawancin takwarorinsa a fannin ilimin kimiyya, bai"...ƙarfafa kowane aiki ba,sai dai kamar nasa,na nau'in kimiyya mafi girma."[8]
Gadon su da abin da suke samu ya ba su damar siyan"rai"na cocin Brooksby ga Reverend Henry Gregg wanda Maryamu ta yi aure a 1860.Har zuwa wannan lokacin 'yan'uwa mata suna zaune a Norfolk inda suka buga Plants of Land and Water a cikin 1857.Bayan auren Maryamu mutanen uku sun zauna tare a Melton Mowbray a Leicestershire.Daga manufarsu ta gina gida mai suna Shida Elms sun yi aiki ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a ƙarƙashin sunayen haɗin gwiwa ko kuma wani lokaci Elizabeth ta buga nata littattafan.Elizabeth ta mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar kwayan cuta a watan Yuni 1873 a Leicestershire. [2]
A shekara mai zuwa, walƙiya ta faɗo kan steeple a cocin Brooksby kuma Maryamu da mijinta sun shawo kan wannan matsala.An ce yajin aikin na farko ya dauki“cizo”daga tudun mun tsira amma a karshe tsarin ya ruguje.Ba tare da la'akari da lalacewa ba,Gregg ya shirya gyare-gyare na wucin gadi yayin da ayyuka suka ci gaba a layi daya.[9]RWJohnson ya sake dawo da cocin ta 1874.
Reverend Gregg ya mutu a shekara ta 1881 kuma Maryamu ta sake nazarin kuɗinta.Maryamu ta mutu a shekara ta 1893 bayan ta kammala tarihin rayuwarta. An binne ta a cikin kabari ɗaya da abokin aurenta da abokin aikinta na rubutu a cocin Brooksby.Maryamu ta bar kuɗinta ga wata 'yar'uwa da ta tsira.[2]
Littattafai sun haɗa da
gyara sashe- Yara da ba su da daɗi, da kuma yadda aka warkar da su, 1855
- Tsire-tsire na Ƙasa da Ruwa, 1857
- Caterpillars, Butterflies, da Moths, 1860
- Abubuwan da ke cikin daji, 1861
- Teku da abubuwan al'ajabi, 1871
- Kyawawan tsuntsaye a kasashe masu nisa; gidajensu da gidajensu, 1872
- Babi a kan Bishiyoyi, 1873; daga baya bugu mai suna Talks about Bishiyoyi
- Zane-zane na Rayuwar Insect, 1874
- Hummingbirds, 1874
- Aunty Martha's Corner Cupboard ko Labarun Shayi, Kofi, Sugar, Shinkafa, Da dai sauransu, 1875
- Tsuntsaye na Gay Plumage: Tsuntsaye na Aljanna da sauransu, 1875
- Takalmi daga Rayuwata, Mary Kirby, 1888 [10]
Nassoshi
gyara sashe- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Shteir, Ann B. "Kirby [married name Gregg], Mary (1817–1893), writer on natural history." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 12. Oxford University Press. Date of access 10 Mar. 2022:
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ann B. Shteir, 'Kirby, Mary (1817–1893)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 15 Sept 2014
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Kirby 1850
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:1 - ↑ Leaflets from my Life, Mary Kirby, pp. 234–240, retrieved 15 September 2014
- ↑ Leaflets from my Life, Mary Kirby, pp. 234–240, retrieved 15 September 2014