Wikipedia

Abubuwan Dioxide

An kafa Dioxide Materials a cikin 2009 a Champaign, Illinois, yanzu yana da hedikwata a Boca Raton, Florida. Babban kasuwancin sa shine haɓɓaka fasaha don rage sawun carbon na duniya. Dioxide Materials yana haɓɓaka fasaha don canza carbon dioxide, ruwa da makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa gasoline mai tsaka-tsaki ko man fetur. Aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da sake amfani da CO2, samar da man fetur mai ɗorewa da rage ƙarancin makamashi mai sabuntawa (watau makamashi marar sabuntawa wanda grid ba zai iya amfani da shiba).[1][1][2][3][2]

Dioxide Materials
Type Private
Industry Chemical industry
Genre Carbon capture and storage, Ion-exchange membranes
Founded September 9, 2009; 13 years ago (2009-09-09) in Champaign, Illinois, US
Headquarters
Boca Raton, Florida
,
US
Products Sustainion Alkaline Ionomers and Alkaline Ion Exchange Membranes, Carbon Dioxide and Water Electrolyzers
Website dioxidematerials.com

Fasahar Carbon Dioxide Electrolyzer gyara sashe

Carbon Dioxide electrolyzers babban ɓangare ne na kasuwancin Dioxide Materials.[4] An fara aikin ne don mayar da martani ga ƙalubalen Ma'aikatar Makamashi don samun mafi kyawun abubuwan haɓɓaka, don rage wutar lantarki na carbon dioxide.[5] Alokacin da overpotential (watau lalacewar ƙarfin lantarki) yayi yawa, kuma adadin yayi ƙasa da aikace-aikace masu amfani.[5] Ma'aikata a Dioxide Materials sunyi la'akari da cewa wani abu mai aiki wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarfe da ruwa na ionic na iya rage ƙarfin da aka yi don rage carbon dioxide. Lalle ne, an gano cewa haɗuwa da abubuwa biyu, nanoparticles na azurfa da kuma maganin ruwa na ionic wanda ke ɗauke da nau'ikan 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4) da ruwa, ya rage ƙarfin canjin CO2 zuwa carbon monoxide (CO) daga kimanin 1 volt zuwa kawai 0.17 volts.[6] Ma'aikata daga wasu ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje sun sake maimaita binciken akan ƙarafa da yawa, kuma tare da ruwa mai yawa.[7] Dioxide Materials ya nuna cewa irin wannan haɓɓaka yana faruwa alokacin alkaline ruwa electrolysis da hydrocarboxylation na acetylene ("Reppe chemistry").[8][9][10]

File:CO2 electrolysis pathway.png
Hanyar amsawar Dioxide Materials don CO2 electrolysis akan azurfa a gaban (kore) da rashin (baƙi) na EMIM

A wannan lokacin, har yanzu akwai wasu tambayoyi game da yadda imidazolium ke iya rage karfin da aka yi amfani da shi don rage yawan carbon dioxide. Mataki na farko acikin electrolysis na CO2 shine ƙara wani lantarki acikin CO2 ko wani ƙwayar halitta dake ɗauke da CO2. Sakamakon jinsin an laƙafta shi "CO2 ̄" acikin adadi a hagu. Yana buƙatar aƙalla ƙarfin lantarki na makamashi a kowace kwayar halitta don samar da nau'in ba tare da ruwa na ionic ba.[11] Wannan ƙarfin lantarki na makamashi ya lalace sosai yayin amsawa. Rosen a al yayi iƙirarin cewa sabon tsari mai rikitarwa a gaban ruwan ionic don kada a ɓata 1 eV na makamashi.[6] Wannan rikitarwa yana bada damar amsawa don bin hanyar kore akan adadi a dama. Ayyukan kwanannan sun nuna cewa sabon haɗaɗɗun, shine zwitterion Sauran hanyoyin daza a iya amfani dasu (watau waɗanda akafi sani da zwitterions[12]) ana tattauna su acikin Keith et al.[13] Rosen a cikin al.[14] Verdaguer-Casadevall da sauransu da Shi da sauransu.[15][16]

Membranes na Ci gaba gyara sashe

File:Sustainion 37 labeled.png
Tsarin Ci gaba 37

Abin takaici, an gano ruwan ionic ya yi yawa da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin masu amfani da carbon dioxide. Ruwan Ionic sune masu narkewa masu ƙarfi. Suna narkewa / lalata hatimi, carbon electrodes da sauran sassa a cikin masu amfani da wutar lantarki na kasuwanci. A sakamakon haka, suna da wuyar amfani da su a aikace.

Don kauce wa lalata, kayan Dioxide sun sauya daga ionic ruwa catalysts zuwa catalytic anion musayar polymers.[17][18] An gwada polymers da yawa kuma imidazolium ya yi aiki da polymer na styrene wanda aka nuna a cikin adadi a dama ya nuna mafi kyawun aikin.[17][19] An yi amfani da membranes ɗin da suna Sustainion. Amfani da membranes na Ci gaba ya ɗaga halin yanzu da rayuwar CO2 electrolyzer a cikin kewayon amfani na kasuwanci.[20][21][22][23][24] Membrane na ci gaba sun nuna halayyar sama da 100 mS / cm a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline a 60 ° C, kwanciyar hankali na dubban sa'o'i a cikin 1M KOH, kuma suna ba da kwanciyar hankali ta jiki wanda ke da amfani ga aikace-aikace daban-daban.[9][9] Membrane sun nuna tsawon rayuwa sama da awanni 3000 a cikin CO2 electrolyzers a babban yawan halin yanzu.[25][9] Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya lura cewa membrane na tantanin halitta wanda ke da ingantaccen cathode yana da damar gudu har zuwa kwanaki 158 a 200 mA / cm2.[26]

Manazarta gyara sashe

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ARPA-E Brief: Converting CO2 Into Fuels and Chemicals  
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lori Bird, Jaquelin Cochran, and Xi Wang, Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment: Experience and Practices in the United States, NREL Report NREL/TP-6A20-60983, March 2014  
  3. ↑ ARPA-E Brief: High Efficiency Hydrogen Production  
  4. ↑ Dioxide Materials website
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 A. Bell et al. Basic research needs catalysts for energy, DOE PNNL-17214  
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Brian A. Rosen, Amin Salehi-Khojin, Michael R. Thorson, W. Zhu, Devin T. Whipple, Paul J. A. Kenis, Richard I Masel * , Ionic Liquid-Mediated Selective Conversion of CO2 to CO at Low Overpotentials, Science Vol. 334 no. 6056 pp. 643-644 (2011) doi:10.1126/science.1209786. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "rosen" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Citations for Ionic Liquid-Mediated Selective Conversion of CO2 to CO at Low Overpotentials  
  8. ↑ R. I. Masel, Z. Liu, and S. D. Sajjad Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers Showing 1 A/cm2 at Less Than 2 V, ECS Transactions, 75 (14) 1143-1146 (2016) doi:10.1149/07514.1143ecst
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Zengcai Liu, Syed Dawar Sajjad, Yan Gao, HongzhouYang. Jerry J.Kaczur. Richard I.Masel, The effect of membrane on an alkaline water electrolyzer, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42(50), 29661-29665 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.050 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AW" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Richard I. Masel, Zheng Richard Ni, Qingmei CHEN, Brian A. Rosen, Process for the sustainable production of acrylic acid, US Patent 9790161
  11. ↑ Chemistry Views (Elsevier) Converting CO2 with Less Energy  
  12. ↑ Mark Pellerite, Marina Kaplun, Claire Hartmann-Thompson, Krzysztof A. Lewinski, Nancy Kunz, Travis Gregar, John Baetzold, Dale Lutz, Matthew Quast, Zengcai Liu, Hongzhou Yang, Syed D. Sajjad, Yan Gao, and Rich Masel Imidazolium-Functionalized Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers, ECS Trans. 2017 80(8): 945-956; doi:10.1149/08008.0945ecst
  13. ↑ John A. Keith and Emily A. Carter, Theoretical Insights into Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Mechanisms Catalyzed by Surface-Bound Nitrogen Heterocycles, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2013, 4 (23), pp 4058–4063 doi:10.1021/jz4021519
  14. ↑ Jonathan Rosen, Gregory S. Hutchings, Qi Lu, Sean Rivera, Yang Zhou, Dionisios G. Vlachos, and Feng Jiao, Mechanistic Insights into the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO on Nanostructured Ag Surfaces, ACS Catal., 2015, 5 (7), pp 4293–4299 doi:10.1021/acscatal.5b00840
  15. ↑ Arnau Verdaguer-Casadevall, Christina W. Li‡, Tobias P. Johansson, Soren B. Scott, Joseph T. McKeown, Mukul Kumar, Ifan E. L. Stephens, Matthew W. Kanan*, and Ib Chorkendorff* Probing the Active Surface Sites for CO Reduction on Oxide-Derived Copper Electrocatalysts, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137 (31), pp 9808–9811 doi:10.1021/jacs.5b06227
  16. ↑ Chuan Shi,a Heine A. Hansen,a Adam C. Lauscheb and Jens K. Nørskov, Trends in electrochemical CO2 reduction activity for open and close-packed metal surfaces, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014,16, 4720-4727 doi:10.1039/C3CP54822H
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 R. I. Masel, Qingmei Chen, Zengcai liu, Robert Kutz, Ion Conducting Polymers, US patent 9580824  
  18. ↑ Richard I. Masel, Amin Salehi-Khojin, Robert Kutz, Electrocatalytic process for carbon dioxide conversion, US Patent 981501  
  19. ↑ Robert Brian Kutz, Qingmei Chen, Hongzhou Yang, Syed Dawar Sajjad, Zengcai Liu, Richard Masel, Sustainion Imidazolium-functionalized Polymers for Carbon Dioxide Electrolysis, Energy Technology 5, (6) 929-936 (2017) doi:10.1002/ente.201600636
  20. ↑ R.F. Service, Two new ways to turn ‘garbage’ carbon dioxide into fuel Science, Sept 1, 2017  
  21. ↑ Steven K Ritter, CO2 Electrolyzer Nears Commercialization, C&E News, Volume 93 Issue 13 | p. 30 . March 30, 2015 
  22. ↑ Mark Harris, The entrepreneurs turning carbon dioxide into fuels, The Guardian, 14 Sept 2017  
  23. ↑ SAVVY: Turning Carbon Dioxide into products New Straitus Times, Dec 3, 2017.  
  24. ↑ Michael Foertsch, These methods turn CO2 into cheap energy, Wired,Sept 24, 2017 
  25. ↑ Syed D. Sajjad, Yan Gao, Zengcai Liu, Hongzhou Yang and Rich Masel Tunable-High Performance Sustainion™ Anion Exchange Membranes for Electrochemical Applications ECS Transactions, 77(11): 1653-1656 (2017) doi:10.1149/07711.1653ecst
  26. ↑ Zengcai Liu et al 2018 J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 J3371 DOI 10.1149/2.0501815jes
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