Wikipedia

'Yancin Dan Adam a Koriya ta Kudu

An tsara haƙƙin ɗan adam a Koriya ta Kudu a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Koriya, wanda ya tattara haƙƙoƙin doka na ƴan ƙasa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin kuma sun haɗa da gyare-gyare da ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta ƙasa. [1] Wadannan hakkoki sun samo asali ne tun daga zamanin mulkin kama-karya na soja zuwa halin da ake ciki a matsayin dimokuradiyyar tsarin mulki tare da gudanar da sahihin zabe na shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki ta kasa . [2]

'Yancin Dan Adam a Koriya ta Kudu
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Koriya ta Kudu

Dimokuradiyyar Koriya ta Kudu ta ba da kariya ga haƙƙin siyasa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da zamantakewar al'umma bisa doka, kodayake akwai iyaka da ma nuna wariya ga wasu ƙungiyoyi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin an ba su takaddun shaida a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari kuma sun haɗa da mata, 'yan madigo, gay, bisexual da transgender persons (LGBT) da ƙabilanci da tsiraru kamar 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi. [3]

A cewar mujallar Freedom in the World index, Koriya ta Kudu ana ganin tana da babban rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin nau'in 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa, tare da maki 83 daga cikin maki 100 a cikin 2024. [4]

A cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, an bai wa 'yan ƙasa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yan jaridu, koke da kuma taro ga 'yan ƙasarsu. [1]

Dokar Tsaro ta kasa ta haramta magana don goyon bayan kwaminisanci ko Koriya ta Arewa ; ko da yake ana aiwatar da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kuma ana raguwar ƙararraki a kowace shekara, har yanzu ana kawo ƙararraki kowace shekara. [5]

Tarihi

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Ana iya samo asalin haƙƙin ɗan adam tun daga Daular Choson (1392-1910) tare da masu fafutukar kawo sauyi Kim Ok-Kyun, So Chae-p'il da Pak Yong-Hyo . Kafin wannan, manufofin siyasa na gargajiya sun samo asali ne a cikin NeoConfuciansim waɗanda suka fi mayar da hankali kan alhakin uba na gwamnati da hukuncinsu. [6] A cikin karni na 19, waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun rikide zuwa daidaiton jinsi da zamantakewa.

Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun bazu a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Japan (1910-1945) da kuma karfafa 'yancin jama'a da na siyasa a 1919 a Shanghai ta 'yan gudun hijirar Koriya. A cikin Koriya, rarraba ra'ayoyin haƙƙoƙin ya ba da gogewa a cikin tsari da dabarun zanga-zangar. Tun a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, yawancin Koreans sun fuskanci ƙa'idodin doka biyu da cin zarafi kamar azabtarwa daga Jafananci. Don haka, masu kishin kasa na Koriya suka bi tsarin doka. [6]

Bayan ’yantar da kasar Japan daga mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1945, wasu dalilai sun kawo cikas ga aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan hakkin dan Adam a matsayin rarrabuwar kawuna a yankin arewaci da kudancin kasar da kuma rikicin akidarsu. Har ila yau, al'adun mulkin mallaka na Japan sun kasance suna nan kuma suna aiki. Ga mafi yawan ƙarni na 20 'yan ƙasar Koriya ta Kudu sun rayu ƙarƙashin mulkin demokraɗiyya, musamman a ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin soja na Syngman Rhee, Park Chung-hee, Chun Doo-hwan, da Roh Tae-woo . 'Yancin jama'a, musamman 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya, an tauyesu sosai kuma 'yan adawar gwamnati sun yi kasadar azabtarwa da dauri. Shisshigin masu ba da shawara na Amurka don hana amfani da karfi da tashin hankali a cikin lamuran siyasa bai yi nasara ba tare da daukar nauyin gyare-gyaren doka. Wadannan rikice-rikice sun ci gaba a cikin shugabancin Park Chung-Hee. [6]

A cikin 1967, KCIA ta ƙirƙira zoben leƙen asiri, ta daure 'yan ƙasa 34, don tabbatar da mulkin Park Chung Hee. [7]

 
Zauren Tunatarwa a makabartar kasa ta 18 ga Mayu inda aka binne gawarwakin wadanda aka kashe a Gwangju

Bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Gwangju a shekarar 1980, an kara bayyana muradin jama'a na neman dimokradiyya da 'yancin walwala; 'Yan shekarun gabanin gasar Olympics ta Seoul a shekarar 1988 aka samu karuwar ayyukan dimokuradiyya wanda ya tilasta gudanar da zabe cikin 'yanci a shekara ta 1992, lamarin da ya sanya mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama Kim Young-sam da ya dade yana mulki.

Shari'ar Burim a cikin 1981, ta ga mutanen da ba su da laifi, waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar littafi, an kama su ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da azabtarwa mai tsanani don yin ikirari na ƙarya cewa suna karanta "adabi na gurguzu." [8]

A karkashin shugabancin Kim Dae-jung, mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya kuma mai samun kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel; da Roh Moo-hyun, tsohon lauyan haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗan siyasa, Jamhuriyar Koriya ta kasance mai ci gaba a tushen yancin ɗan adam. Gwamnati da mulkin shugaba Kim ne suka kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kasa (NHRCK). A lokacin mulkinsa, an ba wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kudade don gudanar da ayyukan da kuma karfafa kungiyoyin fararen hula. [9] Lokacin da magajinsa Roh ya bi tsohon shugaban kasar tare da inganta gyare-gyare kamar gaskiya, fadada jin dadi da goyon bayan zamantakewa, al'ummar kasar na da kyakkyawan fata. Sai dai rashin gogewar sa a fagen siyasa ya sa ya yi kasa a gwiwa wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryensa. [9]

Bayan wadannan shugabannin sun hada da Lee Myung-bak da Park Geun-Hye, duka hukunce-hukuncen biyu sun haifar da rugujewar ‘yancin siyasa da bangaren kare hakkin dan Adam ta hanyar rage kasafin kudi, cin mutuncin ‘yan jarida. A lokacin wa'adin shugabancin Park, wani mai bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya shirya yin nazari mai mahimmanci kan ayyukan da kuma kisa na shugaba Park na zanga-zangar. [10]

'Yancin jama'a

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Haƙƙin mutum ɗaya

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Kowane ɗan ƙasar Koriya da ya haura shekaru 19 yana da 'yancin yin zabe. [11]

A cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Koriya, akwai hakki da 'yanci ga 'yan kasarta. Misali, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ko yada labarai. Don haka, babu wani bincike a hukumance a wurin. [11] Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa ta sa nuna tausayi ga Koriya ta Arewa laifi ne, kuma ko da yake ba a aiwatar da shi akai-akai, akwai sama da mutane 100 da ake tsare da su a kurkuku a duk shekara. Wani wasan kwaikwayo game da sansanin kurkukun siyasa na Yodok a Koriya ta Arewa ya fuskanci matsananciyar matsin lamba daga hukumomi don yin watsi da sukar da ake yi da furodusan da ake zargin an yi musu barazanar gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar tsaro. [12]

Wasu kungiyoyin masu ra’ayin rikau sun koka da yadda ‘yan sanda ke sanya ido sosai kan zanga-zangar da suke yi da kuma hana wasu mutane halartar tarukan. [13] An taba zargin tsohon ministan hadin kan kasar Chung Dong-young da yunkurin janye hankalin 'yan jarida daga taron masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama a Koriya ta Arewa . Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da dama da aka kafa, sun gudanar da laccoci da baje kolin masu sukar Koriya ta Arewa ba tare da tsangwama ba. [14]

Duk da haka, akwai wani abu mai ban mamaki a cikin binciken, wanda ya fi bayyane kuma ana aiwatar da shi a cikin kafofin watsa labaru. [15] Waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin yaren Jafananci ko alaƙa da Japan gabaɗaya an hana su. [16] Duk da ɗage mafi yawan ƙa’idoji a 1996 da 1998 bayan Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba bisa ka’ida ba, za a iya hana fage na tashin hankali da kuma hana hotunan batsa daga nuna shiga ko wanne iri, kuma dole ne a toshe al’aurar. Ko da yake a zahiri na doka, batsa dole ne ya dace da wasu ƙananan ma'auni na amincin fasaha, waɗanda ba a rubuta su a fili a cikin doka ba. A shekarar 1997 an hana gudanar da bikin fina-finai na kare hakkin dan Adam, sannan aka kama masu shirya fina-finan saboda kin gabatar da fina-finan nasu kafin a fara nunawa. [17] Gwamnati ta toshe hanyar shiga gidajen yanar gizon Koriya ta Arewa da, wani lokacin, zuwa manyan gidajen yanar gizo na ketare waɗanda ke ɗaukar bulogi. [15] A halin yanzu akwai muhawara kan ko za a soke ikon yin tsokaci a kan layi. [18]

Frank La Rue, Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan 'yancin ra'ayi da bayyana ra'ayi, ya sanar da cewa gwamnati karkashin jagorancin shugaba Lee Myung-bak ta yi matukar tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Koriya ta Kudu.

'Yan tsiraru da haƙƙin baƙi

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Koriya ta Kudu, kamar Japan, tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da ƙabila ɗaya a duniya, kuma yana da wuya a sami cikakkiyar karbuwa daga waje.

Yawancin ma'aikata daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya, fiye da rabin wadanda aka kiyasta suna cikin kasar ba bisa ka'ida ba, suna fuskantar babban bambanci a ciki da wajen aiki.

Wannan ya sa aka kafa wata makaranta ta sirri da aka ba da tallafi musamman ga yara masu iyayensu da suka yi hijira, tare da Ingilishi da Koriya a matsayin manyan harsunanta. Lokacin da Hines Ward, wanda ya kasance na gauraye na Koriya da Afirka ta Amirka, ya sami lambar yabo ta MVP a Super Bowl XL, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin al'ummar Koriya game da maganin gauraye da yara ke samu. [19]

Koriya ta Kudu har yanzu ci gaba da akidar gargajiya ta haifar da wasu mutane kaɗan da ke buɗe baki game da liwadi. An hana luwadi da madigo, kodayake luwadi ya halatta a Koriya ta Kudu. A sakamakon haka, akwai 'yan kaɗan idan akwai wasu kariya ta doka ga 'yan luwadi da madigo, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna tsoron fitowa zuwa ga iyalansu, abokai, da abokan aiki. [20] Ba a yarda mazan luwadi su yi aikin soja ba, kuma a shekarar 2005 an sallami sojoji biyar saboda luwadi.

A Koriya ta Kudu, ana nuna wariya iri-iri ga malaman jami'o'in kasashen waje a jami'o'i ta fuskar ingantawa, canjawa daga hanyar da ba ta aiki ba zuwa matsayi na wa'adi, albashi da fa'ida, rage yawan shiga cikin kwasa-kwasan da soke su, wanda ke haifar da cin zarafin kwangila game da mafi ƙarancin koyarwa. lodi a kowane semester, abinci mara kyau na ƙasashen waje a harabar, korar rashin adalci, da sauransu. Akwai kuma adawar al'adu ga farfesoshi na kasashen waje daga bangaren farfesoshi da masu gudanarwa na cikin gida, har ma da tashin hankali da cin zarafi a kaikaice. Farfesoshi na kasashen waje suna fuskantar shinge ga cikakken shiga cikin jami'o'in Koriya, ana cire su daga tarurrukan malamai da taron jama'a. [21] Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Koriya ba ta yin wani abu don inganta rayuwa da ayyukan farfesoshi na kasashen waje a Koriya ta Kudu.

'Yan gudun hijira daga Koriya ta Arewa

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Kamar dai yadda DPRK ta dauki 'yan Koriya ta Kudu a matsayin 'yan kasa, haka nan ana daukar 'yan Koriya ta Arewa 'yan asalin Jamhuriyar Koriya, kuma ana ba su izinin zama dan kasar Koriya ta Kudu da fasfo kai tsaye idan sun isa yankin ROK. Sai dai da yawa daga cikin 'yan gudun hijira daga Koriya ta Arewa sun yi korafin cewa shigarsu cikin al'ummar Koriya ta Kudu ke da wuya. Sun ce sau da yawa suna fuskantar tsangwama a tsakanin al’umma da kuma gwamnati da ta fi dacewa su yi shiru game da halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan Adam a Arewa. [22] [23] [24]

Gwamnati ta dauki manyan matakai don rage tasirin da 'yan gudun hijirar za su yi kan manufofinta na Arewa. Wani gidan rediyon Intanet da 'yan gudun hijira ke gudanar da shi, yana watsa shirye-shirye ga mazauna yankin Arewa, ya fuskanci tsangwama wanda ya kawo karshe ga rashin biyan kudin hayar sa bayan ya shafe kasa da wata guda yana aiki. Gidan rediyon ya zargi gwamnatin kasar da hannu wajen yakin neman zabe ko kuma a hankali ta karfafa shi. [25] Gwamnati ta kuma hana masu fafutuka aika gidajen rediyo zuwa Arewa, kuma an ce an yi artabu da dan fafutuka Norbert Vollertsen ya samu rauni.

Soja

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Hidimar soja ya zama tilas ga kusan dukkan mazan Koriya ta Kudu. A cewar Amnesty International, akwai mutane 758 da ba su yarda da imaninsu ba (yawancin Shaidun Jehobah) da aka tsare don sun ƙi yin aikin soja a watan Yuni 2004. [26] A shekara ta 2018, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa gwamnati ba za ta iya ɗaure waɗanda suka ƙi saboda imaninsu ba, amma sai ta ba su wasu nau’ikan hidima. [27] [28]

A cikin mafi yawan tarihin Koriya ta Kudu na zamani, sojoji sun kasance sun fi mayar da hankali daga binciken jama'a, wanda ya haifar da shekaru da yawa na cin zarafi da cin zarafi tsakanin jami'an soja. Tun daga shekara ta 1993, jama'a sun fito fili suna nuna rashin jin dadinsu game da take hakkin dan Adam da ke faruwa a cikin sojoji, kamar tsananin hazo. [29]

A shekara ta 1997, gwamnati ta kafa dokar da za ta kare doka da haƙƙin ɗan adam na sojojin da ke aikin soja ta hanyar amincewa da wani doka da ta haramta cin zarafi ta jiki, ko magana, ko lalata tsakanin sojoji. A wani lamari da ya faru, an kama wani kaftin din Sojoji bisa zargin cin zarafin daliban da ake horarwa, bayan da ake zarginsa da tilasta wa wasu sojoji 192 cin najasa. Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Koriya ta Kudu ta kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin tun bayan da ta keta hakkin dan Adam.

Tsarin Shari'a na Laifuka

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Dokar ta haramta kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnati ta kiyaye waɗannan hane-hane. Duk da haka, Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa ta bai wa hukumomi iko mai yawa na tsarewa, kamawa, da kuma daure mutanen da suka aikata ayyukan gwamnati kamar yadda aka yi niyya don yin barazana ga " tsaron jihar." Masu suka sun ci gaba da yin kira da a yi gyara ko a soke dokar, suna masu cewa tanade-tanaden ta ba su bayyana ayyukan da aka haramta ba a fili. Ma’aikatar shari’a ta kasa (MOJ) ta ci gaba da cewa kotuna sun kafa wasu ka’idoji na shari’a don tsantsar fassarar dokar da ta hana yin amfani da doka ba bisa ka’ida ba. Yawan bincike da kama NSL ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

A cikin 2008, hukumomi sun kama mutane 16 tare da gurfanar da wasu mutane 27 a gaban kuliya bisa zargin cin zarafin NSL. Daga cikin wadanda aka gurfanar, an samu hudu da laifi; sauran 23 kuma ana kan shari'a har zuwa karshen shekara. A cikin watan Agusta hukumomi sun tuhumi wani malamin makarantar sakandare bisa zargin keta dokar NSL saboda raba kayan da suka shafi boren Kwangju na Mayu 1980. A karshen shekarar yana jiran shari'a ba tare da an tsare shi ba. A wani labarin kuma an tsare wasu mambobi hudu na wata kungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO) a watan Satumba da laifin yin hulda ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da jami'an Jamhuriyar Dimukuradiyyar Koriya ta Arewa (DPRK ko Koriya ta Arewa) da kuma rarraba kayan aikin jarida na Koriya ta Arewa da nufin daukaka shugaban DPRK Kim Jong. -il. Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta yi ikirarin cewa gwamnati ta yi amfani da karya a kan mutanen hudu tare da shigar da karar bata sunan diyya. A karshen shekara mutanen hudu suna tsare suna jiran shari'a, kuma ba a sasanta batun bata sunan ba.

A cikin Nuwamba 2007 wani malamin jami'a da aka samu da laifin keta dokar NSL kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyu a shekara ta 2006 ya rasa ƙararsa ta ƙarshe.

Rahoton Amnesty International (AI) ya yi zargin cewa an kama wasu mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba a kalla sau uku yayin zanga-zangar adawa da Shugaba Lee Myung-bak a Seoul tsakanin Mayu da Satumba. An tsare wadanda aka kama aka sake su. Hukumar ‘yan sandan kasar Koriya ta Kudu (KNPA) ta bayyana cewa ‘yan sanda sun bi ka’idojin da doka ta tanada wajen mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar. MOJ ta bayar da rahoton cewa, binciken da hukuma ta gudanar bai tabbatar da wani lamari na kama wani ba gaira ba dalili har zuwa karshen shekara.

Wani lamari na musamman na gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na cin zarafin ɗan adam shi ne kama Jeong Weon-seop (정원섭) na rashin adalci da ya faru kan wani abin da ya faru na fyaden yara a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1972. Kotun kolin Koriya ta yi wa Jeong afuwa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2011, bisa la’akari da hujjoji marasa inganci da kuma haramtattun hanyoyin ‘yan sanda na wancan lokacin.

Fataucin mutane

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Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na fataucin mutane; duk da haka, an samu rahoton cewa an yi safarar mutane zuwa, daga, ta ciki, da kuma cikin kasar. An yi safarar mata daga Rasha, da wasu ƙasashen tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da China, da Mongoliya, da Philippines, da sauran ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya zuwa ƙasar don yin lalata da su da kuma bautar gida. An ɗauke su da kansu ko amsa tallace-tallace kuma an kai su Koriya, galibi tare da masu nishaɗi ko bizar yawon buɗe ido. A wasu lokuta, da zarar waɗannan masu karɓar bizar suka isa ƙasar, masu ɗaukar ma'aikata suna riƙe fasfo ɗin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Wasu matan kasashen waje da aka ɗauka don yin aure na doka da dillanci tare da mazan Koriya sun ƙare cikin yanayi na lalata, bautar bashi, da bautar da ba da son rai da zarar an yi aure. Ana fataucin matan Koriya da farko don yin lalata da su zuwa Amurka, wani lokaci ta hanyar Kanada da Mexico, da kuma wasu ƙasashe, kamar Australia da Japan. An yi imanin cewa, ƙananan ƴan ci-rani da ke neman damammaki a cikin ƙasar sun zama masu fama da fataucin su, duk da cewa tsarin ba da izinin aiki na MOL ya rage yawan ma'aikatan da ake safarar su cikin ƙasar. Akwai rahotannin da ke cewa masu safarar mutane sun yi amfani da fasfo din ROK domin safarar mutane. Babu wata kwakkwarar hujjar da ke nuna cewa jami'ai na da hannu wajen safara.

Dokar ta haramta fataucin mutane don yin lalata da kasuwanci, gami da bautar bashi, ta kuma tanadi daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari. An hukunta fataucin yin aikin tilas kuma yana da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari. Bita a watan Fabrairu ga Dokar Fasfo yana ba da damar taƙaita bayarwa ko kwace fasfo na mutanen da ke aikata haramun a ƙasashen waje, gami da safarar jima'i. Duk da haka, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi imanin cewa ba a aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi fataucin jima'i daidai gwargwado. A cikin shekarar hukumomi sun gudanar da binciken fataucin mutane 220 tare da gurfanar da su a cikin shari'o'i 31, duk da laifin safarar jima'i. Ba a sami rahoton tuhuma ko yanke hukunci kan laifukan safarar ma’aikata ba.

Dokar Kula da Dillalan Aure, wacce ta fara aiki a watan Yuni, ta tsara yadda dillalan aure na cikin gida da na waje, da kuma sanya hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari ko tara. Haka kuma akwai dokokin da za su kare ‘’yan matan kasashen waje’ a kasar da kuma hukunta masu yin aure da zamba, amma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi ikirarin cewa akwai bukatar a karfafa dokar.

KNPA da MOJ sune ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokokin hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta yi aiki tare da kasashen duniya kan binciken da ya shafi fataucin mutane.

Gwamnati ta kula da hanyar sadarwa na matsuguni da shirye-shirye don taimakawa wadanda aka zalunta, gami da fataucin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu. Wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun cancanci neman magani, shari'a, sana'a, da sabis na tallafi na zamantakewa. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke samun tallafi daga gwamnati sun ba da yawancin waɗannan ayyuka. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da rahoton cewa, akwai cibiyar ba da shawara guda ɗaya da matsuguni biyu a cikin ƙasar da aka keɓe ga waɗanda ke fama da fataucin jima'i. MOJ ta ci gaba da ilimantar da mazajensu na karuwanci don gyara gurbatattun ra'ayoyin karuwanci. A cikin shekarar mutane 17,956 ne suka shiga cikin shirin.

Duba Sauran bayanai

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "ICL - South Korea - Constitution". www.servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  2. ↑ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". docstore.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  3. ↑ "World Report 2020: Rights Trends in South Korea". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  4. ↑ South Korea: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report Freedom House
  5. ↑ South Korea: Jail sentence for man who praised North an attack on freedom of expression Amnesty International
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "South Korea - HUMAN RIGHTS". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  7. ↑ Park Song-wu. "Seoul Concocted 1967 East Berlin Spy Ring". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  8. ↑ "Five 'Burim' defendants acquitted 33 years later". Korea JoongAng Daily. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "A Lost Decade for Human Rights in South Korea". KOREA EXPOSÉ (in Turanci). 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  10. ↑ "Country visit: Republic of Korea (A/HRC/32/36/Add.2)". Former UN Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association (2011-17) (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "South Korea". United States Department of State (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  12. ↑ "N.K. Prison Camp Musical Falls Foul of Seoul Officialdom". Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
  13. ↑ "Conservative Groups Tailed on Liberation Day". Archived from the original on August 19, 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2006.
  14. ↑ "Exhibition in Yeouido Stand Witness to ¡®N. Korean Holocaust". Archived from the original on April 9, 2005. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Garcia, Raphael Tsavkko (2019-07-24). "Internet Censorship is Part of South Korea's Democracy Package". The News Lens International Edition (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  16. ↑ "韓国における日本大衆文化統制/についての法的考察" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
  17. ↑ "South Korea: Students arrested as authorities suppress human rights film festival". Archived from the original on November 21, 2004. Retrieved February 8, 2006.
  18. ↑ "Cyber Attackers Face Legal Punishment". Archived from the original on February 1, 2006. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
  19. ↑ Kim Rahn (2006-09-02). "Ward's Win Brings 'Race' to the Fore". Hankooki.com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-29. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  20. ↑ "Most Lesbians Suffer Discrimination: Poll". The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 2005-12-27.
  21. ↑ Welcome foreigners to avoid demographic cliff edge, Korea told. Times Higher Education
  22. ↑ "Young N. Koreans face ostracism in South". NBC News. 22 January 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  23. ↑ "Double jeopardy for North Korean defectors". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  24. ↑ "67% of Defectors Face Discrimination". Times.hankooki.com. Archived from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  25. ↑ "NK Defector Internet Radio Station to Suspend Broadcasting". Archived from the original on October 9, 2004. Retrieved February 8, 2006.
  26. ↑ "South Korea Human Rights". Amnesty International USA. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  27. ↑ Jehovah's Witness website, article on conscientious objectors in South Korea
  28. ↑ Facts and Details website
  29. ↑ Kim, Daisy (2007-07-24). "Improving Human Rights in the South Korean Military". International Affairs Journal at UC Davis. Archived from the original on 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
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