Chikunda

Chikunda wani Lokaci ana fassara shi da Achicunda, shine sunan da aka ba shi daga karni na 18 zuwa gaba ga mayakan bayi na yankin Afro-Portuguese da aka sani da Prazos a Zambezia, Mozambique . An yi amfani da su don kare prazos da 'yan sanda mazaunansu. Da yawa daga cikin chikunda sun kasance bayi ne na asali, an ɗaukaka su zuwa matsayin sojoji, 'yan kasuwa ko masu gudanarwa na sassa na lokaci a matsayin abokan ciniki ko masu dogaro da 'yanci. The prazo holder was responsible for administering justice in the land comprised in his grant and also collecting taxes from its inhabitants, out of which he was supposed to pay an annual rent to the crown, and to maintain sufficient armed retainers to keep the peace.

Chikunda

Tsarin lokaci wanda ya dogara da aikin gona ya rushe sakamakon fari da cututtuka a farkon karni na 19 kuma an maye gurbinsa da ƙananan jihohi masu zaman kansu a kwarin Zambezi waɗanda suka dogara da cinikin bayi da hauren giwa. An yi amfani da sunan '""Achikunda"" ga kungiyoyin ƙwararrun sojoji a cikin waɗannan ƙananan jihohi, waɗanda aka ba su lada da rabon ribar waɗancan kasuwancin. Kodayake waɗannan ƙananan jihohi galibi suna cikin Mozambique, ƙananan adadi sun faɗaɗa tasirin su zuwa cikin abin da ke yanzu sassan Zambia da Malawi.

Ƙananan jihohin da ke cikin da kewayen kwarin Zambezi sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Portuguese a sakamakon Scramble for Africa, wanda ke buƙatar ikon mulkin mallaka don kawo yankunan da suka yi iƙirarin a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, koyarwar "mai tasiri". Tsakanin shekara ta 1891 zuwa 1902, Kamfanin Mozambique ya mallaki wannan yanki kuma tsohon matsayin chikunda wajen tabbatar da bayi da hauren giwa da samar da tsaro na ciki da na waje ga waɗancan jihohin ya zama mara amfani, kodayake yawancin tsoffinchikunda sun shiga cikin Tashin hankali na Barue na 1917 zuwa 1918 a kan gwamnatin Portugal. Wasu 'yan al'ummomi a gefen kwarin kogin Zambezi da Luangwa sun adana al'adun chikunda, kodayake yawancin tsoffin chikunda sun haɗu cikin al'ummomin da suka karbi bakuncin su.

Tarihi

Tun daga karni na 16, kambin Portuguese, wanda ya yi ikirarin mallakar ƙasar a Mozambique, ya ba da hayar ƙasashen kambi a kwarin Zambezi ga talakawan Portuguese a ƙarƙashin tallafin da ake kira "prazos da coroa" (rent na kambi), a cikin suna don rayuka uku, tare da manufar inganta ci gaba da ba da damar yiwuwar zama na Turai. A ka'idar, za a iya soke tallafin Lokaci idan mai haya (ko prazeiro) bai zauna ba kuma ya bunkasa ƙasar, ko kuma daga baya ya bar ta, kodayake a aikace an sabunta tallafin lokaci kuma ya zama gado. Mai riƙe da lokaci yana da alhakin gudanar da adalci a cikin ƙasar da ta ƙunshi tallafinsa da kuma karɓar haraji daga mazaunanta, daga abin da ya kamata ya biya kuɗin haya na shekara-shekara ga kambi, da kuma kula da isasshen masu riƙe da makamai don kiyaye zaman lafiya. Prazeiros kawai ba su cire shugabannin yankin da ke zaune a kan dukiyarsu ba, sun fi son riƙe su a matsayin masu mulki, kuma kaɗan ne suka yi ƙoƙari su fara aikin gona na kasuwanci, amma sun kwace kayan da suka rage na manoman su kuma sun sami riba daga cinikin hauren giwa da bayi. Prazos sun bambanta sosai a cikin girman da adadi, amma a cikin 1763 akwai 22 a cikin kyaftin din Sena da 54 a cikin kyawawan Tete, daga cikinsu uku sun kai sama da daruruwan murabba'in mil amma wasu sun haɗa da ƙauyuka kaɗan kawai.