Cinikin fitar da hayaki na koriya ta kudu (KETS)

Tsarin ciniki na fitar da hayaki na Koriya ta Kudu (KETS) shi ne na biyu mafi girma a ma'auni bayan tsarin cinikin hayaki na Tarayyar Turai kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, shekarata 2015. Koriya ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta biyu a Asiya da ta fara kasuwancin carbon a fadin kasar bayan Kazakhstan.[1][2] Biye da alƙawarin ƙasar da aka yi a yarjejeniyar Copenhagen na shekarar 2009, gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na da niyyar rage hayakin da take fitarwa da kashi 30 cikin ɗari ƙasa da kasuwancinta kamar yadda aka saba a shekara ta 2020. Sun yi amfani da tsarin kasuwanci a hukumance kuma aikin ya shafi kamfanoni sama da 525 waɗanda ke da alhakin kusan kashi 68% na kayan aikin GHG na ƙasar. An raba aikin zuwa lokuta uku. Matakin farko da na biyu ya ƙunshi shekaru 3 kowanne, shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 da 2018 zuwa 2020. Lokaci na ƙarshe zai bazu cikin shekaru 5 masu zuwa daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2025.

Cinikin fitar da hayaki na koriya ta kudu (KETS)
ETS-allowance-prices
Carbon emissions by region

Tsarin kayyade-da-ciniki kayan aiki ne na farashin carbon wanda kasashe da dama suka daidaita don rage hayakin iskar gas ta hanyar kasuwa. Ya ƙunshi kasuwa da aka buɗe don yin ciniki na izinin ciniki, Kuma wanda ke ba da damar kasuwanci ko ƙasashe su fitar da adadin iskar iskar gas. Gwamnati ce ta kafa ma'auni wanda ke bayyana matsakaicin matakin jimillar hayaki da aka halatta a cikin wani takamaiman lokaci. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta sanya iyakar fitar da hayaki na shekarar farko ta fara aiwatarwa (2015) a matsayin 573 MtCO2e.

Babban makasudin KETS shine sanya Koriya ta Kudu a sahun gaba a kokarin duniya na rage fitar da hayaki na GHG da bunkasa kasuwarta a fannin makamashi mai tsafta. Kuma A matsayinta na daya daga cikin manyan kasashe 10 da suka fi bayar da gudunmowa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a duniya, kuma kasar da ke da mafi girman ci gaban hayakin GHG, wayar da kan Koriya ta Kudu game da sawun carbon din ta ya karu tsawon shekaru. Kasar ta kara samun saukin kamuwa da sauyin yanayi yayin da matsakaicin zafin jiki ya karu da maki 1.5 a ma’aunin celcius wanda ke haddasa bala’o’i akai-akai. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na da niyyar rage dogaro da makamashin mai da ake shigowa da ita wanda ya kai kusan kashi 97% na makamashin da take amfani da shi. A karshe, ta hanyar aiwatar da tsarin ciniki da fitar da hayaki,sannan gwamnati na da burin bunkasa masana'antunta na kore da kuma kara yawan kasonta a kasuwannin makamashi mai tsafta a duniya.

Ƙoƙarin gwamnati na daidaita tsarin makamashin da bai dace da muhalli ya fara ba tun daga shekarata 1990s. Sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya a shekarar 2008 ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da dogaro da makamashi a kasar wanda ya kai ga yakin neman zaben Green Growth Agenda karkashin gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasar Lee Myung-Bak. Wannan ajanda ya mayar da hankali ne kan ginshiƙai guda uku: wadatar makamashi, haɓakar tattalin arziki da kare muhalli. A shekara ta 2009 kasashe mambobi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun fara taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Copenhagen inda Koriya ta Kudu ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin da take fitarwa da kashi 30% na kasuwancinta kamar yadda ta saba.

Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen

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A cikin shekarata 2009 mambobi sun fara a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) kuma suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Copenhagen. Koriya ta Kudu ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin da take fitarwa da kashi 30% na kasuwancinta kamar yadda ta saba a shekarar 2020. Akwai manyan dalilai guda biyu a bayan wannan sadaukarwar ta son rai. A matakin cikin gida, tsohon shugaban kasar Lee Myung-bak ya yi alkawarin bunkasa kashi 7% na shekara-shekara da tsarin tattalin arzikin kore a wani bangare na yakin neman zabensa. Gwamnatin Lee ta ɗauki ETS a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya don haɓaka kore da kuma haɓaka gasa ta Koriya a cikin kasuwar kore ta duniya. Sannan Kuma A matakin kasa da kasa, Koriya ta Kudu na fuskantar matsin lamba daga kasashen duniya don karfafa yunkurin yaki da sauyin yanayi. Tunda ba a shigar da Koriya ta Kudu a matsayin Ƙasar Annex I a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba, an keɓe ta daga wajibcin rage fitar da hayaki. To sai dai idan aka yi la'akari da girman tattalin arzikinta da kuma matsayin da take da shi kan kimar fitar hayaki, kuma kasar ba za ta iya kaucewa matsin lambar kasa da kasa ba don kara himma. Alkawari na son rai a Copenhagen ya sami ra'ayi mai mahimmanci a gida. An sanya alamar tambaya kan yuwuwar kafa tsarin dauri bisa doka na rage hayaki da yuwuwar noma bangaren kore a matsayin injin bunkasar tattalin arziki.

Dokar Tsarin Mulki akan Ƙananan Carbon, Ci gaban Koren

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Hakanan ana kiranta da Tsarin Tsarin Mulki, wannan ya kafa tushen shari'a na tsarin cinikin hayaki tun a shekarata 2010. Mataki na 46 sakin layi na 1 ya ce "Gwamnati na iya aiwatar da tsarin kasuwanci da fitar da iskar gas ta hanyar amfani da ayyukan kasuwa domin cimma burinta na rage yawan iskar gas."

Tsarin Gudanar da Target

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Karkashin tanadi na Mataki na 42, Dokar Tsara ta gabatar da Tsarin Gudanar da Target (TMS) a cikin shekarata 2012 wanda ya zama matakin wucin gadi kafin aiwatar da tsarin ciniki na hayaki. Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da ke ƙarƙashin TMS sun wajaba su rage hayaki na GHG kai tsaye da kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Muhalli. Bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin TMS daga ETS shine rashin aikin kasuwa kuma babu wasu abubuwan ƙarfafawa don yarda. Ya ba da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattara bayanan hayaki da ƙarfafa tushen ETS.

Shirin Raba Izini Na Kasa

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An nada Ma'aikatar Muhalli don tsara tsarin rabon da ya fayyace abubuwa masu zuwa:

  • Jimlar adadin izinin fitarwa da za a bayar na kowane lokaci
  • Matsayin rabon alawus a kowane bangare
  • Nau'in kasuwancin da ke ciki
  • Sharuɗɗa da abubuwan ƙarfafawa don rage fitar da wuri a tsakanin mahalarta
  • Banki da rancen izini da na biya.

Shirin Rarrabawa ya mayar da hankali kan zayyanawa da aiwatar da ETS yayin da aka ƙirƙiri wani Babban Tsarin Jagora don haɗa ETS tare da wasu manufofin ragewa.

Tsarin lokaci na Ayyuka da Aiwatar da KETS

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  • 2010: A taron yanayi a Copenhagen, Koriya ta Kudu ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin GHG 30% kasa da matakin BAU ta shekarar 2020.
  • 2012: Dokar Ba da Rarrabawa da Ciniki na Izinin Isar Gas na Greenhouse (Dokar ETS) da Dokar Tilasta An yi doka.
  • 2014:
    • Janairu - Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta nada Koriya ta Kudu (KEX) don kula da musayar izinin fitar da hayaki. Ma'aikatar Dabaru da Kuɗi (MOSF) ta saki Babban Tsarin Jagora na farko, yana bayyana aiwatar da aiwatar da doka na shirin Allocation a lokacin ƙaddamarwa na farko na shekarata 2015-2017
    • Yuni: Ma'aikatar Muhalli (MOE) ta fitar da Tsarin Bayar da izinin fitar da hayaki ta ƙasa gami da cikakkun bayanai game da aiki yayin mataki na 1 da jimlar adadin alawus ɗin da za a rarraba tare da hanyar rarraba su.
    • Satumba: Gwamnati ta gudanar da taron farko na Kwamitin Rarraba Izini (EPAC) na gyarawa da amincewa da Tsarin Rabawa. An kammala shirin kuma a shirye don aiwatarwa.
  • 2015: An ƙaddamar da Tsarin Kasuwancin Fitarwa a hukumance a watan Janairu.

Makanikai

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Don cika alkawarinta na Copenhagen, an hana Koriya ta Kudu samar da fiye da tCO2e miliyan 543 nan da shekarar 2020. Dangane da hanyoyin ƙididdiga daban-daban na kasuwanci kamar al'amuran yau da kullun, Kuma wannan na iya nuna tCO2e miliyan 233.1 ko fiye. An rufe iskar gas 6 a cikin tsarin: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons, da Sulfur hexafluoride . Fiye da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 525 suna ƙarƙashin ETS tare da takamaiman maƙasudin watsi da aka saita don kowane sassa.

Kamar na Tarayyar Turai, Koriya ta Kudu ta raba tsarin kasuwancinta na fitar da hayaki zuwa matakai uku. Tare da bambance-bambancen tazarar lokaci da manufa a cikin kowane lokaci. A halin yanzu kasar na cikin kashi na farko wanda ya fara a shekarar 2015 kuma yana kai har zuwa 2017. Mataki na biyu ya mamaye tsawon shekaru 3 daga 2018 zuwa 2020 kuma kashi na uku na ƙarshe shine daga shekarata 2021 zuwa 2025.

Rarraba alawus-alawus na carbon

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A lokacin Mataki na 1 duk izini za a ba su kyauta ba tare da aikin tsarin gwanjo ba. Bangarorin uku da suka hada da clinker mai launin toka, matatar mai da sufurin jiragen sama za su sami alawus kyauta bisa nazarin bayanan ayyukan da suka gabata. Kuma Ajiye zai kula da kusan kashi 5% na jimlar alawus don dalilai na daidaita kasuwa ko karɓar sabbin masu shiga. Duk wani rarar alawus-alawus da ba a ware wa takamaiman hukumomi ba kuma za a adana shi a cikin ajiyar.

A cikin kashi na biyu daga shekarata 2018 zuwa 2020 97% na izini za a ba su kyauta kuma za a yi gwanjon kashi 3%. A cikin shekaru 5 na uku da na ƙarshe tsakanin shekarar 2021 da 2025 ƙasa da kashi 90% za su tafi ƙarƙashin rabon kyauta kuma sauran za a yi gwanjo. Don rage nauyi na musamman 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin ƙarfin kuzari da fa'idodin kasuwanci (EITE) za a ba su 100% na alawus ɗin su kyauta a cikin dukkan matakai uku.

Matakan yarda

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Kwamitin Takaddun Shaida na Ma'aikatar Muhalli yana da ikon kulawa don duba rahotannin fitar da hayaki na shekara-shekara kuma wani ɓangare na uku ne zai tabbatar da fitar da hayaƙin. Sannan Hukuncin wuce gona da iri zai zama ƙasa da ninki uku na matsakaicin farashin kasuwa don alawus a cikin shekarar biyayya. Ana buƙatar wuraren shiga don ƙirƙirar kaya na fitar da hayaki kowace shekara wanda wani ɓangare na uku ya tabbatar wanda zai kai rahoto ga gwamnati. Za a shigar da waɗannan rahotanni a cikin Tsarin Rijistar Kasuwancin Emission (ETRS).

Banki da Lamuni

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Rarraba da Kiredit

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Aiwatar da Mataki na 1

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Sakamako na gaggawa

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Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na 525+ waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin ciniki na siyar da hayaki a Koriya ta Kudu fiye da 500 sun sami damar cimma burinsu a ƙarshen Yuni 30, shekarata 2015.

Tun farko dai shirin ya fuskanci adawa sosai. Kungiyar masana'antu ta Koriya ta shigar da kara kuma kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Koriya ta gabatar da wani rahoto inda ta bukaci a dage shekarar aiwatar da ita daga shekarata 2013 zuwa 2015. Sun bayyana damuwarsu na rasa fafatawa a duniya sakamakon hauhawar farashin kayayyakin da suke samarwa. Haka kuma, an shigar da kara sama da 40 a kan gwamnati dangane da matsalar rabon izini. Ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin masana'antu irin su sinadarai masu sarrafa man fetur da masu samar da takin zamani, sun bayyana kokensu na cewa gwamnati ba ta ware isassun takardun izini ba tare da rashin cikakken bayani game da rarrabawar ba daidai ba.

Manazarta

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  1. EDF; SFOC; CRIK; IETA (September 2016). "Republic of Korea: An Emissions Trading Case Study" (PDF). IETA. IETA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  2. Partnership for Market Readiness; International Carbon Action Partnership (2016). Emissions Trading in Practice. Washington, DC: World Bank.

s "Tsarin Gudanar da Target." Inventory Gas na Greenhouse da Cibiyar Bincike na Koriya . Inventory Gas na Greenhouse da Cibiyar Bincike na Koriya, nd Yanar Gizo. 9 ga Oktoba, 2016.